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Lab Manual 01 PDF

This document provides an introduction to databases and SQL Server. It discusses that a database is a collection of organized information that can be easily accessed and updated. SQL Server is a relational database management system that uses T-SQL as its query language. The document outlines the history of SQL and describes how SQL Server uses a client/server model. It also discusses installing SQL Server instances and introduces the SQL Server graphical user interface. The lab activities at the end ask students to elaborate on creating multiple SQL Server instances, differentiate procedural and non-procedural SQL, list databases they know, and explain why SQL Server is an RDBMS.

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Shahid Zikria
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
253 views

Lab Manual 01 PDF

This document provides an introduction to databases and SQL Server. It discusses that a database is a collection of organized information that can be easily accessed and updated. SQL Server is a relational database management system that uses T-SQL as its query language. The document outlines the history of SQL and describes how SQL Server uses a client/server model. It also discusses installing SQL Server instances and introduces the SQL Server graphical user interface. The lab activities at the end ask students to elaborate on creating multiple SQL Server instances, differentiate procedural and non-procedural SQL, list databases they know, and explain why SQL Server is an RDBMS.

Uploaded by

Shahid Zikria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Computer Science & Information Technology

Khawja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology

Course: Database Systems

Lab Instructor:
Ms. Hira Kanwal

Student Name

Student Roll #

Department

Batch/Year/Section

For Lab. Instructor

Marks Signature

KFUEIT Department of CS/IT

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Lab Manual # 1 Introduction to Databases

1.1. Objective
After this lab you would be able to understand:
1. Databases
2. What is SQL Server
3. T-SQL & PL-SQL
4. Brief History of SQL
5. Installation of SQL Server
6. SQL Server Instances
7. Introduction to SQL Server Graphical User Interface (GUI)

1.2. Databases
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed,
managed and updated.

In a database, data is organized into rows, columns and tables, and it is indexed to make it
easier to find relevant information. Relevant information is provided by managing relation
between different tables, this type of database is known as Relational Database. Data gets
updated, expanded and deleted as new information is added.

There are many popular RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems) available to
work with:

1. Microsoft Sql Server


2. MySql
3. Oracle
4. MS Access

1.3. What is SQL Server

SQL Server is a Microsoft product used to manage and store information. Technically, SQL
Server is a “Relational Database Management System” (RDBMS).

SQL is a language to operate databases (or we can say SQL is a query language); it includes
database creation, deletion, fetching rows, modifying rows, etc. It is an international language
recognized by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International
Organization for standardization). To be ANSI verified, all implemetations of SQL must
support same major queries (i.e., select, insert, update, delete, where).

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. This is the language used to manage and
administer the database server.

1.4. T-SQL & PL-SQL


SQL is the standard language for Relational Database System. All the Relational Database
Management Systems (RDMS) like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres
and SQL Server use SQL as their standard database language.

Also, they are using different dialects such as; MS SQL Server use T-SQL, Oracle use
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Lab Manual # 1 Introduction to Databases

PL/SQL, and MS Access version of SQL is called JET SQL.

T- SQL (Transact - SQL) is the Microsoft’s version / implementation of SQL. Transact SQL
is a declarative language. It tells the database engine what it wants, and the database engine
handles the processing.

While, PL- SQL (Procedural Language - SQL) is the Oracle’s version / implementation of
SQL.

1.5. SQL Server & Client/ Server Model


Microsoft's SQL Server is a client/server database engine. A client/server application can be
defined as one that is split into two parts: One part runs on a server, and the other part runs on
workstations. The server side of the application provides security, fault tolerance,
performance, concurrency, and reliable backups. The client side provides the user interface
and can contain empty reports, queries, and forms. The idea is to have the best of both worlds
by taking advantage of both and pairing them together.

1.6. Brief History of SQL


1. In 1974, D Chamlerlin, from IBM Sanjose laboratory defined a language called
Structured English Query Language or SEQUEL.
2. In 1976, SEQUEL was revised as SEQUEL/2, but the name was subsequently
changed to SQL. In the same year, IBM produced a prototype DBMS based on
SEQUEL/2 called System R. The purpose was to validate the feasibility of the
relational model. The most important result of this development was the
development of SQL with this.
3. The roots of SQL are in the language SQUARE (Specifying Queries As Relational
Expressions) which predates the System R project.
*(SQUARE was designed as a research language in 1975 to implement relational
algebra with English sentences)
4. In late 1970’s, Oracle was produced, the first ever implementation of relational
DBMS based on SQL.

1.7. Installation of Microsoft SQL Server 2008

1.8. SQL Server Instances


An instance of the Database Engine is a copy of the sqlservr.exe executable that runs as an
operating system service. Applications connect to the instance in order to perform work in a
database managed by the instance.

Note: You can run multiple instances of the Database Engine on a computer. One instance
can be the default instance. The default instance has no name. If a connection request
specifies only the name of the computer, the connection is made to the default instance. A
named instance is one where you specify an instance name when installing the instance. A
connection request must specify both the computer name and instance name in order to
connect to the instance. There is no requirement to install a default instance; all of the

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Lab Manual # 1 Introduction to Databases

instances running on a computer can be named instances.

1.9. Introduction to SQL Server GUI


At first the following screen appears to connect to the server. As, our sql server
instance and sql management studio, lies on the same computer, the Server name
could be one of the following:

1. .
2. (local)
3. Name of your computer
After successful connection the management studio will open.

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Lab Manual # 1 Introduction to Databases

1.10. LAB ACTIVITIES

1.10.1. Can we create multiple instances of SQL Server on the same machine?
Elaborate.

1.10.2. Differentiate b/w Procedural Language SQL and Non Procedural Language SQL.

1.10.3. Write names of different databases you know.

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Lab Manual # 1 Introduction to Databases

1.10.4. MS SQL Server is a RDBMS, Why?

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