Ratio & Identities

Exercises
Level - 1
(Problems Based on Fundamentals)

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES

1. If the radius of the earth 4900 km, what is the length of its circumference?

2. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. Find the smallest angle in degrees and the greatest angle in radians.

3. The anlges of a triangle are in AP and the number of degrees in the least is to the number of radians in the greatest as 60
to , find the angles in degrees.

4. The number of sides in two regular polygons are 5 : 4 and th difference between their angles is 9. Find the number of
sides of the polygon.

5. The anlges of a quadrilateral are in AP and the greatest is double the least. Express the least angles in radians.

6. Find the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand in circular measure at half pas 4.

7. Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 10 cm subtending an angle of 30° at the centre.

8. The minute hand of a watch is 35 cm long. How far does its tip move in 18 minutes ?
9. At what distance does a man, whose height is 2 m subtend an angle of 10° ?

1
10. Find the distance at which a globe 5 cm in diameter, will subtend an angle of 6°.
2

11. The radius of the earth being taken to 6400 km and the distance of the moon from the earth being 60 times the radius of
the earth. Find the radius of the moon which subtends an angle of 16° at the earth.

2
12. The difference between the acute angles of a right angled triangle is radius. Express the angle in degrees.
3

13. The angles of a quadrilateral are in AP and the greatest angle is 120°. Find the angles in radians.

1
14. At what distance does a man 5 ft in height, subtend an angle of 15'' ?
2

15. Find the angle between the hour hand and minute-hand in circular measure at 4 o' clock.

1
 Ratio & Identities

2 2
33. If0 $ 0 $ 180° and 8lsin 9 + 81cos e = 30 ,then find the
16. If sec 0 + tan 0 = 3,where 0 lies in the first quadrant , value of0
then find the value ofcos 0. 34. Let.f/0) = sink(0)+cosk(0).
. l
17. Ifcosec0 -cot0 = , then find the value ofsm0
. 1 1
5 Then find the value of /6 (0) - f4 (0)
6 4
18. Ifa c cos 0+d sin 0 and
=
35. Ifx sin a cos a and x sin a = y cos a
sin 3a+y cos 3a =
b = c sin 0-d cos 0 such that then prove that x +y2 = 1.
2

am + b" = d' + dq, where m, n, p, q E N 36. Iftan 0 +sin 0 = m, tan 0 -sin 0 = n,then prove that
then find the value ofm +n +p +q + 42. m2 -n2 = 4&.
19. If3 sin 0+ 4 cos 0 = 5,then find the value of cos 4 x sin 4 x
3 cos 0- 4 sin 0. 37. If--2 - +-- . - =1 , then prove that
20. Ifx = r cos 0sin <p,y = r cos 0cos <p and z = r sin 0 such cos y sm 2 y
· 4
that xm +y" +zP = r2, where m, n,p E N, then find the cos 4 y sm y
value of(m +n +p-4)m + n + p + 4• 2
+ 2
=l
cos x sin x
2sin a
21. If x ------ ,then find the value of 38. Iff,,(0) = sin"0+cos"0,prove that
1+cosa + 3sin a 2.fi0)-3f,i(0)+1 = O
sina -3 cos a +3
sin A cos A
2-2cosa 39. If-.-=p,-- =q,prove that

q2-!J.
smB cosB
22. IfP = sec60-tan60-3 sec20 tan2 0,
Q = cosec 60-cot 6 0 -3 cosec 2 0 cot20 and tan A ·tanB= p (
q 1-p
R = sin 60 +cos60 + 3 sin20 cos20,then find the value
of(P + Q +R)<P + Q + Rl. sin 4a cos 4a
(o, ;), 40. If--+-- =-- 1 ,ti1en
a b a+b
23. If3 sin x + 4cos x = 5, for allx in
sin 8a cos 8a 1
prove that --3 - +-- -=
then find the value of2 sin x + cos x + 4 tan x a b 3
(a+ b) 3
24. Ifsin A +sinB +sin C + 3 = 0,then find the value
of cos A + cos B + cos C +10. l:IIIIEW-ltwf�IMJII�
25. If (l+sin0)(1+cos0)=¾, 41. Find the value of
(i) sin 120°
then find the value of(1-sin 0)(1-cos 0). (ii) sin 150°
26. Find the minimum value of the expression (iii) sin 210°
(iv) sin 225°.
9x 2 sin 2 x + 4 .
f(x) = . . , for all x m ( 0, n). (v) sin 300°
xsmx (vi) sin 330°
27. If cos0 +sin0 =Ji.cos0, then (vii) sin 405 °
(viii) sin 650°
prove that cos 0 .,.. sin0 =Ji. sin0 (ix) sin 1500°
28. Iftan20 = 1 -e2 then prove that (x) sin 2013°
sec 0 +tan30 · cosec 0 = ( 2-e2 ) 3'2 42. Find the value of
29. Ifsin 0+sin 20+sin 30 = 1, cos (1° ) · cos ( 2° ) ·cos ( 3°) ...cos (189° )
then prove that , 43. Find the value of
cos60-4 cos40+ 8 cos20 = 4 tan (1°)·tan ( 2°) · tan ( 3°) ...tan ( 89°)
44. Find the value of
2sin0
30. If x =----- ,then prove tan 35° · tan 40° · tan 45° · tan 50 ° · tan 55°
1+cos0 +sin 0 45. Find the value of
1-cos0 +sin0 sin (10°)+sin (20° ) + sin ( 30° )
that =x +sin ( 40°)+ ...+sin (360 °)
1+sin0
46. Find the value of
31. Prove that 3(sin x -cos x)4 + 6(sin x + cos x)2 + cos (10°)+cos ( 20°) +cos (30°)
4(sin 6 x +cos 6 x) = 13. +cos (40 ° ) + ... + cos (360 °)
32. Ifsin x +sin 2 x = 1,then find the value of 47. Find the value of
cos8x + 2 cos6 x +cos4x sin 2 56 +sin 2 10° + sin 2 15° + ...+sin2 90°

2
 Ratio & Identities

48. Find the value of

Slll
. 2( 1&)
l8 . ?.(n)+ Slll. 2 (4n)+ Slll. 2 (l8
+ Slll
9 9
7n
)
;:--�
64. Find the values of
(i) sin (15° ),
49. Find the value of (ii) cos (15° ),
tan (20° ) tan (25 °) tan (45 ° ) tan (65° ) tan (70° ) (iii) tan (15° )
50. Find the value ofcos (01) + cos (02)+ cos (03) 65. Find the value oftan (75 ° )+ cot (75° )
ifsin (01 )+ sin (0)+ sin (03)=3 66. Prove that cos (9° )+sin (9°) = .f2 sin (54°)
51. Find the value of 67. Prove that tan (70° ) = 2 tan (50° )+ tan (20° )
sin2 6° + sin2 12° + ...+ sin2 90° cos 20° - sin 20°
52. Find the value of 68 . Prove that ----- = tan 250
cos 20°+ sin 20°
sin2 10° + sin2 20° + ...+ sin2 90° cos 7° + sin 7°
5.3. Find the value of 69. Prove that ----- = tan 52° .
cos 7° - sin 7°
sin2 9° + sin2 18°+ ...+ sin2 90 °
54. Find the value of 70. Prove that tan 20° + tan 25 ° + tan 20 ° tan 25° = 1.
tan 1° · tan 2° · tan 3° ... tan 89° 71. IfA+ B = 45° , then find the
55. Find the value of value of(1+ tan A)(l + tan B)
cos 1° . cos 2° . cos 3° ... cos 189 ° 72. Find the value of
(1 + tan 245° )(1+ tan 250 ° )(1 + tan 260° )
56. Solve for 0; 2 sin20+ 3 cos 0=0
(1- tan 200° )(1- tan 205 ° )(1- tan 215° )
where O < 0< 360° .
73. Prove that tan 13A - tan 9A- tan 4A
57. Solve for 0; cos 0+ .f3 sin 0 = 2 , = tan 4A · tan 9A · tan 13A
where O < 0< 360 ° . 74. Prove that tan 9A-tan 7A - tan 2A
58. If4na= n, then prove that = tan 2A · tan 7A · tan 9A
tan a tan 2atan 3a... tan (2n-l)a = 1. m 1
59. Find the value of 75. Iftan a = -- , tan/3= - ,
m+ 1 m+ 2 1
cos (18° ) + cos (234° )+ cos (162 °)+ cos (306° ).
then prove that a+ [3=- .
7r
60. Find the value of . 4
cos (20° )+cos (40° )+cos (60° )+...+cos (180° ) 76. Prove that sin2 B
61. Find the value of =sin2A + sin2 (A -B)-2 sin A cos B sin (A -B)
sin (20 ° ) + sin (40 ° ) + sin (60 °) + ... +sin (360° ) 77. Prove that cos (2x+ 2y)
62. Draw the graphs of =cos 2x cos 2y+ cos2 (x +y)- cos2 (x-y)
(i) f(x)=sinx+ 1 x-y
(ii) f(x)=sin x- 1 78. Ifsin 0 = -- ,
x+y
(iii) f(x)=-sin x
(iv) f(x)=1- sin x then prove that tan (: +1)=±/f
(v) f(x)=-1- sin x ,
(vi) f(x)=sin 2x, sin 3x Q sin [3
79. If tan a=
(vii) f(x)=sin2x P+Qcos [3,
(viii) f(x)=cos2x Psina
(ix) f(x) =max(sin x, cosx} prove that tan ([3 -a) =---­
Q + P cosa
(x) f(x)=min{sinx, cosx} 3
(xi) f (x) = min {sin x, ½, cosx}
80. Ifcos (a-/3)+ cos ([3- Y) +cos (y-a) =--
prove that cos a+ cos [3+ cos y=0
2

(xii) f(x) = max{tan x, cotx} and sin a+ sin [3 + sin y=0

(xiii) f(x)=min{tanx, cotx} sin 20 n- 1
63. Find the number ofsolutions of
-
81. Iftan (a+ 0) = n tan ( a- 0), show that - -= --
sm. 2a n+1
(i) sin x = .!_ , 'ti xE [O, 2n] 82. If sin a+ sin [3 = a and cos a+ cos [3= b, then show
2 that
(ii) cos x = .fj, 'ti x E [O, 3n]
2 2
b -a
2 (i) cos (a+ [3) =-2--2
b +a
(iii) 4 sin2x- 1=0, VxE [0, 3n]
(iv) sin2x- 3 sinx+2=0, 'vxE [0,3n] . (
(11. ). Slll [3
a+ ) =-2--2
2ab
(v) cos2x- cos x- 2 = 0, V x E [0, 3n] b +a

3
 Ratio & Identities

95. Ptove that

J

83. If a and /3 are the roots of a cos 9+ b sin 8 == c, then

proy�that -,- sin(10 °) +sin (20 °) + siri (40 °) + sin (50°)
a 2-b2 . ..-sin(70 °) - sin(80 °) = 0
(i) cos (a+ /3)= - 2 -2-
a +b 96. Prbve that (cos a+' cos /3)2 + (sina+ sin /1)2
2c-(a 2 +b2 )
(ii) cos(a-/3)=\ . =4cos 2 ( a; P)
a2 +b2
84. If a and /3 are the roots
· of a tan
· 9 + b sec 9 = c, then 97. Prove that (cos a - cos /3)2 +(sin a - sin /3)2
show that a--
. 2 (-
=4 sm /3
2ac )
tan (a+ /3)= - 2-2- .. 2
a -c
98� Prove that (sin a - sin /3)2 + (cos a - cos /3)2

1.
85. If tan (n cos 8) = cot (n sin 8), prove that
a
cos(e-:)=± =4sin 2 ( ;/3)
2
xsin <p· 99. Prove that cos 20 · COSI 40 · cos 80 = .!_
86. If tan 6 = 1-xcos<p . ysin 9
and tan <p=---'---,
1-ycos9
8

then prow that, i �in <p. ';= y sin 9. 100. Prove that sin 20 · sin 40 · �in 80 = . Jj
8
87. If tana+ tan /3= a, cot a+ cot /3= band tan (a+ /3) = .
c then fin�. a: relatiqn in a1 b and c. 101. Prove that sin 1 o· · sin 50 · sin 60 · sin: 70 = Jj
16
= n sin a c s a .
88. If tan /3 � , .· . ° 3
1-n·sin a 112. Prove that cos 10 · cos 30; cos 50 · cos 70 = �
16
then prove that tan( a - /3) = (1 - n) tan a 113. Prove that:
89. If x+y + z ,;, 0,then· prove that
cot-(x+y-z) · cot (y+z-x) sin A+ sin3..4+ sin 5A
(i) ------- tan 3A
+cot (y+ z-x) · cot (z+x-y) cos A of; cos 3A + C9S 5,f _/.
+ cot (z+x-y).: cot (x+ y-z) = 1 cos 4x + cos 3x+cos 12x
90• If· 2 . tan 'a = 3 · U\,Il /3, then show that (1.1.) -------.---;'-=cot 3X .
sin 4x + sin 3x + sin 2x
siii"2/l · '
tan(a- /3)= sin A+ sin 3A + si? 5A + sin 7A
5-cos 2/3 (iii) _,tan 4A
cos A + cos 3A + cos 5A + cos 7A
sin A + sin 2A+sin 4A + sin. SA '
(iv) . . . =•tan JA
91. Prove that: cos A +·cos 2A +cos 4A + cos 5A
. sin 5A- sin 3A
(i) =tan A · '·114. lfsinA-sinB,1::: l and cosA-cosB= l ,thenfmd
cos SA+,<:OS 3A
tan( ·-
A B)
2 3

(ii) ,
sin A + sin 3A �
cos A+ cos 3A
, tan 2A ;

115. IfcosA+cosB= .!.,sinA+sinB= .!.,

sin A + sin B A+B
½
2 4
(iii) ----=tan ( --)
cos A+cos B 2
then prove that tan (
A ; B)=
92. Prove that:
(i) sin 38 ° +sin 22 ° = sin 82 ° 116. If cosec A + sec A= cosec B + sec B, then
=
(ii) sin 105 ° +cos 105 ° cos 45°
(iii) cos 55° + cos 65f + cos 175 ° = 0 prove that tan A tan B= ot (A+
' �. 2
B)
(iv) cos 20 ° + cos 100 ° +cos 140° = 0'
(v) sin 50 ° -,sin 70 + sin 10 ° = 0 117. If sin 2A = A sin 2B, then prove that
93. Prove'that tan (A + B) A +1
sin(47 °) +cos (77 °) = cos (17 °) tan (A -B) A -1
· 94. Prove that
cos (80° ) + cos (40 °) - cos (201) = 0 118. Find the val11e of Ji cot (20° ) - 4 cos (20°) ·

