IT6004-SOFTWARE TESTING

Two Marks Question with Answers

Unit-I

Introduction
1) Define Software Engineering.

Software Engineering is a discipline that produces error free software with in a

time and budget.
2) Define software Testing.
Testing can be described as a process used for revealing defects in software, and for
establishing that the software has attained a specified degree of quality with respect to
selected attributes.

3) List the elements of the engineering disciplines.

 Basic principles
 Processes
 Standards
 Measurements
 Tools
 Methods
 Best practices
 Code of ethics
 Body of knowledge

4) Differentiate between verification and validation?(U.Q Nov/Dec 2009)

Verification Validation

1. Verification is the process of 1.Verification is the process of

evaluating software system or evaluating software system or
component to determine whether the component during or at the end of
products of a given development the , the development phase satisfy
phase satisfy the conditions imposed the conditions imposed at the start of
at the start of that phase. that phase.
2. Verification is usually associated 2. Verification is usually associated
with activities such as inspections with Traditional execution _based
and reviews of the s/w deliverables. testing, i.e., Exercising the code with
testcases.
5) Define the term Testing.
Testing is generally described as a group of procedures carried out to evaluate
some aspect of a piece of software.
Testing can be described as a process used for revealing defects in software, and for
establishing that the software has attained a specified degree of quality with respect to selected
attributes.
6) Differentiate between testing and debugging. (U.Q Nov/Dec 2008)

Testing Debugging

1. Testing as a dual purpose 1. Debugging or fault localization is the

Process process of

 Reveal defects  Locating the fault or defect

 And to evaluate  Repairing the code, and

quality attributes  Retesting the code.

7) Define process in the context of software quality. ( U.Q Nov/Dec 2009)

Process, in the software engineering domain, is a set of methods, practices,
Standards, documents, activities, polices, and procedures that software engineers use to
develop and maintain a software system and its associated artifacts, such as project and
test plans, design documents, code, and manuals.
8) Define the term Debugging or fault localization.
Debugging or fault localization is the process of

 Locating the fault or defect

 Repairing the code, and
  Retesting the code.

9) List the levels of TMM.

The testing maturity model or TMM contains five levels. They are
Level1: Initial
Level2: Phase definition
Level3: Integration
Level4: Management and Measurement
Leval5: Optimization /Defect prevention and Quality Control
10) List the members of the critical groups in a testing process (U.Q Nov/Dec 2008)
  Manager

 Developer/Tester
  User/Client

11) Define Error.

An error is mistake or misconception or misunderstanding on the part of a software
developer.

12) Define Faults (Defects).

A fault is introduced into the software as the result of an error. It is an anomaly
in the software that may cause nit to behave incorrectly, and not according to its
specification.

13) Define failures.

A failure is the inability of a software or component to perform its required functions
within specified performance requirements.

14) Distinguish between fault and failure. (U.Q May/June 2009)

Fault Failure
1. A fault is introduced into the 2. A failure is the inability of a
software as the result of an software or component to perform
error. It is an anomaly in the its required functions within
software that may cause nit to specified performance
behave incorrectly, and not requirements.
according to its specification.
15) Define Test Cases.
A test case in a practical sense is attest related item which contains the following
information.

 A set of test inputs. These are data items received from an external
source by the code under test. The external source can be
 hardware, software, or human.

 Execution conditions. These are conditions required for running the

test, for example, a certain state of a database, or a configuration of a
 hardware device.

 Expected outputs. These are the specified results to be produced by

the code under test.
16)Write short notes on Test, Test Set, and Test Suite.
A Test is a group of related test cases, or a group of related test cases and test
procedure.
A group of related test is sometimes referred to as a test set
A group of related tests that are associated with a database, and are usually run
together, is sometimes referred to as a Test Suite.

17) Define Test Oracle.

Test Oracle is a document, or a piece of software that allows tester to determine
whether a test has been passed or failed.

18) Define Test Bed.

A test bed is an environment that contains all the hardware and software needed to test a
software component or a software system.

19) Define Software Quality.

Quality relates to the degree to which a system, system component, or process
meets specified requirements.

