The 2014 Integration Bee—Solutions and comments

Mike Hirschhorn

Qualifying Round

1.
1 5 1
Z Z
2 3 4
3x (x − 1) dx = u4 du = u + C = (x3 − 1)5 + C.
5 5

2. √
Z 5
x hp i√5
√ dx = 2
x − 1 √ = 2 − 1 = 1.
√
2 x2 − 1 2

3. Z x Z
1 1 1 1
2
sin dx = − cos x dx = x − sin x + C.
2 2 2 2 2

4.
1 1 −1 x
Z  
dx = tan + C.
a2 + x 2 a a

5.
3x − 2 3 7 1 3 7
Z Z
dx = − dx = x − log |2x + 1| + C.
2x + 1 2 2 2x + 1 2 4

6.
π
1
1 1 2
Z 2
Z
dθ = · dt
0 1 + sin θ 0
2t 1 + t2
1+
1 + t2
1
2 2 i1
Z h
= dt = − = −1 + 2 = 1.
0 (1 + t)2 1+t 0

7.
x2015
Z
x2014 dx = + C.
2015

8.  
1 1 1 1 1 x − 2
Z Z
dx = − dx = log   + C.
 
x2 − 4 4 x−2 x+2 4 x+2

Typeset by AMS-TEX
1
2

9. Z
ex (cos x + sin x) dx = Aex cos x + Bex sin x + C

for some A, B. Differentiating with respect to x gives

ex (cos x + sin x) = (A + B)ex cos x + (−A + B)ex sin x.

Comparing coefficients gives A + B = 1, −A + B = 1, A = 0, B = 1, so

Z
ex (cos x + sin x) dx = ex sin x + C.

Alternatively, you can do two integrations by parts.

10.
1 1
Z Z
dx = du = log |u| + C = log | log x| + C.
x log x u

11.
1 x log π 1
Z Z
π x dx = ex log π dx = e +C = π x + C.
log π log π

12.
1 1 1 1
Z
2
dx = · − + C = − + C.
3x 3 x 3x

13.
Z 2 p h2 3
i2 2 3 √
2x x2 − 1 dx = (x2 − 1) 2 = (3 2 − 0) = 2 3.
1 3 1 3

14.
x2 + 3 x2 + 3
Z
dz = z + C.
x2 − 3 x2 − 3

(We must assume x is a constant function of z.)

15.
x6 x5 x6 x6
Z Z
x5 log |x| dx = log |x| − dx = log |x| − +C
6 6 6 36

by integration by parts with u = log |x|, dv = x5 dx.

 3

16.
π
x sin x
Z
Let dx = I. If we make the substitution x = π − u, we find
0 1 + cos2 x

π
(π − u) sin u
Z
I= du.
0 1 + cos2 u

It follows that

1  π  π  π 2
π sin x 1
Z Z h i1
2I = dx = π du = π tan −1
u = π − − = ,
1 + cos2 x −1 1 + u2 −1 4 4 2

so
π
x sin x π2
Z
dx = I = .
0 1 + cos2 x 4

17.

√
Z Z p Z
1 + sin 2x dx = (cos x + sin x)2 dx = cos x+sin x dx = − cos x+sin x+C.

√
(Not exactly legitimate, I’m afraid. It is not always the case that v 2 = v.) This
is one reason why definite integrals make better quiz questions than indefinite
integrals.

18.
π π Z 1 Z 1  
sin x sin x 1 1 1 1
Z 2
Z 2
dx = dx = du = √ √ +√ du
0 1 + sin2 x 0 2 − cos2 x 0 2−u
2
0 2 2 2−u 2+u
1 h  √ 2 + u  i1 1
√
2+1 1 √
= √ log  √  = √ log √ = √ log(1 + 2).
 
2 2 2−u 0 2 2 2−1 2

19.

s
9π 9π r 9π
√ 1 1 − sin2 x
Z 10
Z 10
Z 10
cosecx − sin x dx = − sin x dx = dx
π
7
π
7
sin x π
7
sin x
9π
!
Z 10 cos x h √ i 9π
10
r
9π
r
π
= √ dx = 2 sin x π =2 sin − sin .
π
7
sin x 7
10 7
4

20.
cos x
Z Z
cotx dx = dx = log | sin x| + C.
sin x

21.
Z 5 π 5
1 iπ h1
Z Z h i5
|π − x| dx = π − x dx + x − π dx = πx − x2 + x2 − πx
−5 −5 π 2 −5 2 π

1 25 25 1
= (π 2 − π 2 ) − (−5π − ) + ( − 5π) − ( π 2 − π 2 ) = π 2 + 25.
2 2 2 2

Alternatively, from a graph,

5
1 1
Z
|pi − x| dx = (π + 5)2 + (5 − π)2 = π 2 + 25.
−5 2 2

22.
x6
Z Z
5 log x
e dx = x5 dx = + C.
6

23. Z Z Z
ex +x ex x x
e dx = e · e dx = eu du = eu + C = ee + C.

24. Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C.