4
 Ratio & Identities

119. If sin A+sin B= a and cos A+cos B= b, then 13 7. Prove that

find cos (A + B) 4 cos (0). cos (60° -0). cos 60° + 0
= cos (30)
1 1
120. If 2 cos A=x+-, 2 cos B = y + - , then find 138. Prove that
X y
cos (10° }. cos (50° ) . cos (70° )=
Ji
8
cos (A -B) Ans.½( xy+ �)
121. Prove that 139. Prove that
sin (47°)+sin (61°)-sin (11°)-sin (25 °)= cos (7° ). tan (0)+tan (60°+ 0)-tan (60°-0)
m l ·= 3 tan (30)
122. If tan a=-- , and tan /3 = -- , then find
m+l 2m+l 140. Prove that
tan(a+/3) cos (0) cos (20). cos (220) . cos (23 0)... cos (2n-1 0)
123. Find the number of integral values of k for which sin (2n 0)
7 cos x+5 sin x= 2k+ l has a solution. 2n sin 0
124. Prove that
cos a+ cos /3+ cos r+ cos (a+./3 +)? 141. Prove that cos (2;) 4 8
cos ( ; )cos ( ;) = ½
; /3) r) r � a)
= 4 cos ( a cos ( /3 ; cos (
4 6
142. Prove that cos (�)+cos ( ;) + cos( ;) = -½.
143. If M = 4a 2 cos 2
0+b 2 sih 2 0+ 4a 2 sin 2
0+b2 cos 2 0
l-cos 28
125. Prove that ( ) = tan 0 such that maximum (M2)= m 1 and minimum (M2)= m2 ,
sin 20 then find the value of »i 1 - m z -
1 + cos 20 4 tan· · 0-4 tan 30
126. Prove that ( .· ) = cot 0 144. Prove that tan 40 =
sin 20 l,-6tan 20+tan0 4
127. Prove that cot 0-tan 0= 2 cot (20) 145. Prove that
128. Prove that sin x sin 3x. sin 9x 1
tan 0+2tan (20) + 4 tan (40) + 8 cot 80= cot 0 ( --+--+-. -- )=- ( tan. ·.2· 7x-tanx
. )
cos 3x cos 9x cos 27x 2
b
129. Iftan 0=-, 146. Prove that
prove that a cos (20)+b sin (20)= a tan(% )o +sec 0)0+ses;20)(1 +sec.:220)
130. Prove that Jj cosec (20 )-sec (20 ) = 4
° °

131. Prove that ...(1+-sec(2"0))= tan (2"0)

tan (9 ° )-tan (27 ° )-tan (63 °)+tan 81 °)= 4 Maximum or minimum values off(x)= 0cos + b sin c)
sec 8A-1 tan 8A 147. Find the maximum and minimum values of
132. Prove that ( )= (i) f(x)= 3 sinx+4 cosx + 10
sec 4A-1 tan 2A
(ii) f(x)= 3 sin (100) x + 4 cos (100) x + 10 ·
133. Prove that (iii) f(x)= 3 sinx +4
2 2
(i) cos (0)+cos2 ( ;- +cos2 ( ;+
2
0) 0) = ½ (iv) f(x)= 2 cos x+5
(v) f(x)=sinx+cosx
(vi) f(x)= sin x-cos x
(ii) cos2 0+cos2 (;-0 )+cos2 (;+0 J=½ (vii) f(x)= sin (sin x)
(viii) f(x)= cos (cos x)
134 Prove that (ix) f(x)= sin (sin x)+cos (sinx)
(x) f(x)= cos (sin x)+ sin (cos x)
sin 2 0+sin 2 (120°+0 )+sin 2 (240°+0)= I2 148. Find the range off(x)= sin x+cos x + 3
149. Find the greatest and the least values of
135. Prove that
2 sin2 0+ 3 cos2 e
4 sin (0) sin (60° + 0) sin (60° -' 0)= sin 30
150. Prove that
136. Prove that sin (20°) · sin ( 40° ) · sin (80°) = Jj -4 < 5 cos 0+3 cos (0+; ) +3 < 10
8

5
 Ratio & Identities

151. Find the maximum and minimum values of 169. Find the minimum value of
cos20-6 sin 0cos 0+ 3 sin2 0+ 2 (a 2 + l)(b2 + l)(c2 + l)(d 2 +1)
f(a , b, c, d) =
152. Find the least value of abed
cosec2 x +25 sec2 x where a, b, c, d> 0
153. Find the ratio of the greatest value of
2 - cos x +sin2 x to its least value.
154. Ify= 4 sin20-cos 2 0, theny lies in the interval............. 170. Prove that
155. · If mis the minimum value off(x) = 3 sin x +5 and n is 0 0
(i) tan- +cot-.= 2 cosec0
the maximum value of g(x) = 3 - 2 s� x then find the 2 2
value of (m+n + 2). . 0
(ii) cosec 0- cot0= tan-
156. Find the maximum and the minimum values of 2
f(x) = sin2 x + cos4 x. 1+sin 0-cos 0 0
(1.1.1.) -----=tan-:-
157. Find the maximum and the minimum values of ··
1+ sin0 +cos 0 2
f(x) = cos2 x + sin4 x.
158. Find the maximum andmini�um values of (iv) sec0+tan0;;=tan(: +%)
f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x.
159. Find the maximum and minimum values of (v) (cos A+ cos B)2 +(sin A+ sin B)2
f(x) = sin6 x + cos6 x. A B
160. lfA=cos20+sin4 0and
= 4 cos 2 ( ; )
B = cos40 + sin20 such that
( -
m1 = Maximum of A and m2 = Minimum of B 1 7 1. Prove that sin 2 (24°,)-sin 2 (6°)= .fs l)
8
then find the value of mf +mf + m1 m2
· 2 (48°)-cos2 (12°) = (.Js +l)
172. Prove that sm
161. Find the maximum and minimum values of
8
f(x) = (sin x +cot+cosec 2x)3
173. Prove that sin (12°) · sin (48°) · sin (54°) =l
where· x e 0, 8
( 2 ,r).
174. Prove that sin (6°) · sin (42 °). sin (66°) . sin (78 °) =..!__
162. Find the maximum and minimum values of 16
5 175. Prove that
f(x) sin 20-6 sin 0 cos 0 + 3cos 20 4(sin (24°) +cos (6 6)) =(1 +.Js)
176. Prove that
163. Find the minimum value of
tan (6:) · tan (42°) . tan (66°) · tan (78° ) = l
f (x) = _i_ +-f!-, x e
cos2 x sm 2 x
(o, ,r2 ) 177 . Prove that

164. Find the minimum value of

3 5
(1+cos ;)(1+cos ;)(1+cos ;)(1+cos
5
;)=½
f(x) x sm x+�,
2 ' 2 A
_ 178. Prove that
xsmx
. lr . 3,r . 5,r . 4 7 ,r 3
sm 4 ( +sm 4 ( ) +sm 4 ( ) +sm ( =
where x e ( 0,;) 8) 8 8 8) 2
179. Prove that
165. Find the maximum and minimum values of
f(x) = log)' +log;, where x > 1, y > 1
166. Find the minimum values of
4 5
cos (;) +cos ( ;) +cos ( ;) cos ( ;
4 4 3 4 7
+ )=%
f(x) =2 log10x -log x (0.01), x > 1
180. Prove that tan 20° tan 80 ° =--/3 tan 50°
167. Find the minimum value of .. 1
(x2 + l)(y 2 + l)(z 2 + 1) . . 181. Prove that tan (10 °) tan (70°) = X tan (40° )
f(x, y, z) =--'----'-"---'--'----'-, x, y,z > 0 ._[3
.xyz 182. Prove that
168. Find the minimum value of sin 55 ° - sin 19 ° + sin 53 ° - sin 17 ° = cos 1°
(x3 +2)(y3 + 2)(z3 + 2) 2,r 4,r 6,r l
/( x,y,z ) = ,i.,y,z> 0 183. Prove that cos - · cos - · cos - = -
7 7 7 8

6
 Ratio & Identities

2fr 4fr 6fr 1 199 If x + y + z = �z, thenprove that

184. Provethat: cos-+cos-+cos-=-- 3x-x3 3y-y3 3z-z3
7 7 7 2 +
--- +
1-3x2 1-3y 2 --
1-3z 2
185. Find the value of tan ( 7½ 0) +cot ( 7½ 0).
3x-x3 3y-y3 3z-z3
i)- i)
=- -- ---c- ·
1-3x2 • 1-3y2 1-3z2
186. If cos ( .fj sin ( takes its minimum value then
200. Prove that 1 +cos 56° +cos 58° -cos 66°
find its x. =4 cos 28° cos 29° sin 33° .
187 If a and /3 be two different roots a cos 0+b sin 0 = c,
2ab
thenprove that sin (a+/3) = 2 2 .
a +b 201. Provethat
sin a+ sin (a+/3) + sin (a+ 2/3)
+sin (a+3/J) + ... +sin (a+ (n -1)/3)
188. If A +B +C = fr, thenprove that,

]x•++(n-1)�]

•:.tf
sin 2A +sin 2B + sin 2C= 4 sin A sin B sin C
189. If A +B + C = fr, then prove that,
cos 2A +cos 2B + cos 2C = -1 -4 cos A cos B cos C
=

� ·:t�
190. If A+B +C = fr, then prove that
sin2 A +sin2 B -sin2 C = 2 sin A sin B cos C 202. Prove that
sin a+ sin 2a+sin3a+ ... + sin na
191. If A+B + C = fr, thenprove that,

xsin(n+it)
(i) sin2 A + sin2 B +sin2 C = 2 + cos A cos B cos C
(ii) cos2 A +cos2 A +cos2 A = 2 +sin A sin B sin C
192 If A +B + C = fr, thenprove that
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
203. Prove that
cos A+ cos B +cos C -1 //
sin 2 n0
A B C . 0 +sm
sm . 3 0 + ...+sm
. c2··n7 1)0=-. -. -.. -
=8 cos-cos-cos- · ·· · sm0
2 2 2
204 Prove that
193. In a MBCprove that
cos a+ cos (a+/3) + cos (a+/3)
(i) tan A + tan B +tan C = tan A · tan B · tan C + cos (a+/3) + ... +cos (a+ (n-1)/3)
(ii) cot A · cot B +cot B · cot C+cot C· cot A = 1.

·:.li]
xcos(a+(n-1)�)
194. If A, B, c· and D be the angles of a quadrilateral, then
prove that
tan A+tan B+ tan C +taliD =
cot A + cot B +cot C +cot D
205. Prove that cos a+cos 2a+ cos 3a + ....
= tan A· tanB · tan C · tan C . na
sm- ( )
194. · In a MBCprove that 2 {n+ l)a
....+cos na=- � .,... _, � x cos ( )
(cot A+ cot B) (cot B +cot C) . a 2
sm ( - )
(cot C + cot A) =cosec A cosec B cosec C.
195. Ifxy+yz+zx = 1, thenprove that 206 Find the sum of n-terms of the series
y 4�z .
--
X
+--2 +--2=
Z
SlnX sin X
2 2 2 2 �---+-----
1-X 1-y 1-Z (1-X )(1- y )(1- Z ) sin 2x · sin 3x sin 3x · sin 4x
196. If� +yz +zx = 1, thenprove that, sin x
2 +----�+.... to-n -terms
_x_+_Y_·_+_z_= sin 4x · sin 5x
2 2
l+x 1+y l+z �(l+x )(1+ y2)(1+z2 )
2 2
1 1
207. Prove that ----- +----­
197 Prove that cos 0 +cos 20 · cos 0+cos 50
n
tan (a- /3) +tan (/3- +tan (r- a)
= tan (a-/3) tan (/3-}? tan (r- a) +- ----+ .... to -n-terms
cos0+cos70
198 In a MBC, if cot A + cot B +cot C = .fj , then prove
that the triangle is an equilateral. = cosec 0 [tan (n +1) 0-tan 0]

7
 Ratio & Identities

Hints & Solutions

Level - 1

1. Given r = 4900 km,

Circumference = 2r
22
 2  4900
7
= 44 × 700
= 30800 km

2. Let the three angles be 3x, 4x and 5x, respectively

Thus, 3x + 4x + 5x = 180°
 12x = 180°
 x = 15°
Therefore, the smallest angle
= 3x = 3 × 15° = 45°
and the greatest angle
= 5x = 5 × 15° = 75°
  
  75   radius
 180 

 5 
   radius
 12 

3. Let the three angles be a + d, a, a – d

Thus, a + d + a + a – d = 180°
 3a = 180°
180
 a  60
3
It is given that,
 60
(a – d)° : (a + d) × 
180 
(a  d) 180 60
  
(a  d)  

8
 Ratio & Identities

(a -d) 1 7. Angle subtended at the centre

=>

=>
--=-
(a+d)
a+d =
3
3a-3d
=
. 30 = (30 X
°
..!!_)
180
= Jr
6
=> Jr 5,r
4d = 2a Hence, l=lOX-=-
6 3
=> d =�=30°
2 8. The angle traced by a minute hand in 60 minutes
Hence, the three angles are 90°, 60° , 30° . = 360° = 2,rradians

4. Let the number of sides of the given polygons be 5x Thus the angle traced by minute hand in 18 minutes
and 4x respectively. 18 3,r .
It is given that, = 2,rx-=-radians
60 5
2x5x-4 _ 2x -4 Hence, the distance moved by the tip in 18 minutes
( 4x )x90=9
5x 4x 3,r 22
=l =35x-= 21 x-=66 cm
lOx-4 _ 2x-1 _!_ 5 7
=> ( )=
5x X 10 9. Let AB be the height of the man and the required dis­
10x-4-10x+5 _!_ tance be x, where BC= X
=> ( )= A
5x 10

=> x = 2
Hence, the number of sides of the polygons would be
10 and 8 respectively. 2 180 10
5. Let the angles of the quadrilateral be Therefore, - x - = -
X Jr 60
a-3d, a-d, a + d, a + 3d
2 180
It is given that, a + 3d = 2(a-3d) => x=-x-x60
=> a + 3d = 2.a- 6d 10 ,r
=> a = 9d 12 X 180
x=
Also, a + 3d + a-d + a + d + a + 3d = 360 Jr
=> 4a = 360 12x180 12x180x7
=> x= =
=> a = 90 22 22
and d = 10 7
Hence, the smallest angle = 90°- 30° 42><180
= 60°
=> x= =6873
11

=(;J
6. Clearly, at half past 4, the hour hand will be at 4.!_ and
10. Let the required distance be x cm.
According to the question,
60
=-1_1 _ 180
X
2 2 XX Jr
minute hand will be at 6.
In 1 hour angle made by the hour hand 30 ° . 6 11 180
=> -=--X-
60 2xx ,r
1
In 4- hours angle made by the hour hand
2 11 180 60
=> x=-X-X-
2 ,r 6
=2_ X 30° =135°
2 180 X
=> X =!_! X 7 X 10
In 1 minute angle made by the minute hand = 6° 2 22
In 30° minutes, angle made by the minute hand = 6 x => x = 45x7x10=3150
30° = 180° Hence, the required distance be 3150 ems.
Thus, the angle between the hour hand and the minute 11. Let the radius of the moon be x km
hand = 180°-135° 16 2x 180
It is given that, = x
= 45°
60 60 x 6400 7

9
 Ratio & Identities

16x6400xn � a-2 +b2 =c2+d2

x= � m = 2, n = 2, p = 2, q = 2
180x2
Hence, the value of m + n + p + q + 42 = 50
4x640xn
x= 19. Let x = 3 cos 0- 4 sin 0 ...(i)
9
and 5 3 sin 0,-4 cos 0
= ...(ii)
4x640x22
� x= Squaring and adding (i) and (ii) we get,
9x7
x2 + 5 2 = (3 cos 0+4 sin 0)2 +(3 sin 0- 4 cos 0)2
� x = 894 � x 2 +52
Hence, the radius of the moon be 894 km. = (9 cos2 0 + 16 sin2 0+ 24 sin 0 cos 0)
12. The difference between the the acute angles of a right
+(9 sin2 0+ 16 cos2 0- 24 sin 0 cos 0)
2
angled triangle is ,r radians. Express the angles in = (9 cos2 0+ 16 sin2 0) + (9 sin2 0+ 16 cos2 0)

degrees. 3 · Ans. 81°, 9° = 9(cos2 0 + sin2 0) + 16( cos2 0 + sin2 0)

