3"t

S..*.,n.0( P**h
q{gfo
-:t'*-^I.' 61"?
I ' {7

O
Chapter
12 LATERAL LOADS IT II

12.1 . INTRODUCTORY
This chapter is intended as an extension^ to chapter l r, In
this chapter, we shail
deterr-nine loads acting on r,ernbers o| frame due to earthquake
loads by using
seisrnic coefficient method and response specr.rum
merhod. other methods as sited
bv IS:1893 (part I) are not considered in rhe scope or tni, chapter.
12.2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SETSMIC ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN
Sorne general principles of seismic analysis and design
are discussed here. They are:
' (l) Fundamen[al assumptions
(2) Design criteria
(3) Basic srraregy of earthquake design
A) Load combinat.ions lor RCC srructures
(51 f)esign horizontal and vertical earthquake loads and rheir
combinations
(6) Increase in net pressure on soils.
(l) Fundamental assumptions:
(i) The earthquake modons consist. of.several frequencies of varying
' each lasting for a very short. duration. Therefore arrplitude
conditions like resonance
requiring the time to build will not occur normally. However. for
tall
structures founded at rarger depths, the possibirity or resonance
mav be
t.aken into account.
(ii) Earrhquake is not likely to occur simulraneously with wind
maxinturtr seA wavcs.
or flood or
(iii) The elastic moduli of rnaterials rnay^be raken as per staiic
analysis, u,lcss
more deflnite values are available for the use in dynamic
.ondi,io.,r.
(2) Design criteria:
(i) Thc earthquake ground rnotiorts can be resolved in any three
murually
perpcndicular directions for analysis. Ir. is assumed tirat ,fr"
Urifai"g
designed by this approach wiil hav.e adequate resisr.ance
against the
resulr.anr acceleration acting in any direction.
(ii) The horizontal componenLs of'ground motions are predorninanl
in mosl
cases' However, lhe vertical componenI rnay be significant
in struct.ures
 rr..

Reinforced (loncreLe Vol. II lch. l2

with large spans and for stability considerations. Due to vertical component,
the wei[ht of ,n. s[ructure wiil be reduced which may be detrimental.to
p."rt."Js"d concrete horizontal members, cantilever members and gravity
structures.
(iii) The response of the structure, viz., magnitude and distribution of forces and
displacements to ground vibrations depends on nature of foundation
soil,
type of const.uctiJn, and duration and characteristics of the ground motion'
(iv) Actual forces appearing on structures when design earthquake occurs, are
much grearer (Aro t2 iimes; than the design forges_ considered. However,
the difference in acrual and design loads is relied on the followings:
(a) Ducrility arising from inelastic behaviour of materials and detailing.
(b) Over-strength arising from additional reserve strength of the structure
over and above the design stre.ngt'h'
(v) Since rhe maximum ductility that can be achieved fron"r the given structure
is limited, or depends on it, design, the s[ructure shall be designed for
somenrinimumdesignlateralforcespecifiedbythecode.
(vi) Members and connec[ions of the reinforced and prestre_ssed concrete
struc[ures shall be so designed that the premature failure does not' occur
due to shear or bond. To ensure this, the members and connections
shall be proportioned to achieve high ductility_.as per respec,]r:-l^iqiun
standardi. Fbr RCC structures, the design shall confirm to IS:13920'
(3) Basic strategy of earthquake design: As stared above, the forces induced
arring design earth-quake u." 6 to 12 times than design earthquake forces' Let us
see how this can be considered.
+1 --t.- A,.,r,r[
H,',,,,* -1
I
I
I

H
A = Lateretl defirrnritti()n of' t'oof'
H,',,,,* _ Mitxittttlltl littel'itl filrce
I
't. i[' stt'trcttll'e l'etllitills elirstic
I

= Elirstic litteral firt't e til'Ar

: Actttitl l;ttet'itl [irrce [irrA,
- " Minintulll littt't'itl tirt-ce
it'clatttit{res itl'e ir(cePtcd
, Actual structttre
J