(This is/used to be bookwork.)

25.
log x 1
Z Z
dx = du = log |u| + C = log | log x| + C.
x u

26.
1 x
Z
√ dx = sin−1 + C.
4 − x2 2
(This certainly is bookwork!

27.
1 1 2 x
Z Z Z
dx = 2 · dt = 1 dt = t + C = tan−1 + C.
cos x + 1 1−t 1 + t2 2
+1
1 + t2
 5

28. Z
cosec2 θ dθ = − cot θ + C.

This used to be bookwork once. Differentiate the right side to check!

29.
1 1 u 1
Z Z Z
2 2
x3 e3x dx = (3x2 )(6x)e3x dx = ue du = (ueu − eu ) + C
18 18 18
1  2 3x2 2
 1 3x2
= 3x e − e3x + C = e (3x2 − 1) + C.
18 18

30.
Z Z Z
2
tan −1
x dx = u sec u du = u tan u − tan u du = u tan u + log | cos u| + C

1
= u tan u − log | sec u| + C = u tan u − log(1 + tan2 u) + C
2
1
= x tan−1 x − log(1 + x2 ) + C.
2

Alternatively, do an integration by parts with u = tan−1 x, dv = dx.

6

Group Stage
1.
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B,
so
π π  
1 h1 cos 8x cos 2x i π4
Z 4
Z 4
sin 5x cos 3x dx = (sin 8x + sin 2x) dx = − −
π
8
π
8
2 2 8 2 π
8
 
1h i π4 1h i π4 1 1 1 1 1
=− cos 8x π − cos 2x π = − (1 − (−1)) − 0− √ =− + √
16 8
4 8
16 4 2 8 4 2
√
2−1
= .
8

2.
16π 16π 16π
1 1 h1 1
Z Z Z i16π
2
sin x cos x dx = 2
sin2 2x dx = (1 − cos 4x) dx = x − sin 4x
0 0 4 0 8 8 32 0

= 2π.

3.
5 5 h 1 1
Z Z i5
|5 − x| dx = 5 − x dx = − (5 − x)2 = 102 = 50.
−5 −5 2 −5 2
Look at the graph!
4.
3 3
− 21
2 − 2x 2(1 − x) 2u
Z 2
Z 2
Z
√ dx = p dx = √ du = 0,
1
2
2x − x2 1
2
1 − (1 − x)2 1
2
1 − u2
because the integrand is odd and the interval of integration is balanced about the
origin.
5.
1 1
2 2 1 2 h −1 5x i 51 2 π π
Z 5
Z 5
√ dx = q dx = sin = · = .
0 4 − 25x2 5 0 2 2

5 2 0 5 6 15
5
− x2

6.
1 1  
cos x 1 1 1 1 1h  2 + u i1
Z Z Z
dx = du = + du = log 
 
4 − sin2 x 4 − u2 4 2+u 2−u 4 2−u 0

0 0
1
= log 3.
4
 7

7.
Z 1 Z 1
sin2 x cos2 x
e e dx = e dx = e.
0 0

8.
Z 1 1  
1 1 h1
−1 x − 1 1 1
Z i1
2
dx = 2 2
dx = tan = − tan −1
−
0 x − 2x + 5 0 (x − 1) + 2 2 2 0 2 2
 
1 1
= tan−1 .
2 2

9.
2 2 4
1 1 u h1 3
Z Z Z i4
2 2
x3 ex dx = (2x)x2 ex dx = ue du = (ueu − eu ) = e4 .
1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2

10.
Z π4 π
1 h sin x sin 3x i π4 1 1
Z 4
sin x sin 2x dx = (cos x − cos 3x) dx = − = √ − √
0 0 2 2 6 0 2 2 6 2
2 1
= √ = √ .
6 2 3 2

11.
1 1 3
ex
Z 2
Z h i3
dx = ueu du = ueu − eu = 2e3 − e2 .
1
3
x3 2 2

12.
Z 5 Z sin 5 h isin 5
cos(sin x) cos x dx = cos u du = sin u = sin(sin 5) − sin(sin 2).
2 sin 2 sin 2

13.