13. The angles of a quadrilateral are in AP and the greatest � x2 +25 = 25
angle is 120°. Find the angles in radians.
� x2= 0
,r 4,r 5,r 2n
Ans. � x= 0
3' 9 ' 9 ' 3
� 3 cos 0,-4 sin 0 = 0
14. At what distance does a man 5_!_ ft in height, subtend
an angle of 15 ° ? 2 Ans. 14.32 miles 20. Wehavex2 +y2+i
= (r cos 0 cos <p)2 + (r cos 0 sin <p)2 +(r sin 0)2
15. Find the angle between the hour hand and minute-hand
in circular measure at 4 O'clock. � x2+y2+z2
= (r cos2 0cos2 <p) + (r cos10sin2 <p)+(r sin2 0)
4
Ans. n � x2 +y2+z2
3
= r2 cos20(cos2 <p+ sin2 <p) + (r2 sin2 0)
16. Given sec 0+ tan 0 = 3 ...(i)
= r2 cos2 0+r2 sin2 0
1 1
(sec 0- tan 0) = =- ....(ii) = r2(cos2 0+sin2 0) = r2
(Sec 0 + tan 0) 3
Adding (i) and (ii) we get, � x2+y2+z2== r2
� m = 2, n = 2, p = 2
1 10 4J
2 sec0=3+-=- Thus, the value of (m + n + p- 4)<m + n + p +
3 = 210 = 1024
5
� sec0=- 2 sina
3 21. Given,
· x= .
l+cosa+3sma
cos0=-
3 m sina-3cosa +3
vve have ------
17. Given, cosec 0-cot 0 =.!. . ...(i) 1-2 cosa
5 sin a +3 (1-cos a)
1 =-------
� cosec0 - cot0=-------' = 5 ...(ii) 2(1- cos a)
cosec 0 + cot 0
Adding (i) and (ii) we get,. sin a 3
=----+-
2(1 - cos a) 2 ·
1 26
2 cosec 0 =5+-=- sin a(l +cos a) 3
5 5 =-----+-
13 2(1 - cos 2 a) 2
cosec0=-
5 sin a (1 + cosa) 3
=----'----'- +-
5 2 sin 2a 2
. 0=-
sm·
13 (l+cosa) 3
18. Given, a c cos 0+ d sin 0
= ...(i) =----+-
2 sin a 2
and b = c sin 0- d cos 0 ...(ii)
(1 + cosa+ 3 sin a)
Squaring and adding {i) and (ii) we get, =--,--.--,-----
2sina
a2 + b2 '= (c cos 0+ d sin 0)2
1
+ (c sin 0-d cos 0)2 =
� a2 + b2 = (c2 cos2 0+ d: sin2 0) X

+ (c2 sin2 0 + d2 cos2 0)

10
 Ratio & Identities

22. Wehave Now,(1- sin 0)(1- cos 0)

P= sec6 0-tan6 0- 3 sec2 0tan2 0 = I-sin 0-cos 0+ sin 0cos 0
= (sec2 0 -tan2 0)3 = 1 = 1- ( sin 0 + cos 0) + sin 0 cos 0

Q cosec 0- cot6 0- 3 cosec2 0cot2 0

= 6

= (cosec2 0- cot2 0)3 = 1 = 1-(-1+ +

�) ½(1:-00)
and R = sin6 0 + cos6 0 + 3 sin2 0 cos2 0
= (sin2 0+ cos2 0)3 = 1
=(2+¾)-00
Henc�,the value of (P + Q + R)<P+Q+RJ
=3 3 =27
=
23. We have3 sinx+4 cosx= 5 (1:-M)
Lety = 3 cosx-4 sinx . 9x2 sm
· 2x + 4
Now,y2 + 5 2 = (3 cos x- 4 sinx)2 2 6. Gtven, f(x)
xsmx
+(3 sinx+4 cosx)2
. A
� y2 + 25 = 9 cos2 x + 16 sin2 x-24 sinx cosx =9xsmx+-. -.­
x smx
+ 9 sin2 x + 16 cos2 x +24 sinx cosx
Applying AM�GM we get,
�. y 2 + 25 = 25(cos2 x + sin2 x) = 25
� y 2= O 9xsinx+-.-
� y=O · xsmx 4
, �· 9xsmxx-.-
� 3 cos x -4 sin x = 0 (' 2 4 ) xsmx
� 3 cos x= 4 sinx
� tanx= 3/4
Hence,the value of2 sinx + cos x +4 tanx
[9xsinx:±
)� 6

= 2 +4(¾) =
2+3 = 5 � (9xsinx+-�-)�12
(¾)+(1) xsmx
24. Given, sin A + sin B + sin C =-3 Hence,the minimum value of/(x) is 12.
� sin A =-1,sin B =-1,sin C =-1
27. Wehave, cos0 + sin 0 ==.ficos 0
� A=-11: B=-11: C=-11: � sin0=(-/2-l)cos0
2' 2' 2
sin 0
Hence, the value of cos A + cos B + cos C + 10 cos0= �
= O+O+O+ 10 = 10. (v2 -1)

25. We have, (1+ sin0 )(1+ cos 0) =� � cos 0 =(-/2 + 1 ) sin 0

4
� cos 0-'Sin0 =Ji sin 0
� 1+ sin0+ cos0 + sin0 cos 0 =� 28. We have,tan2 0= 1-e2
4
2
t -l � � 1 + tan2 0 = 1 + 1- e2 = 2- e2
� l+t+( )= (sin0+cos0= t,say)
2- 4 � sec2 0=2-e2

�
2
t+( t ; = 1) ¾ � sec0=�2-e2
Now, sec 0 + tan3 0·cosec 0
sin3 0 1
t 2 + 2t - 1 =.!. =sec0+--·-­
2 cos 0 sin0
3

2t2+4 t-3 = O sin 20

=sec0+-3-
-4±�16 +24 cos 0
t= --�--
4 sin20 1
=sec0+--· --
-4±200 cos20 cos 0
= =-l±.!.00
4 2 = sec 0+ tan2 0·sec 0
= sec 0(1 +tan2 0)
t=-l+ .!. 00
2 = sec3 0

sin 0+ cos 0 =- 1+ .!.00 = (2- e2)3l2

2

11
 Ratio & Identities

29. Given, sin0+sin2 0+ sin3 0 = 1 32. We have sinx +sin2 x = 1

=> (sin 0+sin3 0) = l--'- sin2 0 = cos2 0 => sinx = 1 -sin2 x = cos2 x
=> (sin 0 + sin3 0)2 = (cos2 0)2 Now, cos8 x + 2 cos6 x + cos4 x
=> (sin 0+ sin3 0)2 = (cos2 0)2 = (cos4 x)2 + 2 · cos4 x · cos2 x + (cos2 x)2

= (cos4 x + cos2 x)2

=> (1 -cos2 0)(2 -cos2 0)2 = cos4 0
= (sin2 x +sin x)2
=> (1 - cos2 0)(4-4 cos2 0+cos4 0) = cos4 0
=> 4 -4 cos2 0+cos4 0-4 cos2 0+4 cos4 0 = (1)2 = 1
-cos6 0 = cos4 0 . 2 2
33. We have 81sm 9 +81cos 9=30
=> cos6 0-4 cos4 0+8 cos2 0= 4
=> 81sin 0+811- sin 0=30
2 2
. 2 sin0
· ·
30. Gtven, x=
l+cos0+sin0 => 81sin 0+�=30
2

2sin0 8lsin 0
81 .
s 29
(1+sin0) +cos 0 => a +-=30, a=81 m
=------

2 sin 0((1 + sin 0)-cos 0)

=-,-------------- => a2 -30a+ 8I=0
((1+sin0) + cos 0)((1 + sin.0) c-: cos 0) => (a -27)(a -3) = 0
2 sin 0((1 + sin 0)-cos0)
=--------- => a = 3 , 27
((1+sin0) -cos 0)
2 2
Whena = 3
2 sin0((1+sin 0)-cos 0) => 81sin 0=3
2
=-------------
(1+sin 0 + 2 sin 0 --- cos 0) => 34sin 0=3
2 2 2

2 sin0((1+sin0) -cos0) => 4 sin2 0=1

=----------
(sin 0 + 2 sin0 + (1-cos 0))
2 2
=> sin20=(½r
_ 2 sin0((1 + sin 0) -.cos 0)
- sin2 0=sin 2 (:)
(2 si:ri 0 + 2 sin2 0) =>
2 sin0((1+sin0)-cos 0)
= => 0=(nn± )
2 sin0(1 + sin 0) :
((1+sin0)-cos 0)
=------- => 0=n 5n
(1 +sin 0) 6' 6
Whena 27
(1-cos0 + sin (J)
=

=------ => 81sin 0 � 27

2
(1+sin0)
31. We have 3(sinx -cos x)4 +6(sinx + cos x)2 + 4(sin6 x 34sin 0=33
2
=>
+cos6 x) 4 sin2 0 = 3

�J
=>
= 3(sin4 x -4 sin3 x cos x +6 sin2 x cos2 x

-4 sinx cos3 x + cos4 x) => sin20=(

+ 6(sin2 x +cos2 x +2 sinx cos x)
+4{(sin2 x)3 +(cos2 x)3 } => sin20=sin2 (;)
= 3(sin4 x + cos4 x -4 sin x cos x

(sin2 x + cos2 x) +6 sin2 x cos2 x) => 0=(nn

±;)
+6(1 +2 sinx cos x)
=> n 2n
+ 4(sin2 x +cos2 x) 2 0 ==
3' 3
-12 sin2 x cos2 x n n 2n 5n
= 3 -6 sin2 x cos2 x -12 sinx cos x
Hence , the values of0 are - , -,-, -· , -· - .
6 3 3 6
+ 18 sin2 x cos2 x +6 + 12 sinx cosx 34. We have Ji 0) sin 0+cos6 0
= 6

+4-12 sin2 x cos2 x = 1 -3 sin2 0 cos2 0

= 3+6+4 Also fl 0) = sin4 0+ cos4 0
= 13 = 1 -2 sin2 0 cos2 0

12
 Ratio & Identities

1 1
2 (cosx - sin-x
Now, J60)-
( => · (cosx-cos
2
J4(0)
2

4 y) -- - . ) =0
2
6 cosy
2
sm 2 y .
= .!..(1-3sin 20 cos 20)-.!_(1- 2sin 20 cos 20) 2 = (cosx · -
2
sinx 2
6 4 => (cosx-cos
2
y) 0, --2-- - . 2-) =0
cosy smy
= .!_ _ .!_ sin 20 cos 20 _ .!_ +.!..sin 20 cos 20
6 2 4 2 => cos 2 x =cos 2 y, sin2 x =sin2 y
1 1
---- cosy
4
sin 4-
- y
6 4 Now -- +
' cosx sinx
2 2

12 cos 4y + sm
· 4
y
= 2
35. Given,x sin a = y cos a cos y siny 2

= cos 2 y +sin 2 y
=> _x_=_Y_=k
cos a sin a =l
xsin 3 a+
Also, ycos 3 a = sin acos a 38. We have 2/4,(0)-3£,,(0) +1
=> k sin 3 a cos a+k sin a cos 3 a = sin acos a = 2(sin 6 0 +cos 6 0) -3(sin4 0 +cos 4 0)+1
=> k sin a cos a (sin 2 a+cos 2 a) =sin a cos a =2(1 -3 sin2 0 cos2 0) -(1-2 sin 2 0 cos 2 0)+1
=> k sin acos a = sin a cos a =2-3+1
=> k=l =O
x=k cos a = cos a,y =k sin a = sin a
Thus,
sin A = cos-=
39. une
r have-. A
Now,x2 + y2=cos2 a+ sin 2 a= 1 - p,- q
smB cosB
36. Given, tan0+sin0=m, tan0-sin0=n,
=> mn =tan20-sin 20 sin A sin B = p
I
cosA cosB q
1-cos 20) = sin 4 0
= sin 20( tanA=p
cos 20 cos 20
tanB q
Now,m2 -n'l-,
= (tan 0+ sin 0)2 -(tan0-sin 0)2 tanA= tanB=A
=4tan0sin0 p q
= sin 0 sin A cos A
Also, -.-=p,--=q
2
4 smB cosB
cos0
= 4& sin A cos A =
pq
sin B cos B
. cosx4
smx
· 4
37. Given, -- -+- -. -=1 2sinAcosA
.
cos 2 y sm 2 y =pq
2sin B cos B
cos 4 x -.· 4x
sm .
--2-+ - - = cos 2 x + sm2 x
cosy- sm y 2 sin 2A
pq
sm 2B =
---:--
sm
cos 4 x . 2 = . 2 -· 4
x
--2--cosx smx- - . 2- 2tanA 2tanB =
cos y sm y I pq
1+tan 2 A 1+tan 2B
cosx
2 . sinx 2
cos 2 x (-2--1) =sm 2 x (1--- . 2-l
cos y sm y
p2 ). 2
I q).
2 2 l+ 2 ). 2
pq
p
l+ ). q
cosx2
--2-(cosx-cos
P -X (l+q ). )=p
2 2
y) 2 2
cosy --"-- q
.2 (l+p 2 A 2 ) q
=-smx
• 2
- - 2x )
. 2-(smy-sm
sm y (l+q2A2 )= 2
q
sin-x2 (1+p 2 A, 2 )
=- . 2-(cosx
2
-cos 2 y)
smy (1 +q2).2 )=q2(1 +p2 ).2 )

13
 Ratio & Identities

=> .4,2(1 -p2) q2 = q2 - 1

..
A,2= (q -1)
2
=>
(1-p2)q2

( 2-1)
(�r (�r
a3 + b3
=> A=+_!_ q 2
- q (l-p ) 4 4
a b
----+---
-l)
3 4 4
Therefore, tan A=± p (q2 2
- a (a+ b) b\a+ b)

q (l- p ) a b
=--- 4
+--- 4
(a+ b) (a+ b)
(q -1)
2
and tan B= ± ,--­ a+b
(1- p 2 ) (a+ b)
4

1
sin 4 a cos4 a 1
40. Wehave-- + -- =-- (a+ b)3
a b a+b
a b 41.
=> (a: )sin 4 a+( ; )cos4 a=l
b
(i) sin (120 6) = sin (90 x 1 + 30°)
-Ji
= cos (30 ° )= -
=> (1+;)sin 4a+ (1+f) cos4a= 1 2
(ii) sin (150 ° ) = sin (90 x 2 -30 ° )
=> (; sin a+ f cos a) + (sin a + cos a) = 1
4 4 4 4
. . 1
= sin (30 ° )= -
2
=> (; sin 4a+ f cos4a)+ (1-2 sin 2a · cos2a)= 1 (iii) sin (210 ° ) = sin (90 x 2 + 30 ° )
=-sin (30°) = _ __!_
=> (; sin 4a+ f cos4a-2 sin 2a · cos2a) = 0 2
(iv) sin (225 °) = sin (90 x 2 + 45 °)
=>
(loo'aJ +(J¥cos a J
2
=-sin (45 ° )=- .}i
-2l sin 2a · J¥ cos a=O 2 (v) sin (300 ° ) = sin (90 x 3+ 30 ° )
.
-Jj

l
=-cos (30 ° )=--
2
-J¥ cos a ·
2
b a
=> sm a =0
. 2 2
( ) (vi) sin (330 ) = sin (90 x 3 + 60 ° )
°