Quality relates to the degree to which a system, system component, or process

meets Customer or user needs, or expectations.

20) List the Quality Attributes.

 Correctness
 Reliability
 Usability
 Integrity
 Portability
 Maintainability
 Interoperability

21) Define SQA group.
The software quality assurance (SQA) group is a team of people with the necessary
training and skills to ensure that all necessary actions are taken during the development
process so that the resulting software confirms to established technical requirements.
22) Explain the work of SQA group.
Testers to develop quality related policies and quality assurance plans for each
project. The group is also involved in measurement collection and analysis, record
keeping, and Reporting. The SQA team members participate in reviews and audits,
record and track Problems, and verify that corrections have been made.

23) Define reviews.

A review is a group meeting whose purpose is to evaluate a software artifact or a set
of Software artifacts. Review and audit is usually conducted by a SQA group.

24) List the sources of Defects or Origins of defects. Or list the classification of defect
(U.Q May/June 2009)

 Education
 Communication
 Oversight
 Transcription
 Process

Unit-II

Test Case Design

1. Define Smart Tester.

Software must be tested before it is delivered to users. It is responsibility of the testers

to Design tests that (i) reveal defects

(ii) can be used to evaluate software performance, usability and reliability.

To achieve these goals, tester must select a finite no. of test cases (i/p, o/p, & conditions).
2. Compare black box and white box testing.

Black box testing White box Testing

Black box testing , the tester is no The White box approach focuses on the
Knowledge of its inner structure(i.e. how inner structure of the software to be
it woks)The tester only has knowledge of tested.
what it does(Focus only input & output)

Black box approach is usually applied White box approach is usually applied
large size piece of software. small size piece of software.

Black box testing sometimes called White box sometimes called clear or glass
functional or specification testing. box testing.

3. Draw the tester’s view of black box and white box testing.
Test Strategy Tester’s View

Inputs

Black box (No Knowledge about inner structure, Focus

only input and output)

Outputs

White box (focuses on the inner structure of the software)

4. Write short notes on Random testing and Equivalence class portioning.

Each software module or system has an input domain from which test input data is
selected. If a tester randomly selects inputs from the domain, this is called random testing.
In equivalence class partitioning the input and output is divided in to equal classes or
partitions.
5. List the Knowledge Sources & Methods of black box and white box testing.

Test Strategy Knowledge Sources Methods

1. Requirements 1. Equivalence class partitioning (ECP)

document 2. Boundary value analysis (BVA)
Black box 2. Specifications 3. State Transition testing.(STT)
3. Domain Knowledge 4. Cause and Effect Graphing.
4. Defect analysis data 5. Error guessing

1. High level design 1. Statement testing

2. Detailed design 2. Branch testing
3. Control flow graphs 3. Path testing
White box
4. Cyclomatic complexity 4. Data flow testing
5. Mutation testing
6. Loop testing

7. Define State.
A state is an internal configuration of a system or component. It is defined in terms of
the values assumed at a particular time for the variables that characterize the system or
component.

8. Define Finite-State machine.

A finite-state machine is an abstract machine that can be represented by a state graph
having a finite number of states and a finite number of transitions between states.

9. Define Error Guessing.

 The tester/developer is sometimes able to make an educated “guess’ as to which type
of defects may be present and design test cases to reveal them. Error Guessing is an ad-hoc
approach to test design in most cases.

10. Define COTS Components.

The reusable component may come from a code reuse library within their org or, as is
most likely, from an outside vendor who specializes in the development of specific types of
software components. Components produced by vendor org are known as commercial off-the
shelf, or COTS, components.

11. Define usage profiles and Certification.

Usage profiles are characterizations of the population of intended uses of the software in
its intended environment. Certification refers to third party assurance that a
product,process, or service meets a specific set of requirements.

12. Write the application scope of adequacy criteria?

 Helping testers to select properties of a program to focus on during test.


 Helping testers to select a test data set for a program based on the selected properties.

 Supporting testers with the development of quantitative objectives for testing

 Indicating to testers whether or not testing can be stopped for that program.
13. What are the factors affecting less than 100% degree of coverage?