Sorne darnages accepted

At Latet'al defbrlrlatiotl A----> An,,,*

Basic strategy of earthquake design
Frr;. l2-1
 t"l

Arr. l2-2) Lateral I-oads II

consider a building subjected ro lateral load H
a[ roof level. Draw variation of
its lateral load v/s lateril de-formation ar roof level.
This is shown in fig. l2-1. The
diagram will be a straight line if [he strucrure remains
elastic and to withstand a
deformation of A1, the itructure need to resist the force
equal to Hl asshown. The
acrual strucrures possess some ductility and hence
will be as shown i".,t: same figure. T'hus r.. Jirpir..-.n,
ii, f,r;a_a.formation Jiug.n_
is subjected ro load H.r. The ."educed d,esign ^i;'r;;epends ot d,1, the srrucrure
provided in the st'ructure' By detailing th".rt.u.,u.. on tr," Juctitity
i"it.h special a.1oiri,.,g-.rr.r,
large reduction in design forces is possible.
Next' if some damages are accepted in the building,
reduced ro F/q as shown in the figure.,Thus force this force can be further
required for elastic structure. siice the
,; ;; much ress than force H;
can accept a lew damages to the structure.",1r1qror.""ir"o .u." phenornenon, we
The accepred damage, o.. o, u.d.r,
when a minor earthquake occurs, there shourd not
srructure. with rnoderate. earthquake, minor damages be any damage to rhe
elements will be permitted. Finaily, in case when
to the structure and its
th-e design earthquake occurs,
the srrucrure and irs eremenrl
-uy be severery damaged, but stiil there wiil n<r
collapse of the structure be observed. This
will facilitlte the escape of lives and
the property.
' Thus the basic strategy of the earthquake design
is ro
on rhe strucrure due ro design ea.thquake o"a .8ar.."ii calculate the loads acting
design forces.
p.op". fhcror to obtain
It should be noted that we ca,n,,ot accepr such damages
since its occurrence is not rare. However, a due to wind roads,
possibility of
-'' -both the loads occurring
/
simultaneously is not considered in the design.
It must be clear that design resulting with rhese assurnptions
resistant and not earthquake proof. The'earthq""l.-pi""r is earthquake
required' The structures are designed as earthquake .t.r.tu.", are h'ardry
resistant.
(4) Load Combinations for R. c. structures:
when limit state method of design
is followed for R. C. srructures, rhe following
load combinarions shalr be considered.
(i) 1.5 (DL + LL)
(ii) t.Z (DL + LL + EL)
(iii) 1.5 (DL + t,L)
(iv) 0"9 DL + 1.5 El-.
The last combinati.n checks overturning of the
structure with severe conditions.
(5) Design horizontar and vertical earthquake
loads and their combinations:
(i) Design for horizontal earthquake: Two possibilities
are considered.
(a) when rnr r,esisting elemenrs are orienred arong orthogonal
horizontar 'T,::],load
direction, rhe srructure shail be designed for
due ro fu, design Ee road in one horizonrar dlrectio. rhe efrecrs
(x or I but
not sir.nultaneously) at a [inte.
(b) when rhe latcral load .esisting erenrenr.s
are nor orien[ed along
orthogor-rar horizontal directions, the structure shalr be designed
for
 o
ft;-

Reinforced Concrete Vol. II [Ch. 12.

the effects due to full design EQ load in one horizontal direction

* SOVo of the design EQ load in the other direction.
e.g. EL* + 0.3 EL,
EL\ + 0.3 EL"
(ii) Design for aertical earthquafte: The design acceleration spectrum
for vertical direction, when required, may be taken as rwo-thirds of the design
horizontal acceleration spectrum. Also the design acceleration coefficient
!o't (e*plai.red in articles to follow) shall be taken as 0.25 for all soils.
b
(iii) Combination of three component motion: The combination where required,
shall be [aken as:
EL* + 0.3 ELy + 0.3 EL/ -