=-cos (60 °)=--1

=> v; sm a-vbra cos2)a = o
(fb.2 2

l
(vii) sin (405 °) = sin (90 x 4 + 45 ° )
=> sin 2 a= J¥ cos a 2
= sin (45 ° )= .}i
sin 2a --
-- cos2a --1 (viii) sin (660 ° ) = sin (90 x 7 + 30 ° )
=> = =
a b a+b
= sin (30 ° )= __!_
. 2a=-a- ,cos2 a=-- 2
=>
b
sm
a+b a+ b (ix) sin (1500 ° ) = sin (90 x 16 + 60 ° )
sm
, 8
a cos8 a
Now, -3-+- 3-- = sin (60 ° )= -Jj
a b 2

14
 Ratio & Identities

(x) sin (2013 °) =sin (90 x 22 + 33°) + cos 200° + cos 210 ° + cos 220°
=�sin (33 ° ) . + ... + cos 360 °)
42. Wehave =cos 180° +cos 360°
cos (1°) cos (2°) cos (3°) ... cos (189°). =-1+1
= cos (1°) cos (2° ) cos (3 °) ... cos (89°) =O
cos (90°) cos (91°) .. . cos (189°) 47. Wehave
=cos (1°) cos ( 0) cos (3°) ... cos (89°) sin2 5 °+sin2 10 ° +sin2 15° + ...+ sin2 90°
XO X COS (91 ° ) ... COS (189 °) =sin2 5° + sin2 10 °+sin2 15°+ ... + sin2 40+sin2 45
=O +sin2 50+sin2 80 + sin2 85 + sin2 90°
43. Wehave = (sin2 5 ° + sin2 85°)
tan (1° ) tan (2°) tan (3°) ... (89°) +(sin2 10° + sin2 80°)
=tan (1°) tan (2°) tan (3 °) ... tan (44°) +(sin2 15° +sin2 75 °)
tan (45°) tan (46°) ... tan (87°) tan (88°) tan (89°) + ... + (sin2 40° + sin2 50°)
= {tan (1°) x tan (89°)} · {tan (2 °) x tan (88°) +(sin2 45° +sin2 90°)
= (sin2 5 ° + cos2 5 )
°
... {tan (44° ) x tan (46°)}, tan (45°)
=l +(sin2 10 °+ cos2 10 °)
44. Wehave +(sin2 15° + cos2 15 ° ) + ...
tan 35° · tan 40 ° · tan 45 ° · tan 50 ° · tan 55° ...+ (sin2 40 ° + cos2 Ll0 °)
= {tan 35° x tan 55 ° } {tan 40° x tan 50° } . tan 45° +(sin2 45 ° +sin2 90° )
= {tan 35° x cot 35 ° } · {tan 40° x cot 40 ° } x tan 45 ° = (1 + 1+ ... 8 times)+ (½ + 1)
=l
45. Wehave sin (10 °)+sin (20 °)+sin (30 °) =(8 +1+
½)
+ sin (40° )+ ...+sin (360°)
= sin (10 °)+sin (20 °)+sin (30 °) =9.!.
2
+sin (40°)+ ...+sip_ (150°)
+ sin (340 °)+sin (350 °) + sin (360 °) 48. Wehave sin 2 (�) + sin 2 (;)
=sin (10 °)+sin (20°)+sin (30°)
+sin (40°)+ ...+sin (80 °)
4
+ sin 2 ( ;) + sin 2 C;)
+sin (90 °)+sin (100 °)
+sin (360°- 40°)+sjp (360° - 30°) =sin 2
•
(.!!_)
· 18
2 2
+ sin (
18
7r)
+ sin (360 °- 20)+sin (360 °- 10 °)
+sin (360°)
=sin (10°)+sin (20 °)+sin (30 °)
+ sin 2 ( �;) + sin 2 c:)
+sin (40° )+ ...+sin (80°)
+sin (90 °)+sin (100°)
-sin (40°)- sin (30°)
-sin (20°)- sin (10 ° ) + sin (180 °)
=0
46. We have cos (10 °)+ cos (20 °)+ cos (30 °)
+ cos (40 °)+ ... + cos (360 °)
= cos 20 ° + cos 30° + cos 40°+ ...+
cos 140 ° + cos 150° + cos 160 ° + cos 170°
+ cos 180°+ ( cos 190° +cos 200° + ={sin 2 ( ) + cos 2 (
� � )}
cos 210° + cos 220 ° + ...+ cos 360 ° )
= cos 10 ° +cos 20 ° + cos 30° + cos 40°
+...- cos 40° - cos 50°- cos 60°
+ {cos2( �;) + sin 2
( �;)}
- cos70° + cos 180° +(cos 190° =l+l
=2

15
 Ratio & Identities

49. Wehave � 2 cos 0(cos 0-2) + l(cos 0-2) c= 0

tan (20 °)tan (25 ° ) tan (45°)tan (65°)tan (70 °) � (2 cos 0+1)(cos 0-2);=0
=tan (20 °)tan (25°)tan (45°)tan (90 ° -25°)tan 1
(90 ° -20 °) � cos0=--,2
2
=tan (20 °)tan (25 °)tan (45°)cot (25°)cot (20 °) � 0= 120°, 240 °
=tan (45°) 57. Given equation is cos 0 + Ji sin 0 = 2
=1
./3 ·
50. Given, sin (01 ) + sin (0) + sin (03) = 3 � l
-cos 0 +-sm =
01
2 2 .
It is possible only when each term of the above equa­
tion will provide the maximum value � cos(0-;)=1
Thus, sin (01 ) =1, sin (02) =1, sin ( 03).= 1

0, =2, 02=2' 03 =2
1C 1C 1C

Hence, the value of � 0=1(

cos (01 ) +cos (02) +cos (0)
(i) (i)
58. Given, 4na =1r
= cos +cos(�)+cos 1C
2na=-
2
=0
Now, tan a tan a·tan·tan 3atan 3 tan (2n - l)a
51. Wehave sin 2 6 ° + sin 2 12° + ... + sin2 90 °
=tan a tan a(2n-1)a) (tan 2atan 2 (2n-2) a)· (tan
=(sin 2 6 ° + sin2 84 °)+ (sin 2 12 ° + sin 2 78 °)+ ... 3a · tan (2n-3)a) ...
+ (sin 2 42 ° + sin 2 48 °) + sin 2 90 °
=(tan a·tan (2na- a)) (tan 2a · tan (2na- 2 a)) (tan
=7xl + l 3a- tan (2na- Ja)) ...
=8
52. Wehave sin 2 10 ° + sin2 20 ° + ... + si�2 90 ° · = ( tan a · tan ( i- a)} ( tan 2a·tan.( i: 2a))

(i
=(sin 2 10 ° + sin 2 80 °)+ (sin 2 20 ° + sin 2 70 °)+
... + (sin 2 40° + sin 2 50°) + sin2 90 ° -( tan 3a ·tan -3a) }--
=4xl+l
:;::5 = (tan ax cot a) ·(tan 2a·cot 2a) · (tan 3a · cot 3a)
53. Wehave sin2 9 ° + sin2 18 ° + ... + sin2 90 ° =1
= (sin 2 9 ° + sin 2 81 °) + (sin 2 18 ° + sin 2 72 °)+ ... 59. Wehave
+ (sin 2 36 ° + sin 2 54 °) + sin 2 45° + sin 2 90 ° cos (18 °)+cos (234 ° ) +cos (162°)+cos (306 °)
=4x1 + .!.. +1
=cos (18 °)-cos(54 °)-cos (18 °)+cos (54 °)
=5.!.. =0
60. We have
54. We have tan 1 °·tan 2 °·tan 3 ° ... tan 89 ° cos (20 °)+ cos (40 °) +cos (60 °) + ... +cos (180 °)
=(tan 1 °·tan 89 °) (tan 2 °·tan 88 °)(tan 3 °·tan =cos (20 °)+cos (160 °) +cos (40 °)+cos (140 °)
87 °)... (tan 44 ° · tan 46 °)tan 45°
+cos (60 ° ) +cos (120 °)+cos (80 °)
=1.1.1........1
+cos (100 °) +cos (180 °)
=l
=cos (180 °) =-1
55. Wehave cos 1 ° ·cos 2 ° ·cos 3 ° ... cos 189 °
61. Wehave
=cos 1 ° . cos 2 ° . cos 3 ° ... cos 89 ° cos 90 ° ...
sin (20 °)+ sin (40°) + sin (60 °)+ ... +sin (360 °)
cos 180 °
=sin (20 °)+ sin (340 °)+ sin (40 °)
=0
+ sin (320 °)+ ... +sin (180 °)+ sin (360 °)
56. Given equationis 2 sin 2 0+ 2 cos 0= 0
� 2 -2cos2 0+3cos 0=0
=0
63.
� 2 cos 2 0-3 cos 0-2 =0
� 2 cos 2 0- 4 cos 0 +cos 0- 2 =0 (i) Given equation is sin x =.!..
2

16
 Ratio & Identities

As we know the period of sin x is 2n

./3-1
So, there is two solutions in [O, 2n] =
./3+ 1
. . Jj
(ii) G"1ven equation 1s cos x = - ( ./3-1) 2
2 =
As we know the period of cos x is 2n 3-1
For each 2Yr. there is 2 solutions 3 + 1-2./3
=
So, it has 3 solutions 2
(iii) Given equation is 4 sin2 x- 1 = 0 4-2./3
. 2 1 =
� Sill x=- 2
4
=2-./3
The period of sin2 x is Jr.
For each Jr, there is two solutions.
So, it has 6 solutions.
(iv) Given equation is sin2 x-3 sin x + 2 = 0
� (sinx-l)(sinx-2) = O
� sinx = 1, 2
� sinx = 1
For each 2n, there is 2 solutions. 65. We have tan (75°).+ cot (75 °)
So, it has 3 solutions. = cot (15 °) + tan (15 °)
(v) Given equation is = (2 + Jj
) + (2 -./3)
=4
cos2 x-cos x-2 = 0
66. We have cos (9° ) + sin (9° )

.fi.( -1
� cos2x-2 cosx+cosx-2 = O
� cosx(cosx-2) + l(cosx-2) = 0
� (cos x +l)(cosx-2) = 0
= cos (9 ° ) + }i sin (9° ))

� cosx =-1, 2 =.fi. (sin (45°) cos (9 °) +cos (45 °) sin (9 °))
� cosx =-1 =.fi. (sin (45° +9° ))
For each 2n, there.are 2 solutions.
=.fi. sin (54 °)
So, it has 3 solutions.
67. We have tan (70°) "'.' tan (50° + 20 °)
64. We have,
(i) sin'(l5 °) = sin (45 ° -30°) � tan (700)
=tan 50 ° + tan 20 °
= sin (456 J cos (30° )-cos (45° ) sin (30° ) 1-tan 50° tan 20 °
1 Jj 1 1 � tan (700)-tan (70°) · tan (50° ) · tan (20° )
= tan 50° +tan 20 °
=2·2-2· .fi.
� tan (70° )-tan (70° ) tan (50° ) · cot (70° )
-1
= ./3 = tan 50° +tan 20°

2.fi. � tan (70°)-tan (50° ) = tan 50° +tan 20°

(ii) cos ( 15°) =cos (45° -30° ) � tan (70°) = 2 tan 50 ° + tan 20 °
= cos (45° ) cos (30° ) +sin (45 °) sin (30° ) cos 20° -sin 20 °
68. uvve
r have -----
1 Jj 1 1 cos 20 ° +sin 20°
= .fi. ·2 .fi. ·2
+ 1-tan 20°
=---
1 + tan 20°
1
= Jj + tan 45° -tan 20°
2.fi. =------
1+tan 45° tan 20°
(iii) tan ( tan (45°-30° )
15°) = = tan (45° -20 ° )
tan 45° -tan 30° = tan (25 ° )
=
1+ tan 45 ° · tan 30° 7° = 1+tan (7°)
cos 7° +sin -
1 69. We have---- 0
1-- cos 7° -sin 7° 1-tan (7 )
= tan (45 - 7 ° ).
°
= Jj
1 = tan (52 ° )
1+ -
Jj

17
 Ratio & Identities

7 0. Wehavta e n(45 ° ) 7 6. Wehv a e

=> tan(25 ° + 20°)= 1 2 +
sinA sin2 (A - B) - 2sinA cosB sin(A - B)
tan25° + tan20 ° =sin2 A+sin(A -B) (sin(A -B)-2sinA cosB)
=> ----- -1
1-tan25 ° tan20° =sin 2
A -sin(A - B)sin(A + B)
=> tan25 ° +tan20 °= 1 -tan25 °tan20 =sin2 A.- (sin
2
A - sin2 B)
=> tan25 ° +tan20 ° +tan25 °tan20 °=1 =sin 2
B
71. Wehave A+B = 45 ° 77 . Wehv a e
=> tan(A + B) =tan(45 ° ) cos2x cos2y + cos2 (x + y)- cos2 (x-y)
=> tan(A + B)=1
tanA+tanB = .!.[2cos2x cos 2y + 2 cos2 (x + y)-2 cos 2 (x-y)]
=> =l 2
1-tanA·tanB I
-c [ s
o (2x + 2y) + cos(2x-2y) +1
=> tanA+tanB,,;1=tanA·tanB 2
=> tanA +tanB+Jan.A·tanB= 1 + cos(2.x + 2y)-1- cos(2.x- 2y)]
=> l+tanA+tanB+tanA·tanB=1+1=2
= .!.[cs
o (2.x + 2y) + cos( 2.x + 2y)]
=> (1 +tanA)+tanB(l+tanA=2) 2
=> (1 + tan A)(l + tanB= 2 1
= (2 cos(2x + 2y)]
72. Wehave (1 +tan245 ° ) (1 + tan250 ° ) 2
(1 +tan 260°)(1 - tan200 ° ) = cos(2.x + 2y)
(1 -tan205 ° ) (1 -tan 215 °) . . 0 x-y
= {(1 +tan245 ° ) (1 +tan(-200° ))} 78. G IVensm
, =-·-
x+ y
{(1 +tan 250° )(1 + tan(-205 ° ))}
Applyn i gcomponendo and divi dn
e do,we get,
{(1 +tan260 ° ) (1 +tan(-215 ° ))}
sin0 + I x - y + x + y
= 2x2x2
=8 sin0 -1 x - y - x - y
7 3. Now,tan13 A =tan(9A+ 4A) => si n0+1 x
---=--
tan 9A +tan4A sin0-1 y
=-----
1-tan9Atan4A 1+sin0 x
=>
tan13A -tan4Atan9Atr n a 13A 1-sin0 y
=tan9A +tan4A
tan 13A - tan9A -tan4 A cos(!)+sin(!)
'

(Q0) (20)'
= tan4A · tan 9A · tan 13A => =-°-
74. Do yous r e lf. [ cos j y
-si
· n
7 5. We havta e n(a+ /3)
tana+tan/3
=-----
1-tana-tan/3 l+tan(
!) ' -°-
m 1 => [ )=
--+-- 1-tan(!) y
m+l 2m+l
=
m 1
1--·--
m+l 2m +I l+tan
( �)

1-tan(i) =±v;
2 => [ ) �
2m +m+m+l
(m +1)( 2m+1)
=
2m2+3m+l-m
(m +1)(2m +1) => tan(:+t =
) ±H
2m2 +2m+l
= =1 Q sin/3
2m2 + 2m +1 79. Iftana=
P+Qcos/3
tan(a+/3)=1
n prove thattan(/3- a)=
Psina
(a+/3)=-
4 Q+Pcosa