1 1
Z Z x − 1
(x2 − 3x + 2)−1 dx − dx log 

+C
 x − 1
e =e x−1 x−2 =e x−2 = eC 
 
x−2
.

14.
Z 1 Z e h ie  sec e 
x x
e tan e dx = tan u du = log | sec u| = log  .
 
0 1 1 sec 1
8

That’s what a blind calculation gives, but it is not correct, would you believe!
Sketch the graph of the integrand, and see what goes wrong! It makes you wonder
about some of the other integrals!

15.
Z 1 h i1
xe−x dx = − xe−x − e−x = 1 − 2e−1 .
0 0

The indefinite integral can be guessed, or you can do an integration by parts.

16.
e h1 1
Z Z i2
x 20 x
(u + 1)20 du = (u + 1)21 = (e + 1)21 − 221 .


(e + 1) e dx =
1 21 1 21

17.
π 1
Z 2
Z 2 h1 i 21 1
2
sin x cos x dx = u2 du = u3 = .
π
3 0 3 0 24

18.
1
1 π
Z h i1
dx = tan −1
x = tan−1 1 = .
0 1 + x2 0 4

19.
Z π4 i π4 hh i π4 π
tan x + cot x dx = log | sec x| + log | sin x| π = log | tan x| π = − log tan
π
12 12 12
12
π
= log cot .
12

20.
2 2 e2 2
1 ex 1 ie
Z Z Z h
x
dx = dx = du = tan −1
u
1 e + e−x 1 e2x + 1 e u2 + 1 e

e2 − e
= tan−1 e2 − tan−1 e = tan−1 .
1 + e3

21
b log b
1
Z Z h ilog b
sec2 log x dx = sec2 u du = tan u = tan log b − tan log a.
a x log a log a
 9

22.
1 1
π π
Z Z
sin −1
x + cos −1
x dx = dx = .
0 0 2 2

Draw the graph!

23.
√ !
√ √
π
2+1
Z 4 h i π4
sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x| π = log( 2 + 1) − log(2 + 3) = log √
π
3 3 3+2
√ !
3+2
= − log √ ,
2+1

which is negative, because of the unusual limits on the integral.

24.

4 4
x3 − x h2 2 52
Z Z i4
3 1 5 1
3 dx = x 2 − x− 2 dx = x 2 − 2x 2 = (32 − 1) − 2(2 − 1) = .
1 x 2 1 5 1 5 5

25.

π2 √ Z π2  
sin x 1
Z 4 h i π2
√ dx = 2 sin u du = − 2 cos u π = −2 0 − = 1.
π2
9
x π
3 3
2

26.
π π
1 1
Z 2
Z 2
dx = dx = 1.
0 1 + cos x 0 1 + sin x

(Done earlier!)

27.
Z e e
x + 49 98  e − 49 
Z h ie
dx = 1+
dx = x + 98 log |x − 49| = e − 1 + 98 log 
 
x − 49 x − 49 1 − 49

1 1 1
 
49 − e
= e − 1 + 98 log .
48

Draw the graph!

10

28.

7 7 h xlog 2+1 i7 1
Z Z
log x
xlog 2 dx = 7log 2+1 − 5log 2+1 .


2 dx = =
5 5 log 2 + 1 5 log 2 + 1

29.
π π
1
1 cos x 1 π
Z 2
Z 2
Z h i1
dx = dx = du = tan −1
u = .
0 sec x + tan x sin x 0 1 + sin2 x 0 1+u 2 0 4

30.

e 1 1
1 − log x 1−t t
Z Z Z h i1
dx = e dt = (1 − t)e−t dt = te−t = e−1 .
1 x2 0 e2t 0 0

31.
π
2
1
Z 3
Z
4
sec x tan x dx = u3 du = .
0 1 24

32.
1 2 h u5 i2
1 4 31
Z Z
x2 (x3 + 1)4 dx = u du = = .
0 1 3 15 1 15

33.
2 2
Z π
Z π 1 1 h1 1 i π2 1 1
 
4
sin2 x dx = − cos 2x dx = x − sin 2x = − sin .
0 0 2 2 2 4 0 π 4 π

34.
π π
cos 3x
Z Z
3
dx = 1 dx = π − e.
e 4 cos x − 3 cos x e

(You have to know that cos 3x = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x. Try to prove it.)