EL, + 0'3 ELt t 0'3 Elx

EL' + 0'3 ELx ! 0'3 ELY'
(6) Increase in net bearing pressure and skin friction of soil: The allowable
bearing pressure on soil is defined as minimum of the two, i.e., the safe
bearing capacity (based on shear failure), SBC, and the safe bearing pressure
(based on se[tlement failure), S.BP, of soil. For piles, shcar failure and settlement
Iailure, both depend on skin friction and end bearing. The earthquake is a rare
phenomenon and similar to other materials, [he increase in stresses in soil or
increase in loads on soil should be perntitted.
(i) Permitting increase of SBC means reducing the lactor of safety on shear
failure. Since diflerent soils have different characteristics against shear
loading, the increase in SBC should be carefully given in respect of type
of soil.
(ii) Permitting the increase in SBP, means permitting more setLlement.
Since this permission will be used for all elements transferring loads to
the soil, this increase will lead to increase in uniform setrlement of all
elements. It is very well known that increase in settlement., if uniform,
will hardly lead to changes in shears and moments in struct.ural elements.
However, in soft soils, when pressure is inc.reased the settlements cannot
be res[ricted. Thus increase in this qua.ntity may be given for hard and
medium soils.
Earlier version of IS:1893 specified an increase in allouable bearing pressure in
respect. of type of soil and type of foundation. Now, in 2016 edition, it permits the
increase in net bearing pressure and skin friction (for pile foundation).for type of
soil only.
The increase is given for ltuo types of soils as defined in table 2 of IS:1893-2016.
The increase shall be as follows:
Type 1: Rock and hard soils: 507o increase in net bearing pressure
Type 2: Medium and stiff soils: 25Va increase in net bearing pressure
Type 3: Soft soils: 07o. No increase is permissible.
 t"'l

Art. I 2-3l Lateral Loads I I 5

Complete table from the code shall be referred.

Note the following:
(i) As the increase is allowed on net pressure, the increase in pressure due to
self-weight of footing and weight of soil above rhe footing u." .,ut allowed.
(ii) The increase is allowed for types of soil and nor lor types of foundation.
(iii) The increase is nor allowed in soft soils.
12.3. SEISMIG UYETGHT
Calculation of centre of mass as discussed in art. ll-2 is required for seismic
load analysis. The seismic loads acting on the building depend on rhe horizontal
acceleration applied
product of mass and.d".. l" earthquake. The seismic Ioadi are rhus equal to the
design horizontal acceleration. Since we already have the
calculated the design dead loads wylyand, dbsign live loads wyylrom gravity
load
analysis' we can determine the masses of dead loads and live-liads frlm
familiar
relation ,n = L.
g
The masses of dead loads may be. raken y*
with reasonable accuracy.
However, the actual masses of live loads are much ^, ssmaller than that determined
by The actual live loads are usually concenr.ra[ed loads disrributed over finir.e
ry
areas' However, fbr simplicity they are specified as uniformly distributed
loads
on t'oLal floor areas. This total equivalent UDL is much larger than actual total
load. Thus, mass of live load calcurared [r'om *rr, ,, much larger than what
it
is. If this mass is considered for calculation of ieismic loads, then it will result
in over est,imation of loads. Therefore, some reduced live loads shall be taken
into account for such calculations. The word appropriate lit,e load, is used for such
reduced live loads.
. As per IS:18g3, appropriate live loads shall be 2bvo of the design live loads
when the design loads are 3 kNim2 or less; and 507a of the desifin live loads
when the design live loads are more than 5 kN/m2.
- while estimating seismic loads, the masses are assumed to be concenrrated ar
the floor levels. For_,example, a six storeyed building wili have six concenrrar.ed
loads acting at the floor levels. These concentrated loads consist of
dead loads
a.nd appropriate live loads. Since the loads are'assumed
to be concentrated ar
the floor levels, the weights of columns and walls in any srorey shall be
equally
distributed to the floors above and below. .he storey. si-iio.ty,any *'.ign,
supported between the storevs shall be distributed to the floors above
and below
in inverse proporrion to its disrance from the floors.
The seismic weight of each floor is r.aken as full dead loads on floors plus
appropriare dead loads supporred in-berween the floors and appropriare
live
loads as deflned above. This will be concenrrared ar respecrive floor.
The seismic
weight of the building shall be rhe sum of seismic *eighrs of all floors.
The seismic mass of a given storey can be calculated from relation Tn, W and
is assumed to be concentrat.ed at mass centre of respective floor. - T
 t"t

Reinforced Concrere Vol. II [ch . t2"