18
 Ratio & Identities

80. Wehave (i) Now, cos (a+ ff)

. a) = -I
cos <a-/3)+cos (/3-r)+cos <r-
2
l-tan 2 ( �)
_
-
a /3
=> 2(cos (a-ff)+ cos (/3-;? + cos (r-a))+ 3 = 0 l+tan 2 ( ; )
=> 2(cos a cos /3+cos /3 cos y+ cos ycos a)
a2
+2(sin a sin /3+sin f3 sin r+ sin ysin a)+ 3 = 0 1--2 2 2
=. b = b -a
=> (cos2 a+sin2 a) +(cos2 f3 + sin2 ff) ----;;: a 2 +b2
1+ -
+(cos2 r+ sin2 )? + b2
2(cos a cos /3+cos /3 cos y+ cos ycos a) (ii) sin (a+ff)
+2(sin a sin /3 + sin f3sin y+ sin ysin a) = 0
2 tan( �)
=> cos2 a+cos2 /3+cos2 r
+2 cos a cos [3+ 2 cos f3cos r a f3
l+tan 2 ( ; )
+2 cos ycos a+ sin2 a+ sin2 f3+sin2 r
r
2(b/a) 2ab
+2 sin a sin f3 + 2 sin f3 sin = 2
= 2 2
l+(b/a ) a +b
+2 sin ysin a = 0
83. Given equation is a cos 0 + b sin 0 = c
=> (cos a+ cos f3 + cos ,12
1-tan\012) b 2 tan (0/2}
+(sin a+sin /3+sin )?2 = 0 a [1 ) [ ) =c
+tan 2 (0/2) + 1+tan 2 (0/2)
=> (cos a+ cos /3+ cos;?= 0
and (sin a+sin /3+sin )? = 0 a(l -tan2 (0/2)) +2b tan (0/2) = c(l +tan2 (0/2))
8 1 . We have tan (a+ 0) = n tan (a- 0) (a+ c) tan2 (0/2)-2b tan (0/2)+(c -a)= 0
tan(a+0) -
=> Let its roots be tan ( �), tan ( �)
tan(a-0) 1
tan ( a + 0)+tan ( a-0) n+l a
=> Thus, tan( )+tan ( /3) = .J!!_
tan (a + 0)-tan (a-0:) n-1 2 2 a+c
n +1
sin ( a+0+a-0) -- -· a
=>
sin (a+ 0-a+0) n-1 tan ( 2) tan (/3
2
)=�
a +c
n+1
sin (2a) -- � tan (a/2) + tan (/312)
=> = tan( )=
sin (20) n-1 2 1-tan (a/2) tari (/3/2)
sin (20) n-1 2b
=> =--
sin (2a) n+1 a+ c 2b - b
= - =
c- -
a
Hence, the result. 1-:-
=- 2a a
82. Given sin a+ sin f3 = a
c+a
...(i)
and cos a+ cos /3= b ...(ii) (i) Now, cos (a+ ff)
(i) divides by (ii), we get,
1-tan 2 ( �)
sin a +sin f3 a =
cos a +cos f3 b a f3
l+tan 2( ; )

2 sin(�)cos(�) b2
a 1-� 2 2
=> 2
a = a -b
=
2cos(a;J},(a;P) �b -----;;:
1+-2
a2 +b2
a
a
=> tan( ;/3)=� (ii) Now, tan (a; 13)

19
 Ratio & Identities

85. Given, tan (ncos 0) = cot (nsin 0)

tan(% )-tan(%)
= ==> tan(ncos0)=tan( ±;-nsin0
)
l+tan f }tan(f)
(
==> (n cos 0)=( ±; -n sin 0)

(tan(f )+tan(f )J-4 tan(f }an(f) cos 0 + sin 0=± .!.

l+tan(�
}tan(�) 1 1 . 1
=
cos 0 + sm 0=±
2 -../2. -../2. 2-../2.
4
2b c-a
cos (: - 0) = ± 21
= (
a+c ) ( c+a )
l+-­
-
x sin<p
c a
86. We have tan 0=---'---'-
l -x cos <p
c+a
b 2 -4(c2-a 2 ) sin 6 x sin<p
= �4
2c
--=
cos0 1-xcos<p
==> sin 0-x sin 0 cos<p= x cos 0 sin<p
==> x sin ( 0 + <p) = sin 0
Now,
C

x=-sin
---0
sin (0 +<p)
cos (a-P> . . sin <p
Similarly,
. (0 +<p)
Y sm
=
Dividing the above relations, we get,
x sin0
-=--
y sin <p
==> xsin<p=ysin0
Hence, the result.
a +b 87. We have tan (a+ P> = c
2 2

84. Given, a tan 0+ b sec 0= c tan a+ tan /3

==> (a tan 0- c)2 = (-b sec 0)2 ___._�-=c
l-tanatan/3
==> a2 tan2 0- 2ac tan 0 +c2 = b2 sec2 0
==> a2 tan2 0- 2ac tan 0 +c2 = b2 +b2 tan2 0 ---- a
-=c
==> (a2 - b2) tan2 0- 2ac tan 0+(c2 +b2) = 0 l-tanatan/3
Let its roots be tan a, tan /3 tanatan /3=--1=-.-
a a- c
...(i)
So, tana+tan /3= 2 _ b2
2ac c C

0 Now, cot a+ cot /3= b

and tana· tan /3=-2--2 1 1
c 2-b 2
a -b tana tan /3
--+--=b
Now, tan (a+ P>
tan a+ tan /3 tana+tan/3
1-tan.atan /3 tana-tan /3
=b

tana·tan/3=­ ...(ii)
2ac a
�a - 2b ·
b
From (i) and (ii), we get, - -=
c2-b2 a-c a
c
l--­
b
==> ac+be = ab
a 2-b 2

Which is the required relation.

2ac 2ac
a b c +b
2- 2- 2 2 = 2-c 2
a

20
 Ratio & Identities

88. Wehave, 2 sin ,8 cos,B

.. tana-tan,8 =
tan (a- ) = 4 + 2 sin2 ,8
,8 1+tan a· tan ,8
sin 2,8
=----"--
sina n sin a cosa 4 +1-cos 2,8
-( )
cosa 1-nsin2a
=---__.,__,------'-, sin 2,8
sina nsina cosa 5-cos2,8
1+-·-x ( . )
cosa 1-nsin2a
91. Wehave
sina(l - n sin2a)- n sin a cos2a sin 5A-sin 3A 2 cos4A sin A
=
cosa(l- n sin2 a) + n sin2a· cosa cos5A + cos3A 2 cos4A cosA
sin a-n sin a(siii 2a+cos2a) =tanA
= 92. Wehave
cosa-nsin 2 a · cosa+nsin2a· cosa
sin A+ sin 3A -----
2sin 2A cosA
sin a-n sin a -�--- =
= cosA+ cos3A 2 cos2A cosA
cosa
=tan2A
= (1-n)sin a 93. Wehave
cosa . (A+B) (A-B)
= (1-n) tan a 2sm -- cos --
sinA +sinB 2 2
=
89. LetA=x + y-z, B =y+ z-x, C:::;x + y-z cosA+cosB (A+B) (A-B)
Then,A + B + C= (x +y-z) + (y+ z-x) + (x+y-z) 2cos - - cos - -
2 2
= (x+y+ z)=0
=> A+B=-C =tan (A+B)
--
=> cot (A+ B) = cot (-C) 2
cot A cot B -1 94. Wehavesin 38 ° + sin 22 °
=> =cot ( _ C)
cot A+cotB = 2 sin (30°) cos (8 °)
cot A cot B -1 1
=> =-cot C = 2x-x cos (90 ° -82 °)
cot A +cotB 2
=> cot A cot B -1 =-cot A cot C _,,. cot B cot C =sin (82 ° )
=> cot A cot B + cot A cot C + cot B cot C = 1
95. Wehavesin105 ° + cos105 °
=> cot (x +y-z) cot (y+ z-x)
+ ¢ot (y+ z-x) cot (z.x + x-cy) =sin (105 ° )-sin (15 ° )
+ cot (z+ x-y) cot (x +y-z) = 1 = 2 cos(60 ° ) sin (45 ° )
tan a-,-tan ,8 = 2 x .!,x sin(45 °)
90. Wehave tan (a - ,8) = ·· . 2
l+tana-tan ,B
= sin (45 °)
I tan ,B-tan ,B = cos(45 °)
= 2 96. Wehavecos55 ° + cos65 ° + cos 175 °
1+ Itan ,B tan /J = cos(65 ° ) + cos(55 °) -cos(5 °)
2
tan ,8 = 2 cos(60 °) cos(5 ° )-cos(5 °)
=---=---- 1
2+3tan 2 ,8 = 2x-xcos(5 ° )-cos(5 ° )
2
sin ,8 = cos(5 ° )-cos(5 ° )
cos,B
=---'--- =0
. 2
,8 97. Wehavecos20 ° + cos 100 ° + cos140 °
2+3�
=cos (100° ) + cos(20 ° )-co(40 ° )
2
cos ,8
sin ,8cos,B = 2 cos(60 ° ) cos(40 ° )-cos(40 ° )
1
= 2x-x cos(40 °)-cos(40 ° )
sin ,8cos,B 2
= cos(40 ° )-cos(40 ° )
2 +sin2,8
=0.

21
 Ratio & Identities

98. Wehave = 2 + (1 + cos ( a- fJ))

( a ; /3)
sin 50 ° - sin 70+ sin 10°
= sin (50° ) + sin (10 ° )- sin (70° ) = 2 x2 cos2
= 2 sin (30° ) cos (20° )- sin (70 ° )

= 2 x_!_ xcos (20°)- sin (90° - 20° )

=4cos 2 (a; /3)
2
103. We have (cos a- cos fJ)2 + (sin a- sin fJ)2
= cos (20°)- cos (20° )
=O. = 2 - 2 cos ( a- fJ)
99. Wehave = 2(1- cos (a-fJ))

sin (47 ° ) + cos (77° ) =:c cos (17° ) =2 x2 sin 2 ( a; P)

= sin (47 ) + sin (13 )
° °

. · 47 ° +13 °
= 2 sm (
47 ° -13 °
. ) cos ( .
· )
=4sin 2 ( a; P)
2 2
104. Do yourself.
= 2 sin (30° ) cos (17 ° )
105. We have cos (20° ) cos (40°) cos (80° )
1
= 2 X -XCOS (17 ° ) = cos (40 °) cos (20° ) cos (80° )
. 2
= cos (17 ° ) 1
=--{4 cos (:60() = 20°} cos (20 °) cos ( 60° + 20 °}]
4
100. Wehave
cos (80° ) + cos (40 ° )- cos (20° ) 1
=-XCOS (20°X3)
4
= 2 cos (
80° + 40°
2
. ) os (
c
z . - cos (20 )
80° - 40°
) ° 1
=-Xcos ( 60° )
4
= 2 cos (60° ) cos (20°)- cos. (20° ): 1 1 1
1 =-X-=-
. . .. . . 4 2 8
= 2X-XCOS (20 °) - COS (20° )
2
106. We have cos 25° cos 35 ° cos ·65 °
= cos (20 )- cos (20 )
° °
= cos 25 ° cos 35 ° cos 65°
=O.
1
101. Wehave =-[4cos (60° - 25) cos 25° cos (60° + 25)]
4
sin (10 °) + sin (20° ) + sin (40° )
1
+ sin {50° )- sin (70° ) �· sin(80°) =- X COS (25 ° X 3)
4
= {sin (50° ) + sin (10° )} + {sin (40 ° ) + sin (20° )} 1
-sin (70°)- sin (80° ) =- X COS (75 °)
4
. 50 ° + 10° · ·50° - 10° ··
=2sm (.· · · ) cos
. ( . ). =Lx sin (15 ° )
2 2 4
400 200 400 200 -1
+ 2 sin ( ; ) cos( ; ) =$
sh
-sin (70° )- sin (80° )
107. Wehave sin (20° ) sin (40° ) sin (80° )
= 2 sin (30° ) cos (20° ) + 2 sin (30°) cos (10° )
= sin (20° } sin (40 ° ) sin (80° )
-sin (70°)- sin (80 °)
= cos (20°) + cos (10 °)- sin (70°)- sin (80° ) =_!_[4 sin (60° - 20° ) sin (20 ° ) sin (60° + 20° )]
4
= cos (20° ) + cos (10° )- cos (20° )- cos (10° )
=0
r
=- x sin(60° )
4
102. We have
(cos a+ cos /5)2 + (sin a+ sin /J)2 =
8
= 2 + 2 cos ( a- fJ)

22
 Ratio & Identities

108. We have sin(10 ° ) sin(50 ° ) sin(60 ° ) sin(70 ° ) sin A+sin 3A+sin 5A+sin 7A
T h
112. uvve ave .
cos A + cos 3A +cos 5A + cos 7A
= .f3 [sin (50° ) sin (10° ) sin(70 ° )
2 (sin 7A +sin A)+(sin 5A + sin 3A)
=-----------
= � [sin (60 ° -10 ° ) sin (10°) sin (60 ° +10 ° )] (cos 7A +cos A)+(cos 5A +cos 3A)
2 sin 4A cos 3A+ 2 sin 4A cos A
=----------
° ° °
= Jj (4 sin (60 - 10 ) sin(10 ) sin (60 +10 )]° ° 2 cos 4A cos 3A + Z cos 4A cos A
8
2 sin 4A(cos 3A +cos A)
= Jj x sin (30 °) 2 cos 4A (cos 3A +cos A)
8
=-X
Jj "-1 =- Jj =tan4A
8 2 16
sin A + sin 2A +sin 4A +sin 5A
h
109. We ave cos(10 ° ) cos (30°) cos (50°) cos (70 ° ) vve have----------
113. uT
cos A+cos 2A +cos 4A + cos 5A
Jj cos 50 °) cos(....
=-( ( C 10 °) cos(70 °)] =-'-
(sin 5A + sin A)+(sin
---- 4A +sin 2A)
;.........,-'---- --
2 c

(cos 5A + cos A)+(cos 4A + cos 2A)

Jj (60 ° -10 ° ) cos(10 °
=-[cos ) cos(60 ° +10 ° )] 2 sin 3A cos 2A+ 2 sin 3A cos A
=--''---'--------
2
2 �OS 3A cos 2A + 2 cos 3A cos A
= Jj [ 4 cos(60° -10 °)cbs (10 °)cos (60 ° +10 ° )] sin 3A(cos 2A + cos A)
8 =-------
cos 3A (cos 2A + cos A)
Jj X COS(30 ° )
=-
8 sin3A
=--
cos3A
Jj Jj
=-X-
8 2 =fan3A

=
3 Hence, the result.
16
sin A+ sin 3A +sin 5A.· 114. Given sin A -sin B =_!_ ...(i)
vve have --------
110. uT . .
cos A +cos 3A+ cos 5A
1
sin 5A +sin 3A + sin A
=-------- and cos A -cos B =- ...(ii)
cos 5A +cos 3A+cos A
Dividing(i) by(ii) we get,
= (sin 5A + sin A) +sin 3A
(cos 5A +cos A) + cos 3A sin A -sin B -=-
1/2 3
2 sin 3A cos 2A +sin 3A cos A-cos B 1/3 2
=--------
2 cos 3A cos 2A +cos 3A A+ B . A-B
2 cos (- - ) sill (- -)
= sin 3A (2 cos 2A +1) 2 2 =
3
. A+B . A- B 2
2�)
cos 3A(2 cos 2A +1) -2 Sill (- -)Sill (
= tan 3A 2
cos 4x +cos 3x +cos 2x A+ B
vve have --------
111. uT cos (- - )
sin 4x +sin 3x + sin 2x 2 3
. A+B .· =-2
=(cos 4x + cos 2x) + cos 3x Sill (- -)
2
(sin 4x + sin 2x) +sin 3x
2 cos 3x cos x +cos 3x
=---���- A B =
� cot( ; ) -%
2 sin 3x cos x + sin 3x
=
COS 3x(2 COS X + 1) A B =- ·
� tan( ; ) ½
sin 3x(2 cos x+1)
=cot 3x