35.
π π
2 2 2 π 1
Z 4
Z 4
tan−1 θ + cot−1 θ dθ = 1 dθ = · = .
π π
8
π π
8
π 8 4

Unusual. tan−1 and cot−1 are usually applied to x, not θ.

 11

36.
π
1
etan x
Z 4
Z
dx = eu du = e − 1.
0 cos2 x 0

37.

Z √ π2 π  
1 h1 1 1 1
Z 2 i π2
2
√ π x cos x dx = π 2
cos u du =
2
sin u π =
2
1−
2
=
4
.
6 6 6

38.
Z 4 )−1
sec2 ( π Z 1
x
e dx = ex dx = 0.
1 1

39.
log 3 4
ex 1
Z Z
dx = du = log 4 − log 2 = log 2.
0 1 + ex 2 u

40.

0 1
2x + 1 2u − 1 π
Z Z h i1
2
2
dx = 2
du = log(u + 1) − tan −1
u = log 2 − .
−1 x + 2x + 2 0 u +1 0 4

41.
√ Z √12
12
1 1 12
2   i√12
−1 u
Z Z h
√ dx = 2u du = du = tan
4 (4 + x) x 2 (4 + u2 )u 2 4 + u2 2 2
√ π π π
= tan−1 3 − tan−1 1 = − = .
3 4 12

42.
3
2x2 − x + 1
Z
dx
1 x−2

does not exist, because of the discontinuity at x = 2.

43.
√ √
3
−1 x i 3  π  π  2π
Z h
√ dx = − sin−1 √ = − − − =− .
√
− 3 4 − x2 2 − 3 3 3 3
12

44.
π
Z 4 h1 1 i π4 π 1
2
sin x dx = x − sin 2x = − .
0 2 4 0 8 4

45.
1 √ Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
x u 2u2 2
Z
dx = 2
2u du = 2+1
du = 2− 2 du
0 1+x 0 1 + u 0 u 0 u +1
h i1 π
= 2u − 2 tan−1 u = 2 − .
0 2

46.
2
1 i2 1 1 1
Z h
(x + 1)−2 dx = − =− + = .
1 x+1 1 3 2 6

47.
4 2 2
√ 4 3 h1
Z Z Z i2
( x − 1)2 dx = 2
(u − 1) 2u du = u4
− u + u 2
2u3 − 4u2 + 2u du =
√
2
√
2
√
2 2 3 2

1 4 √ 4 √ 8 8√ 8 √
= (16 − 4) − (8 − 2 2) + (4 − 2) = 6 − (8 − 2 2 + 2 = − + 2 = ( 2 − 1).
2 3 3 3 3 3

48.
Z −1
2 3 h1i−1
x4 − x3 + x2 − 4x
x3 − 2x2 + 3x − 4 dx =
2 4 3 2 2

1
2
3
(−1)4 − 24 − (−1)3 − 23 + (−1)2 − 22 − 4 (−1 − 2)


=
4 3 2
1 2 3 15 9 15 18
= × −15 − × −9 + × −3 − 4 × −3 = − + 6 − + 12 = 18 − −
4 3 2 4 2 4 4
33 39
= 18 − = .
4 4
 13

Quarter–Finals

1.

1 1 sec2 x
Z Z Z
1
√ dx = p dx = 3 dx = −2(tan x)− 2 + C
3 3 (tan x)
sin x cos x tan x/ sec4 x 2

2
= −√ + C.
tan x

2.
√ √
tan x tan x secx
Z Z Z
1
dx = dx = 1 dx = 2(tan x) 2 + C
sin x cos x tan x/ sec2 x (tan x) 2

√
= 2 tan x + C.

3.

sin5 x sin x(1 − cos2 x)2 sin x(1 − 2 cos2 x + cos4 x)

Z Z Z
dx = dx = dx
cos x cos x cos x
1
Z
= tan x − 2 cos x sin x + cos3 x sin x dx = log | sec x| + cos2 x − cos4 x + C.
4

4.

√ √ √ √
Z Z
cos x dx = 2u cos u du = 2u sin u + 2 cos u + C = 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + C.

5.
 
3x − 1 1 1 3x − 1 3x − 1
Z Z Z
dx = (3x − 1) − 2 dx = − 2 dx
(x + 1)(x2 + 2)
2 2
x +1 x +2 x2 + 1 x +2
 
3 3 1 x
= log(x2 + 1) − tan−1 x − log(x2 + 2) + √ tan−1 √ + C.
2 2 2 2

6.
x 1 1 1 1
Z Z
4
dx = 2
du = tan−1 u + C = tan−1 x2 + C.
x +1 2u +1 2 2
14

7.
log cos x log u 1 1
Z Z Z
dx = − du = −v dv = − v 2 + C = − (log |u|)2 + C
cot x u 2 2
1
= − (log | cos x|)2 + C.
2

8.