 The nature of the unit

 
 Some statements/branches may not be reachable.


The unit may be simple, and not mission, or  safety, critical, and so
 complete coverage is thought to be unnecessary.

 The lack of resources



 The time set aside for testing is not adequate to achieve complete coverage for
all of the units.
 
 There is a lack of tools to support complete coverage

 Other project related issues such as timing, scheduling. And marketing constraints.

14. What are the basic primes for all structured program.

 Sequential ( e.g., Assignment statements)

 Condition (e.g., if/then/else statements)
 Iteration (e.g., while, for loops)
The graphical representation of these three primes are given

Sequence Condition Iteration

False

True False True

15. Define path.
A path is a sequence of control flow nodes usually beginning from the entry node
of a graph through to the exit node.

16. Write the formula for cyclomatic complexity?

The complexity value is usually calculated from control flow graph(G) by the
formula. V(G) = E-N+2

Where The value E is the number of edges in the control flow

graph The value N is the number of nodes.

17. List the various iterations of Loop testing.

 Zero iteration of the loop
 One iteration of the loop
 Two iterations of the loop
 K iterations of the loop where k<n
 n-1 iterations of the loop
 n+1 iterations of the loop

18. Define test set.
A test set T is said to be mutation adequate for program p provided that for
every in equivalent mutant pi of p there is an element t in T such that pi[t] is not
equal to p[t].

19. What are the errors uncovered by black box testing?

Incorrect or missing functions
Interface errors
Errors in data structures
Performance errors
Initialization or termination error
 Unit-III

Levels of Testing

1. List the levels of Testing or Phases of testing.

  Unit Test

 Integration Test
 System Test
 Acceptance Test
2. Define Unit Test and characterized the unit test.
At a unit test a single component is tested. A unit is the smallest possible
testable software component.

It can be characterized in several ways

  A unit in a typical procedure oriented software systems.

 It performs a single cohensive function.

 It can be compiled separately.
 It contains code that can fit on a single page or a screen.

3. List the phases of unit test planning.
Unit test planning having set of development phases.
Phase1: Describe unit test approach and risks.
Phase 2: Identify unit features to be tested.
Phase 3: Add levels of detail to the plan.

4. List the work of test planner.

 Identifies test risks.
 Describes techniques to be used for designing the test cases for the units.
  Describe techniques to be used for data validation and recording of test results.

 Describe the requirement for test harness and other software that interfaces with
the unit to be tested, for ex, any special objects needed for testing object oriented.

5. Define integration Test.
At the integration level several components are tested as a group and the tester
investigates component interactions.
6. Define System test.

When integration test are completed a software system has been assembled and
its major subsystems have been tested. At this point the developers /testers begin to test
it as a whole. System test planning should begin at the requirements phase.

7. Define Alpha and Beta Test

Alpha test developer’s to use the software and note the problems.

Beta test who use it under real world conditions and report the defect to
the Developing organization.
8. What are the approaches are used to develop the software?
There are two major approaches to software development

 Bottom-Up
 Top_Down

These approaches are supported by two major types of programming

languages. They are

 procedure_oriented
  Object_oriented
9. List the issues of class testing.
Issue1: Adequately Testing classes

Issue2: Observation of object states and state

changes.
Issue3: The retesting of classes-I
Issue4: The retesting of classes-II
10. Define test Harness.
The auxiliary code developed into support testing of units and components is
called a test harness. The harness consists of drivers that call the target code and stubs
that represent modules it calls.

11. Define Test incident report.

The tester must determine from the test whether the unit has passed or failed
the test. If the test is failed, the nature of the problem should be recorded in what is
sometimes called a test incident report.
12. Define Summary report.

The causes of the failure should be recorded in the test summary report, which
is the summary of testing activities for all the units covered by the unit test plan.

13. Goals of Integration test.

  To detects defects that occur on the interface of the units.

 To assemble the individual units into working subsystems and finally a

completed system that ready for system test.

14. What are the Integration strategies?

 Top_ Down: In this strategy integration of the module begins with testing the
 upper level modules.