For a six storeyed buildi.g, the masses r/, 1,?tL2,rfr:\,?il4, TtL5 And rn6 are concentrated
at floors l, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively.
M.ass irregularity_r Mass irregularity is said r.o exist in a given building if the
_
seismic mass of ith floor is more than 1.5 times the seisrnic'mass of (l-t;tI 6oo..
For example, if rn4 > 1.5 ra.r, the mass irregularity is said to exists. For such a
case, dynamic analysis is mandatary.
Example l2-1.
A typical floor plan and part elevation of a six-storeyed building is shown
in fig. 12-2. Determine the cenr.re of mass and cenr.re of rigidity oifloor 5 in
context with seismic load calculations.
v

cl c2 c2 c2 cl'
ll) (5,2 I ) (10,2 1) (16,2 1) (21,21)

c2 C^.+ C_, L,, c2

t(i) (5, 1 6) (10,16) (16,16) (21,16)
Floor'
rc CM

c3 ,,,, ct; o
.f
fr r o .47 ,,1 0.43
/-
Lt)
)

I
C.4
(
I
(0,Iil) (5,1 I ) (l0,I I ) \ \_ (l("Ili (21,1l) Floor'
I

cft
( I 0. 5 !).9. !x) )
i

i
k N/rrr
I

t
f- c3' c-'
- t) c,i cri c),r' Floor'

i,i
ittt ,5, ) (5,5 ) (10,5) (16,5) (2 I,5)
l

rCl
I

I
I

t_ I

Cl o,, C,4 C\ cl
(0,0) 1S ,?l; (I0,0) (16,0) (2 I,0)
i- 5nr i 5rn i trnr .l bm
----r ---l-,
i

(a) Typical floor plan (b) Part elevation

The storey data are as follows:
Colurnrt sizes:
CI and C2 4(X) rllnl x 400 mrr) M25 grade
Ct and Ca 450 rlnl x 450 ntr) M3 0 grade
C; and Cc 500 r)lrn x 500 nltn M30 glacle
Height of floor' - 4 ru
Frr; . l2-2
 t"l

J.

Art. I 2-3l Lateral Loads II

Looding
Periphery walls
Storey 5- 16 kN/m Storey 6 - t4 kN/m.
Load on slab of floor 5 including self weight of floor beams (6 + 4) kN/m2.
Self weight
Beams -3kN/rn C.i-Cc -5kN/m
Ct-Cz -4kN/m Cn-Co -6kN/m.
Solution:
The seisrnic loads are concentrated at floors. The loads are calculated by area method
and tabulated below in table 12-1. The masses are also calculated from rhese loads.

FLooR LoAD/MASrh"#"LXiroNS FoR FLooR 5

Nolttttttt
cr cz c:l
[-oa(N c4 C-, cr;

Slab cleacl 2.5 x 2.lt 5 x 2.lt 5. i-r x 2.!-t 5x5 5 x 5.5 5.5 x l1.Ir
loads Xfr:37.5 x 6: 75.0 x tr : x 6: X (r : 165.0
t12.5
I Jt: lll-l
150.0
Slab live 5 x 2.r.-t 5 x 2.r.-t 5.5 x 5x5
2.5 5 x 5.5 Ir. Ir X 5. ll
Y

loads X 2* : L2"5 X 2* :25.0 x2* -27.5 I r.l9:!)

-li I3-1::- -5-5rll I3: r -6-9-l
Beanr self (2.5 + 2.5) (f, + 2.5 ) (5.5 + 2.5) (5+5) (5 + 5.5) (5.5 + 5.5 )
x3: 15.0 X3 : 22.5 X 3 : 24.0
r.1 : ?il 1l I i :1.1 -5- r 1_:_11. 9_
(2.5 + 2.5) x (5 + 2.5) x (5.5 + 2.5) x
Wall
l5x*- 75.0 l5** -- I12.5 l5** - 120.ir
Colu
f
rn l) 4 x 3.5 4 x 3.5r 5 x 3.5 5 x 3.5
:
6 x 3.5 6;i;
sel 17.5 _ 21.0
_.:.31 1l
Total W 154 kN 249 kN 27 r.5 kN 247 .5 kN 272.5 kN 296 kN
W
7n, - 15.7 t 25.4 27.7t
o
(5
t, 25.3 t, 27.8t 30.2 t
* Appropriate live loads k N/rn2
xx
Hal[ loacl frorn stoley ti + half load fronr storey 5 flor walls 14 16
Nlnr.
2'2 k

The stiffness of colunrns are now calculared in table lZ-2.