1 2 1
Z Z
sin5 x cos6 x dx = cos6 x(1−cos2 x)2 sin x dx = − cos7 x+ cos9 x− cos11 x+C.
7 9 11

9.
1 1 1
Z Z Z
√ dx = p dx = √ du
2
x + 2x 2
(x + 1) − 1 2
u −1
1
Z Z
= √ sec θ tan θ dθ = sec θ dθ = log | sec θ + tan θ| + C
sec2 θ − 1
p p
= log |u + u2 − 1| + C = log |x + 1 + x2 + 2x| + C.

10.
Z Z Z
t t
(3 + 2x) log x dx = (3 + 2e )te dt = 3tet + 2te2t dt

1 1
= 3tet − 3et + te2t − e2t + C = 3x log |x| − 3x + x2 log |x| − x2 + C
2 2
1
= (x2 + 3x) log |x| − x2 − 3x + C.
2

11.

12 1 1 1   1
−1 x −1 x
Z Z  
dx = − dx = tan − tan +C.
(x + 4)(x2 + 16)
2 x2 + 4 x2 + 16 2 2 4 4

12.
√
If for the moment we pretend x2 = x, we find
1 1 1 3 1
Z p Z p Z
3
x2 + x4 dx = x 1 + x2 dx = u 2 du = u 2 + C = (1 + x2 ) 2 + C
2 3 3
1 3
= 3
(x2 + x4 ) 2 + C.
3x
 15

Luckily, since this function is odd (apart from the C), it is correct.

13.

1 1
Z p Z p Z Z
2 2
1− x2 dx = + cos 2θ dθ
1 − sin θ cos θ dθ = cos θ dθ =
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 p
= + sin 2θ + C = θ + sin θ cos θ + C = sin−1 x + x 1 − x2 + C.
2 4 2 2 2 2

Actually, a similar comment applies to this integral as to the previous one!

14.

1 1 1
Z Z Z
2
3 dx = 3 · 2 sec θ dθ = · 2 sec2 θ dθ
(4 + x2 ) 2(4 + 4 tan θ) 2 2 8 sec3 θ
1 1 1 x
Z
= cos θ dθ = sin θ + C = √ + C.
4 4 4 4 + x2

15.

1 ex 1
Z Z Z
√ dx = √ dx = √ du
e2x − 1 x
e e −12x u u2 − 1
1
Z Z
= sec θ tan θ dθ = 1 dθ = θ + C = sec−1 u + C
sec θ tan θ
= sec−1 ex + C.

√
Alternatively, = tan−1 e2x − 1 + C.

16.
Z  2
1 1 1
Z Z
4
1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x dx


cos x dx = + cos 2x dx =
2 2 4
 
1 1 1 3 1 1
Z Z
= 1 + 2 cos 2x + + cos 4x dx = + cos 2x + cos 4x dx
4 2 2 8 2 8
3 1 1 3 1 1
= x+ sin 2x + sin 4x + C = x + sin x cos x + sin 2x cos 2x + C
8 4 32 8 2 16
3 1 1
= x+ sin x cos x + sin x cos x(2 cos2 x − 1) + C
8 2 8
3 3 1
= x+ sin x cos x + sin x cos3 x + C.
8 8 4
16

17.

1 1 1
Z Z Z
√ dx = q dx = q dx
9 + 16x − 4x2 9
2 4 + 4x − x 2 25
2 4 − (x − 2)2

 
1 1 2
Z
= q dx = sin−1 (x − 2) + C.
5 2

2 5
2 2 − (x − 2)2

18.
Z Z
sin log x dx = eu sin u du = eu (sin u − cos u) + C = x(sin log x − cos log x) + C.

(See question 9 of the Qualifying Round.)

19.

x2 1
Z Z Z
2
2x tan −1
x dx = x tan −1
x− dx = x2 tan−1 x − 1− dx
1 + x2 1 + x2
= x2 tan−1 x − x + tan−1 x + C = (1 + x2 ) tan−1 x − x + C.