 Bottom_ Up: In this strategy integration of the module begins with testing
the lowest level modules.

15. What is Cluster?
A cluster consists of classes that are related and they may work together to
support a required functionality for the complete system.

16. List the different types of system testing.

 Functional testing
 Performance testing
 Stress testing
  Configuration testing

 Security testing
 Recovery testing
The other types of system Testing are,

 Reliability & Usability testing.


17. Define load generator and Load.
An important tool for implementing system tests is a load generator. A load
generator is essential for testing quality requirements such as performance and stress

A load is a series of inputs that simulates a group of transactions. A transaction

is a unit of work seen from the system user’s view. A transaction consist of a set of
operation that may be perform by a person , s/w system or device that is outside the
system.
18. Define functional Testing.

Functional tests at the system level are used ensure that the behavior of the
system adheres to the requirement specifications.
19. What are the two major requirements in the Performance testing.

 Functional Requirement: User describe what functions the software

should perform. We test for compliance of the requirement at the system level
 with the functional based system test.

 Quality Requirement: They are nonfunctional in nature but describe

quality levels expected for the software.

20. Define stress Testing.
When a system is tested with a load that causes it to allocate its resources in
maximum amounts .It is important because it can reveal defects in real-time and other
types of systems. which it will crash. This is sometimes called “breaking the system”.
22. What are the steps for top down integration?

 Main control module is used as a test driver and stubs are substituted for
 all components directly subordinate to the main module.

 Depending on integration approach (Depth or breadth first) subordinate stubs

 are replaced one at a time with actual components.

 Tests are conducted as each component is integrated.

 The completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with real component
 Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not
 been introduced.

23.What is meant by regression testing?

Regression testing is used to check for defects propagated to other modules
by changes made to existing program. Thus, regression testing is used to reduce
the side effects of the changes.
 Unit-IV

Test Management

1) Write the different types of goals?

i. Business goal: To increase market share 10% in the next 2 years in the area of
financial software

ii. Technical Goal: To reduce defects by 2% per year over the next 3 years.

iii. Business/technical Goal: To reduce hotline calls by 5% over the next 2 years

iv. Political Goal: To increase the number of women and minorities in high
management positions by 15% in the next 3 years.

2) Define Goal and Policy

A goal can be described as (i) a statement of intent or (ii) a statement of a
accomplishment that an individual or an org wants to achieve.

A Policy can be defined as a high-level statement of principle or course of

action that is used to govern a set of activities in an org.

3) Define Plan.
A plan is a document that provides a framework or approach for achieving a set
of goals.

4) List the Test plan components.

 Test plan identifier
 Introduction
 Items to be tested
 Features to be tested
 Approach
 Pass/fail criteria
 Suspension and resumption criteria
 Test deliverables
 Testing Tasks
 Test environment
 Responsibilities
 Staffing and training needs
 Scheduling
 Risks and contingencies
 Testing costs
 Approvals.
6) Define a Work Breakdown Structure.(WBS)
A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a hierarchical or treelike representation
of all the tasks that are required to complete a project.

7) Write the approaches to test cost Estimation?

 The COCOMO model and heuristics

 Use of test cost drivers
 Test tasks
 Tester/developer ratios
 Expert judgment

8) Write short notes on Cost driver.
A Cost driver can be described as a process or product factor that has an impact
on overall project costs. Cost drivers for project the include

 Product attributes such as the required level of reliability

 Hardware attributes such as memory constraints.
 Personnel attributes such as experience level.
 Project attributes such as tools and methods.

9) Write the WBS elements for testing.

1. Project startup
2. Management coordination
3. Tool selection
4. Test planning
5. Test design
6. Test development
7. Test execution
8. Test measurement, and monitoring
9. Test analysis and reporting
10. Test process improvement

10) What is the function of Test Item Transmittal Report or Locating Test Items

Suppose a tester is ready to run tests on the data described in the test plan. We
needs to be able to locate the item and have knowledge of its current status. This is the
function of the Test Item Transmittal Report. Each Test Item Transmittal Report has a
unique identifier.
11) What is the information present in the Test Item Transmittal Report or Locating
Test Items

1) Version/revision number of the item

2) Location of the item
3) Person responsible for the item (the developer)
4) References tyo item documentation and test plan it is related to.
5) Status of the item
6) Approvals – space for signatures of staff who approve the transmittal.

