Scribd
Upload
104 views

Computer Architecture Lesson 1 (Fundamentals of Computer Architecture)

The document discusses the fundamentals of computer architecture, defining it as the design of computers including their instruction sets, hardware components, and system organization. It describes the two main types of computer architecture as Von Neumann machines, which have a central processing unit, main memory, and input/output system, and non-Von Neumann machines, which include single instruction stream/single data stream, single instruction stream/multiple data stream, multiple instruction stream/single data stream, and multiple instruction stream/multiple data stream architectures. The classifications of computer architecture are shown in a figure.

Uploaded by

ghassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
104 views

Computer Architecture Lesson 1 (Fundamentals of Computer Architecture)

The document discusses the fundamentals of computer architecture, defining it as the design of computers including their instruction sets, hardware components, and system organization. It describes the two main types of computer architecture as Von Neumann machines, which have a central processing unit, main memory, and input/output system, and non-Von Neumann machines, which include single instruction stream/single data stream, single instruction stream/multiple data stream, multiple instruction stream/single data stream, and multiple instruction stream/multiple data stream architectures. The classifications of computer architecture are shown in a figure.

Uploaded by

ghassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Prepared by:

Assist. Lect. Omar Haitham Alhabieb

Computer Architecture
Lesson 1 (Fundamentals of Computer Architecture)
Computer Architecture: is the design of computers including their
instruction sets, hardware components and system organization.

There are two essential parts of computer architecture:

1. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)


2. Hardware System Architecture (HSA)

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Includes the specifications that


determine how machine language programmers will interact with the
computer.

 It is the part of the computer architecture related to programming,


including the native data types, instructions, registers, addressing
modes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and
external I/O. An ISA includes a specification of the set
of opcodes (machine language), and the native commands
implemented by a particular processor.

Hardware System Architecture (HSA): deals with computer’s major


hardware subsystems, including its Central Processing Unit (CPU), its
storage system and its Input – Output system (which is the computer
interface to the world). HSA determines how efficiently the machine will
operate.

1
Prepared by:
Assist. Lect. Omar Haitham Alhabieb

Classifications of Computer Architecture

There are two main types of computer architecture, these are:

1. Von Neumann Machine:


Von Neumann Machines meets the following criteria:
 It has three basic hardware subsystems (CPU, Main Memory System
and I/O System).
 It is a stored program computer. The main memory holds the program
that controls the computer’s operation and the computer can
manipulate its own program more or less as it can any other data in
memory.
 It carries out instructions sequentially. The CPU executes or appears
to execute one program at a time.
 It has or it appears to have a single path between the main memory
system and the control unit of the CPU.

Types of Von Neumann Machines

There are two main types of Von Neumann Machines, these are:

A. Conventional Von Neumann Machines: Provide one pathway for


addresses and a second pathway for data and instructions.
B. Harvard Architecture: Is a class of VNM similar to conventional
computers except that they provide independent pathways for data
addresses, data, instruction addresses and instructions. Harvard
architectures allow the CPU to access instruction and data at the same
time.

2
Prepared by:
Assist. Lect. Omar Haitham Alhabieb

Main Memory System

Data & Instructions


Conventional VNM
Address
Pathway Pathway

Registers ALU
Control Unit

I/O System

Main Memory System


Data
Harvard Architecture

Inst. Address Inst. Address Data


Pathway Pathway Pathwa Pathway
y

Registers ALU

Control Unit

I/O System

Figure 1. Types of Von Neumann Machines

3
Prepared by:
Assist. Lect. Omar Haitham Alhabieb

2. Non Von Neumann Machines:


There are four types of Non Von Neumann Machines, these are:

A. Single Instruction Stream, Single Data Stream (SISD)


The Von Neumann Machines belong to this classification. SISD
computers have one CPU that execute one instruction at a time &
fetch or store one item of data at a time.

Control Operate

Instruction Data Result

Memory

Figure 2. SISD Architecture

B. Single Instruction Stream, Multiple Data Stream (SIMD)


SIMD machine have a control unit (CU) that operate like VNM, it
executes a single instruction stream. But have more than on
Processing Element (PE). The CU generates the control signals for all
PEs, which execute the same operation on different data items.

Control PE PE PE

Instruction Data Result Data Result Data Result

Memory

Figure 3. SIMD Architecture

4
Prepared by:
Assist. Lect. Omar Haitham Alhabieb

C. Multiple Instruction Stream, Single Data Stream (MISD)


Logically machines in this class would execute several different
programs on the same data item. There are currently no such
machines.
D. Multiple Instruction Stream, Multiple Data Stream (MIMD)
MMD machines also called multiprocessors. They are more than one
independent processor, and each processor can execute a different
program on its own data.

Control PE Control PE Control PE

Instr. Data Result Instr. Data Result Instr. Data Result

Memory

Figure 4. MIMD architecture

Classifications of
Computer Architecture

Von Neumann Non Von Neumann


Machines Machines

Conventional Harvard
VNM Architecture SISD SIMD MISD MIMD

Figure 5. Classifications of Computer Architecture

You might also like