20.
2
x3 ex 1 ueu 1 (v − 1)ev−1 1 (v − 1)ev
Z Z Z Z
dx = du = dv = dv
(x2 + 1)2 2 (u + 1)2 2 v2 2e v2
ev 1 ev
   
1 1 1 1
Z Z
v v v v
= (v − 1)e · − − − · ve dv = −e + + e dv = +C
2e v v 2e v 2e v
2 2
1 eu+1 1 eu 1 ex ex
= +C = +C = + C = + C.
2e u + 1 2u+1 2 x2 + 1 2(x2 + 1)

21.
1 13 1 12
Z Z Z
(x − 1)(x + 1) dx = u (u − 2) du = u12 − 2u11 du =
11 11
u − u +C
13 6
1 1 1
= (x + 1)13 − (x + 1)12 + C = (x + 1)12 (6(x + 1) − 13) + C
13 6 78
1
= (x + 1)12 (6x − 7) + C..
78
 17

22.
1 1 4 1
Z Z Z Z
1 dx = 4u3 du = (v − 1)3 dv = 4(v 2 − 3v + 3 − ) dv
1+x 4 1+u v v

1 3 4
= 4( v 3 − v 2 + 3v − log |v|) + C = (u + 1)3 − 6(u + 1)2 + 12(u + 1) − 4 log |u + 1| + C
3 2 3
4 4 3 1 1 1
= u3 − 2u2 + 4u − 4 log |u + 1| + C = x 4 − 2x 2 + 4x 4 − 4 log |1 + x 4 | + C.
3 3

23.

sin5 (x−1 ) cos(x−1 ) 1 1

Z Z
dx = − sin5 u cos u du = − sin6 u+C = − sin6 (x−1 )+C
x2 6 6

24.
2 π π
Z Z  
√

2 dx = sec2 x + dx = tan x + + C.
2 cos x + π 4 4
4

25.
Z Z

2
sin −1
x dx = u2 cos u du = u2 sin u + 2u cos u − 2 sin u + C

2 p
= x sin−1 x + 2 1 − x2 sin−1 x − 2x + C.
18

Semi–Finals

1.
sec2 x 1
Z Z Z
2
dx = sec x (sec x − tan x) dx = sec3 x dx − tan2 x + C.
sec x + tan x 2
Z
The notoriously ugly sec3 x dx can be calculated by integration by parts.

1 1
Z
sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ + log | sec θ + tan θ| + C.
2 2

So our integral

1 1 1
= sec θ tan θ + log | sec θ + tan θ| − tan2 θ + C
2 2 2
1 1
= tan θ(secθ − tan θ) + log | sec θ + tan θ| + C.
2 2

2.
Z Z
xx x x x
e (log x+1)x 2x
dx = ueu du = ueu −eu +C = xx ex −ex +C = ex (xx −1)+C.

3.
√
2x − 9 x + 9 2u2 − 9u + 9 4u3 − 18u2 + 18u
Z Z Z
√ 1 dx = 1 2u du = 1 du
(x − 3 x) 3 (u2 − 3u) 3 (u2 − 3u) 3
(u2 − 3u)(4u − 6)
Z Z Z
2 2
2
= 1 du = (u − 3u) 2(2u − 3) du = 2v 3 dv
3
2
(u − 3u) 3
6 5 6 5 6 √ 5
= v 3 + C = (u2 − 3u) 3 + C = (x − 3 x) 3 + C.
5 5 5

4.
x5 1 (u − 1)2 1 3
Z Z Z 
1 1
√ dx = √ du = u 2 − 2u 2 + u− 2 du
1 + x2 2 u 2
1 5 2 3 1 1 1
= u2 − u2 + u2 + C = u 2 (3u2 − 10u + 15) + C
5 3 15
1 p 1 p
= (3(x2 + 1)2 − 10(x2 + 1) + 15) 1 + x2 + C = (3x4 − 4x2 + 8) 1 + x2 + C.
15 15
 19

5.

log(1 + log x)
Z Z
dx = log u du = u log u − u + C
x
= (1 + log x) log(1 + log x) − log x + C.

6.
1
x2 u6 12u14 12(u14 − 1) + 12
Z Z Z Z
1 1 dx = 12u11 du = du = du
x +x 3 4 u4 + u3 u+1 u+1
Z 
= 12 u13 − u12 + u11 − u10 + u9 − u8 + u7 − u6 + u5 − u4

1 
+ u3 − u2 + u − 1 +
du
u+1
6 12 12 6 4 3 12 12
= u14 − u13 + u12 − u11 + u10 − u9 + u8 − u7 + 2u6 − u5
7 13 11 5 3 2 7 5
+ 3u4 − 4u3 + 6u2 − 12u + 12 log |u + 1| + C

1
Now set u = x 12 .

7.

x3 + 3x2 + 3x (x + 1)3 − 1 1 1
Z Z Z
dx = dx = − dx
x4 + 4x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 1 (x + 1)4 x + 1 (x + 1)4
1
= log |x + 1| + + C.
3(x + 1)3

8.
1 2
Z Z Z Z
sec x cosecx dx = dx = dx = 2cosec2x dx
cos x sin x sin 2x
= − log |cosec 2x + cot 2x| + C.

