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1 Multistage Amplifiers

A multistage amplifier connects multiple amplifier stages together, with the output of one stage feeding the input of the next. This allows for increased overall voltage gain, which is the product of the individual stage gains. Capacitive coupling prevents DC bias issues between stages but allows the AC signal to pass, while direct coupling provides better low frequency response without coupling capacitors but is more sensitive to bias variations.

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er denice catamora
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59 views11 pages

1 Multistage Amplifiers

A multistage amplifier connects multiple amplifier stages together, with the output of one stage feeding the input of the next. This allows for increased overall voltage gain, which is the product of the individual stage gains. Capacitive coupling prevents DC bias issues between stages but allows the AC signal to pass, while direct coupling provides better low frequency response without coupling capacitors but is more sensitive to bias variations.

Uploaded by

er denice catamora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multistage

Amplifiers
Two or more amplifiers can be connected in
a cascaded arrangement with the output of
one amplifier driving the input of the next.

Multistage Each amplifier in cascaded arrangement is


Amplifiers known as a stage.

The basic purpose of a multistage amplifiers


is to increase the overall voltage gain.
• The overall voltage gain, 𝐴𝑉𝑇 , of a cascaded
amplifiers, is the product of the individual
voltage gains.
𝑨𝑽𝑻 = 𝑨𝑽𝟏 𝑨𝑽𝟐 𝑨𝑽𝟑 … 𝑨𝑽𝒏

Multistage where 𝑛 is the number of stages.

Voltage
Gain
Multistage Voltage Gains

• Amplifier voltage gain is often expressed in decibels (dB) as follows:


𝑨𝑽 𝒅𝑩 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑨𝑽

• The overall voltage gain in dB is the sum of the individual voltage


gains in dB.
𝑨𝑽𝑻 𝒅𝑩 = 𝑨𝑽𝟏 𝒅𝑩 + 𝑨𝑽𝟐 𝒅𝑩 + ⋯ + 𝑨𝑽𝒏 𝒅𝑩
Capacitively-
Coupled Multistage
Amplifier

• The output of one stage


is capacitively coupled to
the input of the second
stage.
• Capacitive coupling
prevents the DC bias of
one stage from affecting
that of the other but
allows the AC signal to
pass without attenuation.
A two-stage common-emitter amplifier
Capacitively-
Coupled Multistage
Amplifier

Loading Effects
• The coupling capacitor
𝐶3 effectively appears
as a short at the signal
frequency, the total
impedance of the
second stage presents
an AC load to the first
stage.
Capacitively-
Coupled Multistage
Amplifier

Loading Effects
• The signal at the collector
of 𝑄1 “sees” 𝑅3 , 𝑅5 , 𝑅6 ,
and 𝑅𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2) of the
second stage all in
parallel to AC ground.
• The effective AC collector
resistance of 𝑄1 is the
total of all these
resistances in parallel.
Capacitively-
Coupled Multistage
Amplifier

Loading Effects
• The voltage gain of the
first stage is reduced
by the loading of the
second stage.
Capacitively-Coupled Multistage Amplifier
Voltage Gain of the Second
Voltage Gain of the First Stage Stage
• The AC collector resistance of the • The second stage has no load
first stage is: resistor, so the gain is:
𝑹𝒄𝟏 = 𝑹𝟑 ∥ 𝑹𝟓 ∥ 𝑹𝟔 ∥ 𝑹𝒊𝒏(𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟐) 𝑹𝒄𝟐
𝑨 𝑽𝟐 =
• The base-to-collector voltage gain 𝒓𝒆
of the first stage is:
𝑹𝒄𝟏
𝑨𝑽𝟏 =
𝒓𝒆
Direct-Coupled
Multistage Amplifiers
• There are no coupling or bypass
capacitors in this circuit.
• The DC collector voltage of the
first stage provides the base-bias
voltage for the second stage.
• Due to direct coupling, this type of
amplifier has a better low-
frequency response than the
capacitively coupled type.
Direct-Coupled
Multistage Amplifiers
• Direct-coupled amplifiers can be
used to amplify low frequencies all
the way down to DC (0 Hz)
without loss of voltage gain.
• The disadvantage of direct-
coupled amplifiers is that small
changes in the DC bias voltages
from temperature effects or power
supply variation are amplified by
the succeeding stages.

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