23
 Ratio & Identities

1 .Jj cos (20 °) -4 sin (20 °) cos (20 °)

115. G.1ven, s..m A +sm
. B=
4, =

l
sin (20 °)
1
. and cos A + cos B=- 2( � cos (20 °) -2 sin (20 °) cos (20°)
2
=
Dividing, the above relations, we get, sin (20° )
sin A+ sin B 1 _ 2(sin (6 0°) cos (20°) - sin (40°))
cosA+cosB 2 sin (20° )
(2sin ( 60 °) cos (20 °) -2sin ( 40 °))
sin (20 °)
=>
(sin (8 0° ) +sin (40°) -2sin (40° ))
sin (20°)
(sin (80° )-sin(40° ))
=> tan(A; )=½
B
sin (20 °)
Hence, the result. 2cos (60 °) sin '(20 °)
=
116. Given, sin (20 °)
cosec A +sec A = cosec B + sec B =1
=> cosec A +cosec B = sec B +sec A 119. Given,
sin a+ sin ,8 = a ...(i)
=> . 1
-----=-.---- and cos a+ cos /3 = b ...(ii)
sin A sin B cos B cos A
(i) divides by (ii), we get,
sin B -sin A cos A -cos B sin a+sin /3 a
=>
sin A sin B cos A cos B cos a+cos /3 b
sin A sin B sin B - sinA
=> 2sin( �)cos(�) a
cos A cos B cos A-cos B

2cos{ A - B)sin
; (-A
; B)
=>
/3
2cos ( a ; )cos ( a ; /3) =b
=> tan A tan B=--'i----+--"-,----�

.
2Slll_
. (- -) Slll
A+B
2
. (- -)
A-B
2
=>
a
tan ( ; 13) f
=
Now,
=> tanAtanB=cot (- -) a+/3
A+B
2 . l-tan 2 ( )
Hence, the result. cos ( a +/3)= . /3 2
117. Given, l+tan2 (a; )
sin 2A = A sin 2B
sin2A a2
=> --=- 1-,;z b2 a2
-
sin.2B 1 = 2
---;;z a +b 2
=

sin 2A +sin 2B .:l+l 1+- 2

=>
sin 2A -sin 2B .:l-1 120. We have
b

=>
2sin (A+B) cos (A-B) --
2cos (A+B) sin (A-B) .:l-1
.:l+l
sin A= l -¾( x +;r
.:l+l
tan (A+B) cot (A-B)=--
.:l-1
=>
tan (A+B) -- .:l+l =i ¾(x+;r "-1
tan(A-B) .:l-1
118. We have
.Jj cot (20 °) -4 cos (20°)

24
 Ratio & Identities

. B = i ( y.- 1) y
/3)
· - /3
+ f3 + 2y l
l
S.1m1·1 ar Iy, sm a+a
2
( a- /3 - + /3 +
= 2 COS ( a ; 2
X COS ( �- .2
Now, cos (A -B) 2
=cos A cos B +sin A sin B a 2y
cos 2 2
2

/3 ; Y)}
x+ +
=¾( ±)(y+;) ¾(x-±)(y-;)
= 2 cos (a ; /3) x { cos (a ; Y) cos (

=¾( 2xy+ �) 125. We have

1- cos 20
---= 2 sin 0
2

=½( xy+ �) sin 20 2 sin 0 cos0

121. We have sin 0
=--=tan0
sin (47 ° )+sin (61 °)-sin (11 ° )-sin (25 ° ) cos0
=(sin (61 °)+sin (47 ° ))-(sin (25 ° )+sin (11 ° )) 126. We have
°
= 2 sin (54° ) cos (7 ° )-2 sin (18 ° ) cos (7 ) 1---
+ cos 20 ----
=
=2 cos (7 ° ) [sin (54°)-sin (18 ° )] sin 20 2 sin 0 cos 0
=2 cos (7 ° ) [cos (36 °)- sin (18 ° )] cos0
=--=cot0
+l ./s- l sin0
= 2cos(7 ° )[Js - ]
· 4 4 127. We have (cot 0-tan 0)
- ° 1 cos0 _ sin 0 .
- COS (7 }X- =(
2 (7 ° )
=cos
2 sin 0 cos0 )
122. Do yourself. cos2 0 -sin 20
=
12 3. We have sin 0 cos0
2 cos 20
-�7 2 +5 2 �2k+1��7 +5
2 2 =----
2 sin 0 cos0
-ffi � 2k + 1� ffi 2 cos 20
=
-ffi-1� � ffi-1 sin 20
k
2 2 = 2 cot 20
. 2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
k =-4, -3, - 128. We have
Hence, the number of integr al values of tan 0+2 tan (W) + 4 tan (40) +8 cot 80
=cot 0(cot 0-tan 0) + 2 tan 20+4 tan 40+ 8 cot 80
124. Wehave
cos a+ cos f3+cosy+ cos (a+ f3 + y)
=cot 0-2 cot 20+ 2 tan 20+4 tan 40+ 8 cot 80

=(cos a+ cos /3) +(cos (a+ /3+ +cos }1 n =cot 0-2(cot 20-tan 20) +-4 tan 40+8 cot 80

; ;
=cot 0-4 cot 40+ 4 tan 40+ 8 cot 80
=cot 0-4(cot 40 tan 40) +8 cot 80

; r+ r) cos (a+/3 ; r - r)
= 2 cos ( a /3) cos ( a /3) =cot 0-8 cot 80+8 cot 80
=cot 0
+
+2 cos ( a /3 129. We have
a cos (20) + b sin (20)
= 2 cos (a ; /3) cos (a; /3) =
(I - tan 0)+b( 2 tan 0 )
2

+ +2
. +2 cos ( a : Y) cos ( a ; /3) a l+tan 2 0 l+tan 20

J
/3)
l-
=2 COS ( a ; =a + 2
r ;: ) b [
X

r)}
1+-2 1+t--
2
+ +2 a a
{cos (a; /3) +2 cos (a :

25
 Ratio & Identities

a2 b2 2ab sec SA-l

=a ( z - z )+ ( z z ) 132. Wehave ( )
a +b b a +b sec4A-l
_ a(a 2-b2 + 2b2 ) _1 __ 1
- cos8A
a 2+b2
_ a(a2+b2 )
_1 __ 1
- az bz cos4A
+
=a = 1-cos8A x--
cos4A
1-cos4A cos8A
130. Wehave
2 sin 4A cos4A
=---x--
2
Jj cosec (20 °)-sec (20°)
2 sin 2A
2
cos8A
= Jj 1
sin(20 °) cos(20°) = 2 sin4A cos4A x---
sin4A
cos 8A 2
2 sin 2A
Jj cos(20 °)-sin(20 °)
= sin 8A 2 sin 2A cos2A
sin(20°) cos(20 °) =--x-----
cos 8A 2 sin2 2A
4(� cos(20')-½sin (20 )) °
sin 8A cos2A
=--x--
= cos8A sin2A
2 sin(20 °)cos(20 °)
4(sin(20 °) cos (20°)-cos(60 °) sin(20 °)) =tan 8A x cot 2A
=
2 sin(20 °) cos(20 °) tan8A
4(sin(60°-20°)) tan 2A
=
sin(40 °) 133. Wehave
=4 cos2(0)+cos2 (2;-0 )+cos2 (2 ;ir +0)
131. Wehave 3
tan(9 °) +tan (27 °)- tan(63 °) +tan(81 °)
= {tan (9°)+tan(81 °)} - {tan(27°)+tan(63° )}
=½( 2 cos2 ( 0)+2 co,'(2;-o)+2 cos'(2; +0 )
)
= {tan (9°)+ cot (9 °)} - {tan(27°) + cot (27 °)}
={
sin(9 ) c�s(9 )
°
sin(27 ) cos(27 )
° ° °
4
=½(1+cos(20)) +½(1 + cos( ; -20 ))
° + ° }-{ + }

))
cos{9 ) sm (9 ) cos(27 °) sn
i (27 °) · 4
+ ½(1+�0s( ; +20
sin (9 °)+cos2 (9 °) sin 2 (27 °)+col (27 °)
={ � ° }- { sin(27 °) cos(27 °) }

=
sm (9 ) cos(9 °)

-
_ 4 4
=½(3+(cos20 +cos( ;-20) + cos( ; +20 )))
{2 sin(9 °� cos(9 °) } {2 sin(27 °� cos(27 °)} 4
=½(3+ ( cos20+2 cos( ;) cos(20)))
= -
{ sin;18°) } {sin�5 4 °)}
=½(3+ (cos20 + 2(-½) cos(20)))

=-
�) }-{v's:+1}
={ (
.= 8 -
134. Wehave
t/5 - 1} { 1s\ 1} sin2 0+sin2(120° + 0)+sin2(240°+ 0)
=½(2 sin20+2sin2 (2; +0))
8(J5 +1-Js +1)
={ }

=4
5-1
+ ½( 4
2 sin2 ( ; + 0))
26
 Ratio & Identities

138. We have
4
=½((1-cos 20)+(1-cos ( ; +20))) cos (10 ° ). cos (50 ° ). cos (7 0 ° )
= cos (10 ° ). cos (60° -10° ). cos (60 ° + 10 ° )
8
+½( (1-cos ( ; +20)))
1
=-(4 cos (10 ° ). cos (60 ° -10 ° ). cos (60 ° +10 ° ))
4
=%-½cos 20-½[cos( ; + 20) + cos (8; +20)]
4
1
=-(cos (3 · 10 ° ))
4
3 1 1
=---cos 20--(2 cos (120 ° ) cos 20) =
2 2 2 8
3 1 1 139. Wehave
=---cos 20+-cos (20)
2 2 2 tan (0)-tan (60 ° -0)+ tan (60 ° + 0)
tan (60 ° )-tan (0)
=- = tan (0)-
1+tan (60 ° ) · tan (0)
135. We have tan (60° ) + tan (0)
+-___;,,___:....___;.�
1-tan (60 ° ) · tan (0)
4 sin (0) sin ( ; -0) sin (; + 0)
=tan (0)-
.Ji - tan (0)
+
.Ji+ tan (0)
1+.Ji · tan ( 0) 1-.Ji · tan ( 0)
= 4 sin (0) x (sin (; - 0 )sin (; +0)
) -.Ji+ 3 tan (0)+tan (0)-.fi tan 2 (0)
= 4 sin (0) x (sin 2 (; )-sin 20) +.Ji+ 3 tan (0) +tan (0)+.Ji tan 2 (0)
(1-3 tan 20)
= 4 sin (0) x ( ¾-sin 20) 8 tan (0)
=tan (0) +----,---
1-3 tan 2 (0)
= 4 x(¾sin 0-sin 30) tan (0)-3 tan (0)+8 tan (0)
=---------
3

1-3 tan2(0)
= (3 sin 0-4 sin3 0)
tan (0)-tan3(0)
= sin (30) =3 x (3 )
1-3 tan 2 {0)
136. We have
sin (20 ° ) sin (40 ° ) sin (8 0 °) =3 tan (30)
140. We have
= ! (sin (3.20 ° ))
4 cos (0) cos (20). cos (22 0). cos (23 0) ... cos (211-10)

=! (sin (60 ° )) =-�-(2sin 0 cos 0)(cos 20-cos (2 20)... cos (22n -I0))
4 2 sm0

= = � (2 sin 20 cos 20)(cos (2 20)... cos (22n -I0))

2 2 sm0
137. We have, = � (2 sin 40 cos 40)(cos (2 30)... cos (22n -I0))
4 cos (0). cos (60 ° -0). cos (60 ° + 0) 2 sm0
3

= 4 cos (0) · (cos (60 ° -0) · cos (60° +0))

= � (2 sin 23 0 cos i 30)(cos (240)... cos (2 2n -I0))
= 4 cos (0) · (cos2(60 ° ) -sin2 0) 2 sm0
4

= 4 cos (0) · ({-1+cos2 0)

= l (2 sin 2n -!0 cos 2n -10)
2n sin 0
= 4 cos (0) {-¾+cos2 0)
1
= n (sin 2n0)
= cos (0) · (-3 + 4 cos2 0) 2 sin 0
= (4 cos3 0- 3 cos (0))
= sinn (2 0)
n

= cos (30) 2 sin 0

27
 Ratio & Identities

� z=--1
2n 4n 6n 1
=cos (2;) cos( 4;) cos(n + ; ) � cos( ) +cos( ) +cos( ) =-
7 7 7 2
4 143. Given
=-cos(;)cos(2; )cos( ;)
M = �a2 cos2 0 + b 2 sin 2 0 + �a2 sin 2 0 + b 2 cos2 0
= 2sin(;)cos( ;))co,(2; )cos( 4; l � M2- =a2 cos2 0+ b2 sin 2 0+ a2 sin 2 0+ b1 cos2 0
2sui (
+2�(a 2 cos 2 0 +b 2 sin 2 0)(a 2 sin 2 0 +b 2 cos2 0)
)) cos ( 4;)
m

in co
' .� m ( 2 s (2; l ,(2;
=
2
� M2 = a2+b2+ 2�(a 2 cos2 0 + b2 sin 2 0)

4
�(a 2 sin 2 0 + b 2 cos 2 0)
= ' �ud2sin( ;),os(4;)) � M2- =a2 + b2 + 2[(a4 + b4) sin 2 0cos2 0
2s + a2b2(sin 4 0+ cos4 0)] 112
. (8n) � M2- =a2 + b2 + 2[(a4 + b4) sin 2 0 cos2 0
sm + a2b2(1-2 .sin 2 0+cos2 0)] 112
= 7
� M2- =a2 + b2 + 2((a4 + b4 - 2a2b2) sin 2 0cos2 0
+ a2b2)112

M 2 =a2 +b 2 + ((a -b ) + (sin2 (20J))

2 2 2 2
�
+4a b )2

Thus, maximum (M2-) = a2 + b2 + (a2 + b2)

=2(a2 + b1)
and minimum (M2-) =a2 + b2 + 2ab =(a+ b)2
= He nce,the value of m 1 - m 2
=maxitp.um (M2) - minmum (M2)
142. Let z=cos(2;)+cos(4;)+cos( ;)
6
=2(a2 + b2)- (a+ b)2
-144 . We have
� 2zsin(;) tan (40) =tan (30+ 0)
. n 2 . n 4n tan 30+tan 0
=-----
=2sm ( ) cos ( n) +2sm ( )· . cos( ) 1-tan 30tan 0
7 7 7 7
3tan 0-tan 3 0
+ 2sin (;) cos ( ;) -----+tan
6
0
1-3tan 2 0
=--------
. 3n . n . Sn . 3n 3tan 0 -tan 3 0
= sm( ) - sm ( ) + sm ( ) - sm ( ) 1------tan
7 7 7 7
0
1-3tan 28
. 7n . Sn 3tan 0- tan 3 0 + tan 0-3tan 3 0
+ sm ( )- sm ( )
7 7 =-----------1-3tan 2 0
=-sin(;) 1 - 3tan 2 0-3tan 2 0 +tan 4 0
1-3 tan 2 0
4 tan 0-4 tan 3 0
Thus, 2z sin (;) =-sin (;) =
1-6tan 2 0 +tan 4 0