9.
1 1 A B Cx + D
Z Z Z
dx = + dx =
+ 2 dx
x + x4 x(x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)
x x+1 x −x+1
    
C C 2 1
= A log |x| + B log |x + 1| + log(x2 − x + 1) + D + sin−1 √ x− + K,
2 2 3 2
20

where A, B, C and D are given by

A(x + 1)(x2 − x + 1) + Bx(x2 − x + 1) + (Cx + D)x(x + 1) = 1

(for all x).

We have

A + B + C = 0, −B + C + D = 0, B + D = 0, A = 1,

so
1 2 1
A = 1, B = − , C = − , D = ,
3 3 3
and the integral is
1 1 1
= log |x| − log |x + 1| − log(x2 − x + 1) + K = log |x| − log |x3 + 1| + K
3 3 3
3  4
1  x 
 1  x 
 
= log  3  + K = log   + K.
3 x +1 3 x + x4

10. Z
cosec x dx = − log |cosec x + cot x| + C.

(Pure bookwork.)

11. Z
cos sin sin x cos sin x cos x dx = sin sin sin x + C.

(Obvious!)

12.
x x u−1
Z Z Z
√ dx = p dx = √ du
1 − 2x − x2 2 − (x + 1)2 2 − u2
   
p u p x+1
2
= − 2 − u − sin −1
√ 2
+ C = − 1 − 2x − x − sin −1
√ + C.
2 2

13.
 
1 3 1 4v 1 1 4v 1 4v
Z Z Z
3
x log(5x) dx = u log u du = ve dv = 4 ve − e +C
54 54 5 4 16
 
1 1 4 1 1 1
= 4 u log u − u4 + C = x4 log 5x − x4 + C.
5 4 16 4 16
 21

14.
Z  2
log x u
Z  2 Z
u
dx = e du = u2 e−u du
x eu
(log x)2 log x 2
= −u2 e−u − 2ue−u − 2e−u + C = − −2 − + C.
x x x

15. If n is an integer, n ≥ 2,

1 1 xn−2
Z Z Z
dx = dx = dx
xn + x x(xn−1 + 1) xn−1 (xn−1 + 1)
 
1 1
Z
n−2
= x − n−1 dx
xn−1 x +1
1 xn−2 1
Z
= − n−1 dx = log |x| − log |xn−1 + 1| + C.
x x +1 n−1
22

Finals
1.
Z  2  
1 1 1 1
Z Z
2 4
sin x cos x dx = sin 2x + cos 2x dx = sin2 2x + sin2 2x cos 2x dx
2 2 2 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
Z
= − cos 4x + sin2 2x cos 2x dx = x− sin 4x + sin3 2x + C.
8 2 2 16 64 48
This solution was indicated to me by one of the competitors.
2.
4x2 − 15x + 29 A Bx + C
Z Z
dx = + dx
(x − 5)(x2 − 4x + 13) x − 5 (x − 2)2 + 32
 
B 2 2B + C x−2
= A log |x − 5| + log(x − 4x + 13) + tan −1
+ K,
2 3 3
where A, B and C are given by

A(x2 − 4x + 13) + (Bx + C)(x − 5) = 4x2 − 15x + 29

(for all x).

We have

A + B = 4, −4A − 5B + C = −15, 13A − 5C = 29,

so
A = 3, B = 1, C = 2
and the integral is
 
1 4 x−2
= 3 log |x − 5| + log(x2 − 4x + 13) + tan−1 + K.
2 3 3

3.
Z √ Z √
√ 1 + sin x 1+u
Z
1 + sin x cot x dx = cos x dx = du
sin x u
2v 2
 
v 2 1 1
Z Z Z Z
= 2v dv = dv = 2 + 2 dv = 2 + − dv
v2 − 1 v2 − 1 v −1 v−1 v+1
v − 1 √  √1 + u − 1 
= 2v + log   + C = 2 1 + u + log  √ +C
   
v+1 1+u+1
√  √1 + sin x − 1 
= 2 1 + sin x + log  √  + C.
 