TABLE 12.2
STIFFNESSES OF COLUMNS IN STOREY 5
(-,olu ru
E, _ 5000 Size E[fective
ll C,onclete I Stiffiress
no. nrix ^ffi^ h X I) /-$ gPlnt4 'stiffness, kN/rn
W kN/rn
7n,
kN/m2 rtretles
cl M25 25000 0.4 x 0.4 2.133 x 10-3 4 10 o7
c2 M25 25 )00 0"4 x 0.4
I0 2.133 x l0-3 4 07
C.a M30 x 0.45r
2 73I.t6 0.45
4 L7 .55 \.417 x l0-:t l2.2ltIr
c4 M30 27386 0.45 x 0.45 4 I /.55 4.417 x I 0-3 rF
12.285
C,, M30 2 73 tlt) 0.5 x 0.I'r 4 26.7 4 5.20u x I 0-3 Iti.71g
Cti M30 27 38t) 0.5 x 0.5 4 2b.7 4 5.20t1 x I 0-3 lft.7lfr
The centre of mass and centre of rigidity are now calculated as shown in table l2-3
 t't

Reinf orced 'Cloncre[e Vol. I I . t2.

[ch

TABLE I2.3
CENTRE OF MASS AND CENTRE OF RIGIDITY CALCULATIONS FOR
EXAMPLE I2.I
Mass, Tt, x v 7nx 7n)
Colurlrn k*.)
in tonnes nl e tl'es rn etre s trn tru kN/rn
kv '*
cl 15.7 0 0 0 0 7 0 0
4 no.
t5.7 0 2l 0 329.7 7 0 t47
r5.7 2l 0 129,7 0 7 r47 0
t5.7 2t 2l 32e.7 329.7 7 147 t47
c2 25.4 5 0 r27 0 7 JI) 0
6 lto.
25.4 0 It) 0 40b.4 7 0 l l2
25.4 2l l6 533.4 406.4 7 r47 r l2
25 ,1
Ir 2t t27 iritij.4 7 tIr t47
25.4 I0 21 254 r3:J.4 7 70 147
25.4 l0 2t 406.4 533.4 7 112 r47
Cq 27 .7 I0 0 277 0 I 2.2n5 l22.rJ5 0
6 no.
27 .7 l6 0 443.2 0 12.285 196.56 0
27 .7 0 5 0 I3 tt.5 12.285 0 61 .2ft5
27 .7 2l 5r 5tt 1.7 I 3 rJ.5 12.2ttIr 257.!)9 (i1.2rJ5
27 .7 0 lt 0 t04,7 I2.2ft5 0 liti1. til
27 .7 2t ll 581.7 304.7 12.2ti5r 257 .9s 135.13
c4
25.3 Ir, l2(i.5 404. ft 12.2rJ5 61.425
I no. I-r
196.56

C,, 27 ,8 5 139 139 fi.7

5r I I rJ 93.59 93.59
4llo.
27 .8 .5 ll l:l!) 3 011. fr 1rJ.7ln 93.59 205.(X)
27 .8 I0 l6 278 444.8 lrJ.TlrJ Ir.r7.tn 299.4!)
27 .8 l6 l6 444.8 444.8 Iu.Tltt 2 99.4 rl 299.+!)
Co 3 0.2 I0 5r 102 15 I Iu.Tlfl IrJT.ln 93.59
4 lto.
3 0.2 l6 i-r 483.2 151 1 8.7 1 r.r 299.49 93.59
3 0.2 10 il 402 332.2 1n.71ft I rJ7. I rJ 2 05 .90
3 0.2 l6 1l 483,2 132.2 I8.7lrl 2 99.49 205.!X)
Surrr 63 8.7 66n8.5 66b4.4 305.73!) 23 9.09
t 3046.I2
tr6fi l't. 5
Clentre of ntass X,,,
(i3ti.7 r
'o'47, -) rrr (i3u.7 I

Centre of rigidity 3 23 9.09 304t,. I2

xt.
),' .ffi-9.96.
 lT

Art. 12-41 t-or.rut Loads II

The centre of mass and centre of rigidity are shown in fig. l2-2. The horizonral
earthquake loads act at rnass centre. If centre of rigidiry does noL coincide wirh
centre of mass, rhe eccentricity thus created will induce rorsion in rhe floor.
I n this example the eccentricities are calculated as follows:

When EQ load acrs in x direcrion

When EQ load acrs in y direction

12.4. NATURAL MODES OF OSCTLLATION OF A BUILDING

Usually an object can vibrate at different frequencies. However, natural vibration
means that the system oscillates naturally, i.i. withour any excitation
force. We
have noted that the number of natural i'requencies are equal to the number
of
degrees of freedom of the lumped masses. Foi a five storeyed plane frame
building
of fig. l2-3, there are five lumped masses and therefore'five degrees of freedom
and five natural frequencies. The shape made by the system dur"ing its oscillarion
when it passes thro-ugh its ecluilibrium position is called it, moi" shape. The
natural frequency ol oscillation is also t.ermed as modal lrequency. The narural
frequency and its associated mode shape constitute a natural'mode of
oscillarion.
The frequencies are conveniently arranged in ascending order. Thus the mode
with lowest frequency is call first mode ind so on.
Different mode shapes are associated with different frequencies. The mode
of osciliation with smallest natural frequency (i.e. wirh largeit narural period) is
called the fundamental mode and the associared narural plriod 11 is ialled
rhe
fundamental natural period and the associared narural frequency is called
fundamental natural frequency. Note that the free morion aesc.iUed/,ty tne normal
the
modes take place at the fixed frequencies.
In a mode shape diagram, number of crossing of rhe deflecred shape with
base line is called itt nu-be. ol mode. Thus if rh1 deflecred shape c.osse,
the
base line for three times, it is called third rnode. The first mode is obtained with
lowest frequency and then number of modes and frequency will be in ascending
order. Consider a five storeyed building of fig. l2-3(af. Ldmped mass idealisarion
is shown in fig. l2-B(b). In fig. l2-3(c), the deflecred shape crosses ar one point
only, being lst mode. In respective modes, note'the c.ossings of base line with
deflected shape. Thus for a five storeyed building, there will bI five narural modes
of vibration. Refer to fig. l2-3(g). The lowest *od. i, characrerised by amplitudes
of all masses in the satne direc[ion, whereas, the highest mode is characteiised by
two adjacenr masses having opposite sides of amplitudes.
When the building is subjected to lateral EQ forces, it will vibrate and deform
in. a numbgr of possible different modes of vi-bration. Each of the mode being
vibrating with different frequencies. While the sysrem is independenrly vibratin[
with a given mode, the ratio of displacements ol any two masses remain constant
with the time. These ratios define the characterisiic mode shape, the absolure
amplitude of rhe morion is arbitrary.
 J

10 Reinforced Concrete Vol. II [ch . 12,

Position of'
eqr)ilibritr rrr
r--
\
I

?---
\
r--
e--
\
. ,/..',/,./

Fla tne Icl ealisation Itt Mode 2"d lvlocle :l'"d Mocle 4r'th Mocle 5tl' Mocle
(a) (b) (c) (cl) (e) (0 (s)

Vibration mode shapes of a five storeyed building

Fr<;. 12_3

A mult'i-storeyed building is a space structure with three dimensions in three

directions. Thus it has three fundamental translational natural periods, T*1 , Tyt
and T.rl and one fundamental rotational natural period Tngp about an axis parallel
to vertical z axis. There will be no rotation about x axis and 1 axis because the
building is firmly held at the fbundation.
Practical buildings have infinite number of natural modes, however, only a few
nrodes are necessary to assess the response of the buildings.

12.5. DESIGN SPECTRUM

Construction of design spectrum is the most useful way to characterize a strong
ground motion from the engineering stand point of view. All typical buildings have
MDOF but taking advantage of'modal orthogonality (each mode is orthogonal to
the rest) one can convert the behaviour of the MDOF building in each rtode to an
equivalent SDOF system. Response spectrum of any earthquake ground motion is
simply a plot of the maximum response during that earthquake of a single degree
of'fieedom (SDOF) systenl, i.e., a series of SDOF oscillators as a function of its
natural vibration period for a given value of damping. Refer to fig. l2-4. Thus a
response spectrum provides quick though approximate estimate of the maximum
response (x, tt or a) that different SDOF structures with a given damping will
experience during particular strong motion under consideration.

U
CJ

a
Average natural period (s)
(a) SDOF systerns (b) Spectrunr
Ftr; . l2-4