28
 Ratio & Identities

145. We have 147.

sin x sin 3x sin 9x (i) Here, a = 3, b = 4 and c = 10
( + ) Thus, the minimum values off(x)
cos 3x + cos 9x cos 27x
1 2 sin x cos x 2 sin 3x cos 3x 2 sin 9x cos 9x == -�a 2+b 2 +C = -5 + 10 = 5
=- ( ----+-----+-----) and the maximum values of
2 cos 3x cos x cos 3x cos 9x cos 27x cos 9x
1 sin 2x sin 6x sin 18x f(x) = �a +b +c = 5+ 10 = 15.
2 2
= ( + + )
2 cos 3x cos x cos 3x cos 9x cos 9x cos 27x (ii) Maximum value = �33+42 + 10=15
1 sin (3x - x) sin (9x - 3x) sin (27x - 9x) � 2 2
-- ( --'---'-+--'--�+--'---�) Minimum value = - 3 +4 +10=5
2 cos 3x cos x cos 3x cos 9x cos 9x cos 27x
(iii) Maximum value = 3 + 4 = 7
_!_ sin 3x cos x - cos 3x sin x Minimum value = -3 + 4 = 1
= (
2 COS 3x COS X
(iv) Maximum value =2 + 5 = 7
sin 9x cos 3x - cos 9x sin 3x Minimum value = -2 + 5 = 3
+---------
cos 3x cos 9x
(v) Maximum value = Ji
sin 27x cos 9x - cos 27x sin 9x
+ ) Minimum value = -.Ji
cos 9x cos 27x
(vi) Maximum value = .Ji
1
=-(tan 3x -tan x + tan 9x -tan 3x + tan 27x -tan 9x)
2 Minimum value = -.Ji
1 (vii) Maximum value = sin 1
=- (tan 27x -tan x)
2 Minimum value = -sin 1
146. We have (viii) Maximum value = cos l
tan ( %)o +sec0)(1+sec20)(1+sec 220) ... sec (2n0) Minimum value = 0
(ix) Maximum value = .Ji
Now, tan (%)(1+sec0) Minimum value = -.Ji
sin (0/2) 2 cos 2 (0/2) (x) Given/(x) = cos (sin x) + sin (cos x).
=-------'--X __....;.__;_ = cos (sin x) + sin (sin x) + sin (cos x) - sin (sin x)
cos (0/2) cos 0
2 sin (0/2) cos (0/2) Maximum value = .Ji+sin 1
=
cos0 Minimum value = .Ji - sin 1
sin0 148. R1 = [minimum/(x), maximum/(x)]
=--=tan0
cos0
x =[-.Ji +3,.Ji+3]
Also, tan 0 ( 1+ sec20)
149. Given2 sin20+ 3 cos20
sin0 x l+cos20
= ( ) =2(sin2 0+ cos2 0)+ cos2 0
cos 0 cos 20 =2 + cos20

=
(2
sin 0 x cos20
J
Maximum value =2 + 1 = 3
cos 0 cos 20 Minimum value =2 + 0 =2
2 sin0 cos0
=---- 150. Let /(0)=5 cos0+3 cos(0+ ;)+3
cos 20
sin 20 3 3./j .
= =tan 20 =5 cos 0+- cos 0 - - sm 0+3
cos20 2 2

Thus, tan ( %)o +sec 010+sec 20)

13
2
3./j .
=- cos0 - - sm0+3
2
(1+sec2 0) ... sec (2n0)
. 69 2 7
Maximum value = �-.+-+3= -+3=10
!¥96
= tan (2"0) 4 4 4

29
 Ratio & Identities

. . 69 27 . •. 3 1 3 1 4
·· ·-· - + -. + 3 = - 7 + 3 = -4
·· lue a:: -�
Minimum..va Maximum value = -+-· 1 =-+-=-=1
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
151 . Letf(0); cos2 0+ 3 sin2 0-3 sin 20+ 2 . . 3 1 3
Mimmum value = -+-· O =-
; 1 +2 sin2 0- 3 sin 20+2 4 4 4
= 3+ 1 - cos 20- 3 sin 20 157. Givenf(x) cos x + sin4 x
= 2

= 4- (cos 20+ 3 sin 20) 1 1 . 2x) 2

=-(2cos 2 x)+-(2sm ·
Maximum value = 4 + ./fo 2 4
Minimum value = 4 - M 1 1
=-(1 + cos 2x) +-(1- cos 2x) 2
152. Letf(x)= cosec2 x +25 sec2 x 2 4
= 1 + cot2 x +25 +25 tan2 x 1 1
=-(1 + cos 2x) +-(1-2 cos 2x + cos 2 2x)
= 26 + cot2 x + 25 tan2 x 2 4 _
� 26+ 10 = 36 1 1 1
=-+-+-cos 2 x
Hence, the minimum value is 26. 2 4 4
153. Given expression is 2- cos x + sin2 x 3 1
=-+-cos 2 2x
= 2 - cos x + 1 - cos2 x 4 4
= 3 - cos x - cos2 x . 3 1 3 1 4
Maximum value = -+-· 1 =-+ -=-= 1
= -(cos2 x +cos x - 3) 4 4 4 4 4
. . 3
;-((cos x +½J-3-¾)
Mmimum va1ue = -+
3 -· O =-
4 4 4
r
158. Givenf(x)= sin4 x +cos4 x
= l: -( COS X ½
+ y = (sin2 x +cos2 x)2 - 2 sin2 x cos2 x

1 .
. 13 = 1--sin 2 2x
Maximum value = � 2
4 Maximum value = 1 +0 = 1
. . 13 1 . . 1 l
Minimum value = ----= 3 Minimum .va1ue = 1--=-
4 4 2 2
154. Giveny =4 sin 0- cos 20
2
159. We have,f(0) = sin6 0+ cos6 0
=2(2 sin2 0)- cos 20 = (sin2 0)3 + (cos2 0)3

== 2(1- cos 20)- cos 20 = (sin2 0+cos2 0)2 - 3 sin2 0 cos2 0 (sin2 0+cos2 0)
; 2- 3 cos 20 = 1 - 3 sin2 0 cos2 0
; 2+ 3(-cos 20) 3•
Maximum value = 2 + 3 = 5 = 1--(4 sin 2 0 cos 2 0)
4
Minimum value = 2- 3 = -1
Hence y lies in [-1, 5] = 1-I (sin 2 20)
155. Here, m = -3+ 5 = 2 4
andn = 3+2 = 5
Hence, the value of (m +n +2) = 9
=1+ I4 (-sin 2
20)

156. Givenf(x) = sin2 x +cos4 x As we know, -1 ::;; (-sin2 20)::;; 0

= _!__(2 sin 2 x)+ _!__(2 cos 2 x)2 _i ::;; 3(-sin 2

20)
0
2 4 =} ::;;
4 4
1 1
=-(1- cos 2x) +-(1 + cos 2x) 2 3 3(-sin 2 20) <'
2 · 4 =} 1--::;;1+�---'--_ 1
1 1 4 4
=-(1- cos 2x) +-(1 + 2 cos 2x + cos 2 2x)
2 4 .!..
J(0)::;;1
4
=} ::;;

= + + _!__cos 2x
.!.. .!.. 2
2 4 4 Hence, the maximum value = 1 and the minimum value
3 1
=-+-cos 2
2x 1
4 4 4

30
 Ratio & Identities

160. Now,A 27
=cos2 0± sin4 0 Hence, the minimum value off(x) is
2
162. Find the maximum and minimum values of
= .!_(2sin 2 0) +.!_(4sin 4 0)
2 4 5
f(x) = 2
1 1 2 sin 0- 6 sin 0cos 0+3cos 2 0
=-(1-cos (20)) +-(1+cos (20))
2 4 a2 2
b
1 1 163. Given f(x)=-2-+-- . -
· = -(1 + cos (20)) + -(1- 2 cos (20) +cos 2 (20)) cos x sm2 x
2 4
=a2 sec2 x + b2 cosec 2 x
1 1 1 1 1
=-+-cos (20) +---cos (20) +- (cos 2 (20)) =a2 + a2 tan 2 x + b2 + b2 cot 2 x
2 2 4 2 4
= a2 + b2 + (a2 tan 2 x + b2 cot2 x )
I
= +.!_ (cos 2 (20)) � a2 + b2 + 2ab=(a+ b)2
4 4
Hence,the minimum value off(x ) is (a+ b)2 .
Maximum value ofA =m I = I + .!_ ·1 = 1
4 4 . 2
x 2 sm_ x +4
Also,B 164. We have,f(x)
xsmx
=sin 2 0+ cos4 0
. 4
= xsmx+--� 4
=.!_(2 sin 2 0) + .!_(4sin 4 0) xsin x
2 4 Hence,the minimum values off(x) is 4
2
2
= ½<2 sin 0) + ¾c2cos 0) 2
165. Givenf(x) =logxy +logyy
As we know,
1 1 2
= -(1- cos (20)) +-(1+cos (20)) AM�GM
2 4
log x y +log y x �----
1 1 � �log x y ·log y x = l
=-(1-cos (20)) + -(1+2cos (20) +cos 2 (20)) 2
2 4
log -
- x y +. log x
1 1 1 �----"-y -�1
=-+-+-cos 2 (20) 2
2 4 4
+
log Xy log y x� 2
I
= +.!_cos 2 (20) Hence,the minimum value off(x) is 2.
4 4
. . 3 1 3 166. Givenf(x)=2log 10 x-logx(O.Ol),x> 1
Thus,the m1mmum value of B= m =- + -· O =-
4 4 4 =2log !O_x-logx(10)-2
Now,the value of mf + mf + m1 m2 =2 log !O X +2 logx(10)
9 3 =2(log l0 X +logx(10))
=1+-+-
16 4 �2. 2=4
37 Hence,the minimum value off(x) is 4
=
16
. 2
)( 2 l)(z 2 +1)
161. Givenf(x) = (sin x + cos x +cosec 2x)3 16 7 . G1Ven f( x,y,z) - (x + l y +
As we know that,
x l l l
AM�GM =( ' + )(y'y+ )(z'; )
x
sin x+cos x+cosec
· 2x)� �(sm
.
( x · cosx · cosec 2x)
3
sin x+cos +cosec 2x) ef½ =(x +±)(y+;)(z+;)
( ; �
�2.2.2= 8
sin x + cos x +cosec 2x \ .!_ Hence,the minimum value is 2.
( )
3 2 . ( x3 +2)(y3 +2)( z3 + 2}
27 168 . G1ven f( x,y,z ) =
(smx+cos x+<;osec 2x)3�
•
2
31
 Ratio & Identities

174. We have
=( x : 2 )(y ;2)(z : 2 )
3 3 3
sin (6 ° )· sin (42 ° ) · sin (66 ° ) sin (78° )
=-- 1-
=( x 2+�)(y 2 + 4 sin (54 ° )
+t)( z �)
2

(4 sin (6 ° ) · sin(6O° - 6 ° )· sin (60 ° + 6 ° )) x

� 3.3.3 =27 (sin (78°) · sin (42 ° ))
Hence, the minimum value is 27.
169. We havef(a, b, c, d) = 1
° ( in
s (18 ° ) sin (72 ° ) · sin (42 °))
4 cos (36 )
(a 2 + l)(b2 + l)(c 2 + l)(d2+ 1)
=-------- 1
=---
16.cos (36 ° )
abed
(a 2 +1) (b2 +1) (c2+1) (d2+1)
= -'------'- X -- X -- X -'----'- (4 sin (18 ° ) · sin (60 ° + 18 °) · sin (60 ° - 18 ° ))
a b C d
1
=(a+±)(b+{)(c+ d = (sin (54° ))
;)( + �) 16 cos (36 ° )
� 2.2.2.2 =16 1
= (cos (36 0))
Hence, the minimum value is 16. 16 cos (36 0 )
170. Do yourself: =
171. We have sin2(24 ° ) - sin2(6 ° ) 16
=sin (24° +6 ° ) sin (24° - 6 ° ) 175. We have 4(sin (24 ° ) + cos (6 ° ))
=sin (30° ) x sin (18 ° ) =4(sin (24° ) +sin (84° ))
= _!_ x sin (18° ) . 24 ° +84 ° 24 ° -84 °
2 = 4 ( 2sm (--- ) cos (�·-- ))
2 2
1 Js-1
=-x-.- =8(sin (54 ° ) cos (30 ° ))
2 4
=8 (sin (36 ° ) cos (30 ° ))
= (Js -1)
172. We have sin2(48° ) - cos2( 12 ° )
=8( �tx½)
=COS (48 ° + 12 ° ) X COS (48 ° - 12 ° )
=(Js+1)
= COS (60 ° ) X COS (36 ° )
1Js +1 176. We have
2 4 tan (6 ° ) · too (42 ° )· tan (66 ° ) tan (78 °)
=-X--

=(tan (6 ° ) · tan (66 ° )) x (tan (42 ° ) · tan (78 ° ))

= Js +1 1
8 = ) x (tan (6 )· tan (54 ) · tan (66 ))
tan ( 54 0
° ° °

173. We have sin (12° ) · sin (48 ° ) · sin (54° ) x (tan (42 ° ) · tan (78 ° ))
1
= . (sin (12 ° )·sin ( 48 ° ) · sin (72 ° ))(sin (54 ° )) = x (tan (6 ° ) · tan (60 ° - 6 ° )· tan (60 °
sm (72 ° ) tan (54 0 ) + 6 °
)) x (tan (42 ° )· tan (78° ))
1
=--- = ---(tan (18° )) x (tan (42 ° ) · tan (78 ))
4 sin (72 )
°

tan (54 )
° °

(4 sin (60° -12° )·sin (12 ° )·sin (60° + 12 ° )) x (cos (36° )) l

= --- (tan (18 ° )·tan (42 ° )·tan (78 ° ))
1 tan (54 ° )
= . (sin (36 ° ) · cos (36° ))
4 sin (72 °)
=---
1 tan (54 )
= (2 sin (36 ° ) · cos (36 °))
°

8 sin (72 ° ) (tan (60° - 18° ) · tan (18 ° ) · tan (60 ° + 18 ° ))

1
= (sin (72 ° )) 1
8 sin(72 ° ) · =--- x (·tan (54 °))
tan (54° )
=- =1

32
 Ratio & Identities

1 77 . We have (1+cos{;)}(1+cos(3;)) = (2-(1-cos ( :) 1+c

) -( os (:)))
5
. (1 +cos ( ;)) {1 +cos( ;)) =(2-(1-1 1+
7

}( 1 ))
=(1+ cos(;)) ·(l c s
+ o (7;)) =(2-(1- )
½ )
3 .
. ( 1 + cos ( :)) (1 + cos (
5:
)) 2
=
=(1+cos(; 1 79. Wehave
) }(1-ws (;
))
cos (;) + cos ( ;) + cos (
4 4 3 4 5:) +cos ( ;)
4 7

-(1+cos( ;)} (1-cos

(3;))
3

4 3
= cos4 (
;) +cos ( ;) +cos ( ;) + cos (;)
4 3 4

=(1-cos2 (;)). ( ( 1- cos

2
;))
3

+cos (3;)+ cos ( ;)

4 4

3
= (sin 2 (;)). ( ( sin
2
;))
= 2(cos4 (;)+ s4
3
co ( ;))
= ¾(2 sin 2 (;)). ( (2 sin
2
;))
3

= 2(cos4 (;) + sin 4

(;))
=¾(1-cos(: )) . 1- s(
( w :))
3

= 2( 1-2 cos2 (;). (; ))sin 2

=¾(1-
1}(1+ 1)

=¾(1-
=(2-(2 cos2 (; )) ·( ( ;)))
2 sin
2

½).
= (2-( 1 +cos ( )) · ( 1+cos
= : (:)))