1 + sin x + 1
 23

4.
sin 2x sin 2x 1 1 1
Z Z Z
2 dx = dx = − du = log |2 − u| + C
1 + 2 sin x 2 − cos 2x 2 2 − u 2
1 1
= log |2 − cos 2x| + C = log(2 − cos 2x) + C.
2 2

5.
x4 x4 x4 − 1 + 1
 
1
Z Z Z Z
2
dx = dx
− = − dx = − x + 1 + dx
1 − x2 x2 − 1 x2 − 1 x2 − 1
 
1 1 1 1
Z Z
= −x2 − 1 + 2
dx = −x − 1 + + dx
1 − x2 2 1−x 1+x
1 1 1 + x
= − x3 − x + log  +C
 
3 2 1−x

6.
Z √ Z p
1−x 1 − sin2 θ cos2 θ
Z
√ dx = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ = 2 sin θ dθ
1− x 1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ
1
Z Z
= (1 + sin θ)2 sin θ dθ = 2 sin θ + 1 − cos 2θ dθ = −2 cos θ + θ − sin 2θ + C
2
√ √ √ √
= θ − 2 cos θ − sin θ cos θ + C = sin−1 x − 2 1 − x − x 1 − x + C.

7.
Z Z Z
cot x+2 log cosec x cot x
e dx = e 2
cosec x dx = −eu du = −eu + C = −ecot x + C.

8.
xesin x
−1
1
Z Z
√ dx = eθ sin θ dθ = (sin θ − cos θ)eθ + C
1 − x2 2
1  p 
x − 1 − x2 esin x + C
−1
=
2

9.
Z 12 5
3 sin x + 2 cos x (2 sin x + 3 cos x) − 13 (2 cos x − 3 sin x)
Z
13
dx = dx
2 sin x + 3 cos x 2 sin x + 3 cos x
12 5 2 cos x − 3 sin x 12 5
Z
= − dx = x− log |2 sin x + 3 cos x| + C.
13 13 2 sin x + 3 cos x 13 13
24

10.
1 1 1
Z Z Z
dx = dx = dx
sin x + sin 2x sin x + 2 sin x cos x sin x(1 + 2 cos x)
1 1
Z Z
= 2
sin x dx = − 2
du
(1 − cos x)(1 + 2 cos x) (1 − u )(1 + 2u)
1 1 1 1 4 1
Z
= − − du
2 1 + u 6 1 − u 3 1 + 2u
1 1 2
= log |1 + u| + log |1 − u| − log |1 + 2u| + C
2 6 3
1 1 2
= log |1 + cos x| + log |1 − cos x| − log |1 + 2 cos x| + C
2 6 3
3
 2
sin x(1 + cos x)2
  
1 (1 + cos x) (1 − cos x) 1
= log + C = log +C
6 (1 + 2 cos x)4 6 (1 + 2 cos x)4
1  sin x(1 + cos x) 
= log  +C
 
3 (1 + 2 cos x)2
 25

Tie–breaker questions
1. √
π
sin x
Z 2
Let I = √ √ dx.
0 sin x + cos x
Then
q
π
sin π2 − x

π √
cos x
Z 2
Z 2
I= q
q
dx = √ √ dx,
0 sin π
− x + cos π
−x 0 cos x + sin x
2 2
π
π π
Z 2
2I = 1 dx = , so I = .
0 2 4
2.
1
e2 Z 12 i 12 Z 12
sin−1 log x u
Z h
dx = sin u du = u sin u −
−1 −1
√ du
1 x 0 0 0 1 − u2
i 21 √
π hp π 3
= + 1 − u2 = + − 1.
12 0 12 2

3.
1 1 7 7 1 7 h xy+1 i1
x7 − 1
Z Z Z Z Z Z
y y
dx = x dy dx = x dx dy = dy
0 log x 0 0 0 0 0 y+1 0
7
1
Z h i7
= dy = log(y + 1) = log 8.
0 y+1 0

Clearly not suitable for first–year students.

4.
π
1
Z 2
Let I = dx.
0 1 + tanπ x
π π π
1 1 tanπ x
Z 2
Z 2
Z 2
Then I =
dx = dx = dx,
0 1 + tanπ π
2 −x 0 1 + cotπ x 0 tanπ x + 1
π
π π
Z 2
and 2I = 1 dx = , I= .
0 2 4
5.
π π
1 h1 1
Z 6
Z 3 i π3
3
sec 2θ dθ = sec3 u du = sec θ tan θ + log | sec θ + tan θ|
0 0 2 4 4 0
√
3 1 √
= + log(2 + 3).
2 4