Observations

Experiment 1: FluidiFrictioniiniSmoothiBoreiPipes
Table 1.0: DataiofiDeterminingiThe FluidiFriction iniSmoothiPipes

Flow Calculate
Flow Pipe Head
rate, Velocity, d Head
rate, Q Diameter loss, h log u log h Re λ
Q u (m/s) loss, H
(m³/s) , d (m) (mbar)
(LPM) (mH₂O)
10.537 0.00018 4.074 1023.8 0.61 3.010 34228.47 0.02275 2.566
12.887 0.00021 0.0075 4.753 1023.5 0.677 3.010 39933.21 0.022 3.378
13.222 0.00022 4.980 1020.5 0.697 3.009 41840.39 0.0218 3.674
65.934 0.00110 14.006 689.8 1.146 2.839 156898.67 0.0165 16.497
94.937 0.00158 0.0100 20.117 710.4 1.304 2.852 225355.61 0.01514 31.229
68.807 0.00115 14.642 712.9 1.166 2.853 164023.30 0.01633 17.844
75.282 0.00125 5.507 130.2 0.741 2.115 104874.32 0.01783 1.621
83.682 0.00139 0.0170 6.123 149.2 0.787 2.174 116605.31 0.0175 1.967
77.220 0.00129 5.683 150.5 0.755 2.178 108226.03 0.01773 1.717
π D2
2
A=π r = ….. (Eq. 1)
4
π ( 0.0075 )2
When D=0.0075 m, A=π r 2 = =4.418 ×10−5 m2
4
When D=0.01m, A=7.854 ×10−5 m 2
When D=0.017 m, A=2.270× 10− 4 m2
Example of calculations:
Q When Q=0.00018 m3 / s,
Given Q=uA , =u
A
Q 0.00018
u= = =4.074 m/s
log u A 4.418× 10−5
log h log u=log 4.074=0.61
log h=log 1023.8=3.01
Given When D=0.0075 m,
ρuD ρuD 997 × 4.074 × 0.0075
ℜ= ℜ= =
μ μ 8.9 ×10−4
ℜ=34228.47
Calculated HeadiLoss, When Q=0.00018 m3 / s,
λ L u2 λ L u2 0.02275 ×1 × 4.0742
H= H= = =2.566 m
2 gD 2 gD 2 ×9.81 ×0.0075
 Graph of log h against log u
D=0.0075m
Linear
(D=0.0075
3.050 m)
f(x) = − 0.01 x + 3.02 D=0.01m
2.850
f(x) = 0.05 x + 2.79
2.650
log h

2.450

2.250
f(x) = 1.03 x + 1.37
2.050
0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100 1.200 1.300
log u

Figure 1.0: Graph of log h against log u for the smooth pipes.

Experiment 2: Fluid Friction in a Roughened Pipe

Table 2.0: Data of Determining Fluid Friction in 17mm Roughened Pipe

Flow Flow Pipe Head

Velocity, Pipe Friction
rate, Q rate, Q Diameter, Re loss, h
u (m/s) coefficient , f
(LPM) (m³/s) d (m) (mbar)
46.875 0.000781 0.017 3.441 65529.79 486.3 0.00342
44.643 0.000744 0.017 3.278 62425.64 485.3 0.00377
46.261 0.000771 0.017 3.396 64672.81 555.5 0.00402
47.431 0.000791 0.017 3.485 66367.71 555.5 0.00381
50.548 0.000842 0.017 3.709 70633.53 585.8 0.00355
49.383 0.000823 0.017 3.626 69054.20 585.8 0.00372

Example of calculations:

When D=0.017 m, When Q=0.000781m3 /s ,

π ( 0.017 )2 Q 0.000781
A=π r = 2
=2.270 ×10−4 m2 u= = =3.441 m/s
4 A 2.270 ×10−4

Given: ρuD 997 ×3.441 × 0.017

ℜ= =
μ 8.9 ×10−4
Q
Q=uA , =u
A ℜ=65529.79
 ρuD
ℜ=
μ
Given Pipe Friction Coefficient, When Q=0.000781m 3 /s ,
gdh gdh 9.81× 0.017 × 486.3× 0.001
f= f= =
2 L u2 2 L u2 2× 1× 3.4412
f =3.42 ×10−3

Graph of Friction Coefficient Against Log Re

Rough
Pipe
0
0
0 f(x) = − 0 x + 0.02
Friction Coefficient, f

0
0
0
0
0
0
f(x) = − 0 x + 0
0
4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1
Log Re

Figure 2.0: Graph of Friction Coefficient Against Log Re for Comparison Between Smooth
and Rough Pipe.
Experiment 3: HeadiLossithroughiFittings
Table 3.0: Data to Determineithe HeadiLoss through DifferentiFittings

Flow Pipe Velocity Head

Flow rate, Q Velocity,
rate, Q Diameter, Head, hv loss, h K (h/hv)
(10−4m ³/s) u (m/s)
(LPM) d (m) (mH₂O) (mbar)

11.881 1.98 0.017 0.872 0.039 0.90 0.237

90° bend 49.751 8.29 0.017 3.652 0.680 3.80 0.0569
57.471 9.58 0.017 4.220 0.908 7.10 0.0797
39.370 6.56 0.017 2.890 0.426 1.70 0.0407
45° elbow 67.568 11.3 0.017 4.978 1.263 3.20 0.0264
52.724 8.79 0.017 3.872 0.764 3.40 0.0453
61.856 10.3 0.017 4.537 1.049 4.70 0.0456
45° “Y” 58.594 9.77 0.017 4.304 0.944 4.80 0.0518
56.818 9.47 0.017 4.172 0.887 4.90 0.0563
21.383 3.56 0.032 0.443 0.010 1.80 1.834
90° “T” 24.370 4.06 0.032 0.505 0.013 2.00 1.567
23.659 3.94 0.032 0.490 0.012 2.00 1.698
22.971 3.83 0.032 0.476 0.012 280.00 237.727
An in-line
24.116 4.02 0.032 0.500 0.013 291.50 228.453
strainer
23.529 3.92 0.032 0.487 0.012 295.60 250.972

Table 3.1: Data to DetermineiThe HeadiLossithrough GlobeiValve

Flow Pipe Velocity Head

Flow rate, Q ( Velocity,
Valve rate, Q Diameter, Head, hv loss, h K
(LPM) 10−4m ³/s)  d (m)
u (m/s)
(mH₂O) (mbar)

1 turn 21.771 3.63 0.032 0.451 0.010 77.60 79.061

2 turn 22.075 3.68 0.032 0.458 0.011 46.50 43.069

Fully
22.173 3.70 0.032 0.460 0.011 33.00 30.565
opened
Example of calculations:

When D=0.017 m, When Q=1.98 × 10−4 m 3 /s ,

π ( 0.017 )2 Q 1.98 ×10−4
A=π r 2 = u= = =0.872 m/s
4 A 2.270 ×10−4
A=2.270× 10− 4 m2
u2 0.8722
Given: h v= = =0.03876
2 g 2× 9.81
Q
Q=uA , =u When h=0.9 mBar,
A
10 2 Pa 1 atm 10.3323 m H 2 O
Velocity Head, hv
u2
h=0.9 mBar × (
mBar
×)101325 Pa
×
1 atm
h v= h=0.009177 m H 2 O
2g
h h 0.009177
K= K= = =0.237
hv hv 0.03876

Graph of K factor Against Valve Openings

90
80
70
Fitting Factor, K

60
f(x) = 6.25 x + 44.65
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Valve Openings