1 78. We have =(2-(1+* 1-

}( l))
. (1C)+sm
sm . (51r) + sm
. ( 1r)+sm . 4(71r)
=(2-(1
4 4 3 4
8 8 8 8 �½))
. 4 (1C) + sm
= sm . 4( 1r)+sm . 4 (1C)
. 4 ( 1r) + sm
3 3

8 8 8 8 =
2
= 2(sin (;)+sin ( )
: ) 180. We have tan (20 ) tan (80 )
4 4 3
° °

=--[ta 1 n (40° ) tan(20 ) tan (80 ))

= 2(sin 4(;)+cos4 ;) tan (40 )
° °

( )
°

= -- xtan(60°)
( ;). (; ))
1
= 2(1-2 sin 2
cos
2
tan (40°)

=(2 -2 sin 2 (;). (;)) 2 cos2

=
tan (40°)
= ./3 cot (40° )
= (2-(2 sin 2 (;)). ( (;))) 2 cos 2
= ./3 tan ( 60°)

33
 Ratio & Identities

181. We have tan (10°) tan (70°) 2 4 6

184. Let S =.cos ( ; )+ cos ( ; )+cps ( ;)
1
= [tan (50°) tan (10°) tan ( 70°)]

=
tan (50°)
l X tan (30°)
� 2 s in (; )s = 2sin (;) cos (2;)
tan (50°) 6
+ 2 sin (;)cos ( �) + 2 sin (;)cos ( ;)
1
= .Jj x cot (50°)

1
� 2 s in (; )s = ( in ( 3; )- in (;))
s s
= X tan (40 )
°
.Jj 5 5
+(sin( ; )-sin ( ;) )+(s in( ; )- s in( ; ))
3 7

182. We have s in 55 ° - s in 19° +sin 53° - sin 17°

= (s in (55° ) + sin (53 )) - (s in (19 ) + s in (17 ))
° ° °
� 2 sin(; )s =-sin(;)
= 2 s in (54° ) cos (1° )- 2 s in (18°) cos (1°)
= 2 c os (1° )[s in (54°)- s in (18° )] � S=-_!_
2
1 ..{5 -1 Hence, the result.
= 2 COS (1 o)[ ..{5/ - ]
4
185. We have tan(1½ 0)+ cot(1½ 0)
1
= 2 COS (1 °) X - = COS (1 °)
2
183. We have s in(1½ cos (1½ )
0 0
)

= _....;....._---'-, +
(2; 4 6 0 s in ( 1J 0)
_....:........_:c..

)c os ( ;) cos ( ;) cos 1½ )
cos
(

s in (7 ½ + cos 2 ( 7 ½ 0)
2
= -cos (;)c os ( ;) cos
0
2 )

( �) _
-
s in ( 7 ½ (7½
0 0
) cos )

o
= � x[2,m(;)co,(�)]c s( ;)cos(4;)
2

2s 2
m

2
2 o o,(
= � [ sin ( ;) c s (2;)] c 4;)
22 s
2
( ff =---
s in (15 )
°

2
= x(i sm (4;) cos(4;)] = ../3-1
' �
2 s ( f)
2F2

=
1
23 s in (
f) . 8n
x sm (7) = 4J2
.Ji-1
4 (
= F2 )3+i) = 2F2(.Ji+l)
1 . (n+- 2
= x sm n7 )
3 , 1Z'
2 Slll (-) 186. Let y =cos ( i)- .Jj s in (i)

=2(½cos(i)- � smG))
= 2cos (i+ ;
)
dy . 1Z'
Now, -=- sm -+-)
(X
dx 2 3

34
 Ratio & Identities

= 2- (cos2 A- sin2 B)- cos2 C

For maximum
. or...
m1mmum,
·. . -
dy =0
dx = 2-(cos (A +B)· cos (A- B))- cos2 C
= 2-(cos (1r- C)· cos (A -B))- cos2 C
=> sin(i+; )=o
= 2 +cos C(cos (A- B)- cos C)
= 2 +cos C(cos (A-B)+cos (A +B ))
=> ( + )=1r
1 ; = 2 +cos C(2 cos A· cos B)
= 2 +2 cos A· cos B· cos C
=> -=Jr--=-
X 7r 27r
2 3 3 19 2. We have sin 2A +sin 2B + sin 2C
47r = 4 sinA sinB sin C
=> x=-
. 3 Also, cos A + cos B+cos C- 1
47r
Hence, the value of x 1s
.
3 = 2 cos ( A ; B) cos ( A
;
B )-2 sin2 ( �
)
187. If a and f3 be two different roots
A B
a cos 0 + b sin 0= c, then prove that =2cos(;- �)cos( ; )-2sin (�)
2

sin
. ( a+/3) :;: 2 b2 ·
2ab
= 2 sin ( �) cos( A ; B )-2 sin ( �)

�x
a + 2

188. We have, sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C

= (sin 2A+sin 2B)+sin 2C = 2 sin ( cos{ ; B )-sin ( �))
A

= 2(sin (A+ B) cos (A -B)) + sin 2C

= 2(sin (1r- C)· cos (A -B))+2 sin C cos C
= 2(sin C· cos (A- B))+2 sin C cos C
= 2 sin (�)(cos ( A
; B) � CQS ( A ; B))
= 2(sin C(cos (A- B)) + cos C)
= 2 sin C(cos (A-B)+cos (1r- (A+ B)))
= 2 sin ( � )2 sin ( i) sin ( �)

= 2 sin C(cos
(A-B)- cos (A+ B))
=4 sin (i) sin (�)sin ( �)
= 2 sin C(2 sin A sin B)
= 4 sin A : sin · sin C
B sin 2A + sin 2B + sin ZC
189. We have cos 2A + cos.2B+cos 2C Thus, --------,-
cos A + cos B+ cos C -1
= (cos 2A +cos 2B) + cos 2C
4 sin A sin B sin C
= 2 cos (A + B) cos (A- B)+c.os 2C =
4 sin (A/2) sin (B/2) sin (B/2)
= 2 cos {1r- C} cos (A- B) + cos 2C
=-2 cos C cos (A+ B)+2 cos2 C- 1 =8 co{ i)cos (�)cos{ �)
=-1-2 cos C(cos (A-B)- cos C)
=-1-2 cos C(cos (A- B) + cos (A+B)) 193.
(i) We have A+ B + C= 7r
=-1-2 cos C(2 cos A· cos B)
=> A+B=1r-C
=-1- 4 cos A· cos · cos C
B => tan (A+ B)= tan (1r- C)
190. We have sin2 A+ sin2 B- sin2 C tanA+tanB
= sin2 A+(sin2 B- sin2 C) => =-tanC
1-tanA-tanB
= sin2 A+sin (B+ C) sin (B- C)
=> tan A+tan B=-tan C(1- tan A · tan B)
= sin2 A+ sin (1r-A) sin (B- C) => tanA + tanB= -tan C +tan A · tanB · tan C
= sin2 A+ sin A sin (B- C) => tan A+ tanB +tan C= tan A· tanB· tan C
= sinA(sin A+ sin (B- C)) (ii) As we know that,
= sinA(sin (B+C) +sin (B-C)) tan A+ tanB+tan C= tan A· tanB · tan C
= sin A(2 sin B cos C) Dividing both the sides by
'tanA · tan B· tan C', we get,
= 2 sinA · sinB · cos C
tan A tan
19 1.(i) We have sin2 A +sin2 B + sin2 C =------ + B
tanA·tanB·tanC tanA·tanB·tanC
= 1- cos2 A+sin2 B+sin2 C
. tanC
= 1-(cos2 A- sin2 B)+(1- cos2 C) + =l
tanA·tanB·tanC

35
 Ratio & Identities

1 1 1 sin�
----+ + =1 Simil ra ly, (cotB +cot C) = .
tanB·tanC tanA-tanC tanA·tanB smBsmC
=> cot B · cotC+cotA · cotC+cotA · cotB = 1 sinB
n . tC+cotA) = ----
a d ( co
194. Wehave A + B + C= 21' sinA sinC
=> A +B+C = 2n Thus, (cotA +cotB)(cotB +cot q
=> A +B = 2n-(C+D) (cotC+cotA)
=> tan(A+ B) =tan{2n-(C+ D)} sinC sin B sinA
=----x----x----
=> tan (A+ B) = -tan(C + D) sin AsinB sin Asin C sinBsinC
tanA+tanB tanC+tanD =------
1
1-tanA·tanB 1-tanC·tanD sinAsinBsinC
=cosecA cosecB cosec C
=> (tn a A +tanB)(l -tan C ·tanD)
= -(tanC+tanD)(l -tanA · tanB) 195. Putx =tanA,y = tanBandz = tanC
=> tan A+ tanB-tanA · tanC · tanD Given,.xy + yz + zx = 1
-tanB · tanC · tanD => tanA·tanB+tanB·tanC+tanC-tanA = l
= -tan C-tanD +tan A· tanB · tanC+tanA· tanB-tanC+tanC-tanA = 1-tanA-tanB
tanB· tanD tanC(tanB+tanA) = 1-tanA-tanB
=> tanA+tanB+tanC+tanD tanA+tanB 1
=tanA·tanC · tanD + tanB ·tanC ·tanD+tan 1-tanA·tanB tanC

=>
A·tanB · tanC+tanA · tanB · tanD
tan A+tanB+tanC+tanD tan(A+ B) =cot C =tan (;-c)
tan A· tan B·tanC-tanD
tanA·tanB-tanC
=------ --- (A+B) = (;-c)
tanA· tan B ·tanC·tan D
1C
tanA-tanC-tanD (A+B+C)=-
+--------- 2
tanA-tanB·tanC·tanD
Now,
tanA -tan B ·tan D X Z
+-----�--- LHS =--2 +-- y -
tan A·tanB·tan C-tanD 2 +- 2
1-x 1-y 1-z
. tanB·tanC·tanD
+
tan A·tanB-tanC-tanD = tan A + tanB + tanC
1-tan2 A 1-tan2 B 1-ta· n2 C
tanA+tan B+tan C+tanD
tanA·tanB·tanC ·tanD =
_!_(
2'tan A + 2tan B + 2tanC
2 1-tan2 A 1-tan2B 1-tan2C
)
1 1 1 1
=-- +-- +--+-­ 1
=-(tan 2A +tan2B +tan 2C)
tanA tanB tanC tanD 2
tanA+tanB+tanC+tanD 1
=> =-(tan 2A ·tan 2B ·tan2C)
tan A·tan B ·tanC ·tanD 2
=cotA +cotB +cotC+cotD 1 2tanA 2tanB 2tanC
= ( · · )
tanA+tanB+tanC+tanD 2 1-tan2A l-tan2B l-tan2C
cotA+cot B +cotC+cot D 4tanA·tanB·tanC
=( )
=tanA· tanB· tanC · tanD (1-tan2 A)(l- tan2 B)(l-tan2 C)
cosA cosB 4.xyz
194. We have (cotA+cotB) = --+-­ = ___ __..:_____
sinA sinB (1- x )(1- y2 )(1- z2 )
2

cos AsinB +sinA ·cosB

=--------- Hence ,the r s
e ult.
sinA sinB 196. Putx = tanA,y =tanB andz =tanC
= sin(A+B) sinC Given,xy + yz + zx = 1
sinAsinB sinA sinB => tanA-tanB+tanB·tanC+tanC-tanA= l

36
 Ratio & Identities

1C � cot A = cotB = cot C

� A+ B+C= So, Li is an equilatelal.
2
19 9. Given expression is
Now,LHS
x+y+z = xyz
=-x- _Y_+_z_
+ Putx = tanA,y = tanB andZ=tanC
l+ x2 1+ y2 l+z 2
So, tan A + tanB + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
1 2x 2y 2z tan A+ tan B =-tan C(l -tan A tanB)
= ( +
2 1+x + 1 + y 1+ z 2 )
2 2
tanA+tanB
-----=tan (1C - C)
- 1 ---+
2tanA 2tanB 2tan C (1-tanA tanB)
. 2 +---
-2 ( 2
l+ tan A 2)
l+tan B l+ tan C · tan (A+ B) = tan (1C- C)
(A+ B) = (1e- C)
=.!.(sin2A +sin 2B + sin2C) (A+ B+ C) = 1C
2
1 (3A +3B +3C) = 31e
=-( 4 cos A· cos B · cos C )
2 (3A + 3B) = 31e- 3C
= 2 cos A · cos B · cos C tan (3A +3B) = tan (31C- 3C)
2 tan3A + tan 3B
=------'-- = -tan3C
sec A ·sec B ·sec C 1-tan3Atan 3B
2 tan 3A +tan 3B +tan 3C
-
�(1+tan 2A)(l+ tan 2B)(l+tan 2C ) = tan 3A · tan 3B · tan3C
2 3 tan A-tan 3 A 3 tan B-tan3B 3 tanC -tan3C
- -----+----- +-----
2
�(1+x )(1+ y2)(1 + z 2 ) 1-3 tan2A 1-3tan2 B 1-3 tan 2C

Hence, the result. 3 tanA -tan3 A 3 tan B -tan3 B 3 tan C -tan 3C

· ·
19 7. Let A = 1e-/3,B = /3.-y, C= y-a 1-3 tan 2 A 1-3 tan 2 B 1-3 tan2 C
Now,A +B + C = 0 3x-x3 3y-y3 3z-z 3
+ +
� A+B = -C: 1-3x 2 1-3y 2 -- 1-3z.2
tan (A+ B) == tan (-C) = -tan C 3x-x3 3y-y3 3z-z 3
tan A+ tanB = · ·
= -'tan C 1-3x2 1-3y 2 1-3z 2
1-tartAtanB Hence, the result.
� tanA+tanB=-tan C +tanA tanBtan C 20 0. We have 1+cos 56° +cos 58 ° -cos 66°
� tanA+tanB+tan:C = (1- cos (66° )) + (cos (58 ° ))+cos (56° ))
=tanAtanBtanC = 2sin2 (33 ° ) +2 cos (57 ° ) cos (1° )
� n
tan (a- /3) +tan (/3- + tan (r-: a) = 2 sin2 (33 ° ) +2 sin (33 ° ) cos (1° )
= tan (a-/3) tan(/3-,? tan (r-a) = 2 sin (33 ° )(sin (33 ° )+cos (1° ))
19 8. We have cot A+ cot B +cot C=fi = 2 sin (33 ° )(cos (57° )+cos (1° ))
� (cot A +cot B +cot C)2 = 3 °
= 2 sin (33 ° )(2 cos (29° ) cos (28 ))
� cot2 A +cot2 B +cot2 C = 4 cos (29° ) sin (28° ) sin (33 )°

+2(cot A cot B +cot-B cot C +cot C cot A) = 3 Hence, the result.

� cot2 A +cot2 B +cot2 C +2= 3 201. Let S =sin a+sin(a+ /3) +sin (a+ 2/3)
� cot2 A +cot2 B +cot2 C = 1
+sin(a+3/3)+ ... +sin(a+ (n-l )a)
� cot2 A + cot2 B +cot2 C
Now,
= (cot A cot B + cotB cot C +cot C cotA)
1 2sin a sin ( �)=cos (a- � )-cos (a + �)
� -[(cot A -cot B)2 + (cot A -cot B)2 +
2
�
{cot A -cotB)2] = 0
(cot A - cot B)2 = 0, (cot B - cot C)2 = 0, 2sin (a+ /3)· sin(�)=cos (a + �)-cos (a + 3f )
�
(cot C -cot A)2 = 0
cot A = cotB,cotB = cot C,
cot C=cotA
2sin(a +2/3)·sin(�)=cos (a + 3f )-cos( a+ f)
5

37