12) Define Test incident Report

The tester should record in attest incident report (sometimes called a problem
report) any event that occurs during the execyution of the tests that is unexpected ,
unexplainable, and that requires a follow- up investigation.

13) Define Test Log.

The Test log should be prepared by the person executing the tests. It is a diary of
the events that take place during the test. It supports the concept of a test as a
repeatable experiment.

14) What are the Three critical groups in testing planning and test plan policy ?

 Managers:

Task forces, policies, standards, planning Resource allocation,
support for education and training, Interact with users/Clients
 Developers/Testers

Apply Black box and White box methods,  test at all levels, Assst
with test planning, Participate in task forces.
 Users/Clients

Specify requirement clearly, Support  with operational profile,
Participate in acceptance test planning

15) Define Procedure.

A procedure in general is a sequence of steps required to carry out a specific task.

16) What are the skills needed by a test specialist?

 Personal and managerial Skills


Organizational, and planning skills, work with others, resolve conflicts,
mentor and train others, written /oral communication skills, think
creatively.
 Technical Skills

General software engineering principles and practices, understanding of
testing principles and practices, ability to plan, design, and execute
 test
cases, knowledge of networks, database, and operating System.
17) Write the test term hierarchy?

 Test Manager

 Test leader

 Test Engineer

 Junior Test Engineer

Unit-V

Test Automation

1. Define Project monitoring or tracking.

Project monitoring refers to the activities and tasks managers engage into periodically
check the status of each project .Reports are prepared that compare the actual work done to
the work that was planned.

2. Define Project Controlling.

It consists of developing and applying a set of corrective actions to get a project on
track when monitoring shows a deviation from what was planned .
3. Define Milestone.
MileStones are tangible events that are expected to occur at a certain time in the
projects life time .Mnagers use them to determine project status.
4. Define SCM (Software Configuration management).
Software Configuration Management is a set of activities carried out for identifying,
organizing and controlling changes throughout the lifecycle of computer software.

5. Define Base line.

Base lines are formally reviewed and agreed upon versions of software artifacts, from
which all changes are measured. They serve as the basis for futher development and can be
changed only through formal change procedures.

6. Differentiate version control and change control.

Version Control combines procedures and tools to manage different versions of
configuration objects that are created during software process.
Change control is a set of procedures to evaluate the need of change and apply the
changes requested by the user in a controlled manner.

7. What is Testing?
Testing is generally described as a group of procedures carried out to evaluate
some aspect of a piece of software.It used for revealing defect in software and to evaluate
degree of quality.

8. Define Review.
Review is a group meeting whose purpose is to evaluate a software artifact or a
set of software artifacts.
9. What are the goals of Reviewers?
 Identify problem components or components in the software artifact that need
improvement.
 Identify components of the software artifact that donot need improvement.
 Identify specific errors or defects in the software artifact.
  Ensure that the artifact confirms to organizational standards.

10. What are the benefits of a Review program?

 Higher quality software
 Increased productivity
 Increased awareness of quality issues
 Reduced maintenance costs
 Higher customer satisfaction

11. What are the Various types of Reviews?
 Inspections
 WalkThroughs

12. What is Inspections?
It is a type of review that is formal in nature and requires prereview preparation on
the part of the review team.the Inspection leader prepares is the checklist of items that
serves as the agenda for the review.

13. What is WalkThroughs?

It is a type of technical review where the producer of the reviewed material serves as
the review leader and actually guides the progression of the review .It have traditionally
been applied to design and code.
14. List out the members present in the Review Team.
 SQA(Software Quality Assurance) staff
 Testers
 Developers
 Users /Clients.
 Specialists.

15. List the components of review plans.

 Review Goals
 Items being reviewed
 Preconditions for the review.
 Rolls,Team size,participants.
 Training requirements.
 Review steps.
 Time requirement