INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

DR. Mst. Nasima Bagum

Date: 4/5/2020
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Heat engine:
A heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into
thermal energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical work. It is
classified into two types-
(a) External combustion engine
(b) Internal combustion engine

External combustion engine:

In this engine, the products of combustion of air and fuel transfer heat to a
second fluid which is the working fluid of the cycle.
Examples:
*In the steam engine or a steam turbine plant, the heat of combustion is employed to generate steam
which is used in a piston engine (reciprocating type engine) or a turbine (rotary type engine) for
useful work.
*In a closed cycle gas turbine, the heat of combustion in an external furnace is transferred to gas,
usually air which the working fluid of the cycle.

Internal combustion engine:

In this engine, the combustion of air and fuels take place inside the cylinder
and are used as the direct motive force.
 Classification of IC engine
It can be classified into the following types:
1. According to the basic engine design-
(a) Reciprocating engine (Use of cylinder piston arrangement), (b)
Rotary engine (Use of turbine)

2. According to the type of fuel used-

(a) Petrol engine, (b) diesel engine, (c) gas engine (CNG, LPG),(d)
Alcohol engine (ethanol, methanol etc)

3. According to the number of strokes per cycle-

(a) Four stroke and (b) Two stroke engine

4. According to the method of igniting the fuel-

(a) Spark ignition engine, (b) compression ignition engine and (c) hot
spot ignition engine

5. According to the working cycle-

(a) Otto cycle (constant volume cycle) engine, (b) diesel cycle
(constant pressure cycle) engine, (c) dual combustion cycle
(semi diesel cycle) engine.

6. According to the fuel supply and mixture preparation-

(a) Carbureted type (fuel supplied through the carburettor), (b)
Injection type (fuel injected into inlet ports or inlet manifold,
fuel injected into the cylinder just before ignition).

7. According to the number of cylinder-

(a) Single cylinder and (b) multi-cylinder engine
 Classification of IC engine CONT.
8. Method of cooling-
water cooled or air cooled

9. Speed of the engine-

Slow speed, medium speed and high speed engine

10. Cylinder arrangement-

Vertical, horizontal, inline, V-type, radial, opposed cylinder
or piston engines.

11. Valve or port design and location-

Overhead (I head), side valve (L head); in two stroke engines:
cross scavenging, loop scavenging, uniflow scavenging.

12. Method governing-

Hit and miss governed engines, quantitatively governed engines
and qualitatively governed engine

14. Application-
Automotive engines for land transport, marine engines for
propulsion of ships, aircraft engines for aircraft propulsion,
industrial engines, prime movers for electrical generators.
Comparison between external combustion engine and
internal combustion engine
 Main components of reciprocating IC
engines
• Cylinder
• Cylinder head
• Piston
• Piston rings
• Connecting rod
• Crankshaft
• Crank case
• Flywheel
 Terminology used in IC engine
1. Cylinder bore (D): The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder.
2. Piston area (A): The area of circle of diameter equal to the cylinder
bore.
3. Stroke (L): The nominal distance through which a working piston moves
between two successive reversals of its direction of motion.
4. Dead center: The position of the working piston and the moving parts
which are mechanically connected to it at the moment when the
direction of the piston motion is reversed (at either end point of
the stroke).
(a) Bottom dead centre (BDC): Dead centre when the piston is
nearest to the crankshaft.
(b) Top dead centre (TDC): Dead centre when the position is
farthest from the crankshaft.
5. Displacement volume or swept volume (Vs): The nominal volume
generated by the working piston when travelling from the one
dead centre to next one and given as,
Vs=A × L
6. Clearance volume (Vc): the nominal volume of the space on the
combustion side of the piston at the top dead centre.
7. Cylinder volume (V): Total volume of the cylinder.
V= Vs + Vc
Vs
8. Compression ratio (r) =
Vc
 Four stroke engine
Cycle of operation completed in four
strokes of the piston or two revolution
of the piston

(i) Suction stroke (suction valve

open, exhaust valve closed)
-charge consisting of fresh air mixed
with the fuel is drawn into the cylinder
due to the vacuum pressure created by
the movement of the piston from TDC to
BDC.

(ii) Compression stroke (both

valves closed)-
Fresh charge is compressed into
clearance volume by the return stroke of
the piston and ignited by the spark for
combustion. Hence pressure and
temperature is increased due to the
combustion of fuel

(iii) Expansion stroke (both valves

closed)-
High pressure of the burnt gases force
the piston towards BDC and hence
power is obtained at the crankshaft.

(iv) Exhaust stroke (exhaust valve

open, suction valve closed)-
Burned gases expel out due to the
movement of piston from BDC to TDC.
 Valve timing diagram:
A valve timing diagram is a graphical representation of the exact moments, in the
sequence of operations, at which the two valves (i.e. inlet and exhaust valves) open
and close as well as firing of the fuel. It is, generally, expressed in terms of angular
positions of the crankshaft.

Theoretical valve timing diagram for four stroke cycle engine

Actual valve timing diagram is different from theoretical due to two factors-mechanical and
dynamic factors.
FOUR STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE
• Also known as Otto cycle. It requires four strokes of the piston to
complete one cycle of operation in the engine cylinder.
• The four strokes of a petrol engine sucking fuel-air mixture (petrol
mixed with proportionate quantity of air in the carburetor known as
charge) are shown in figure
1. Suction or charging stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Expansion or working stroke
4. Exhaust stroke
FOUR STROKE CYCLE Diesel ENGINE
• Also known as compression ignition engine because the ignition
takes place due to the heat produced in the engine cylinder at the
end of compression stroke.
1. Suction or charging stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Expansion or working stroke
4. Exhaust stroke
 Actual indicator diagram for a four stroke cycle petrol engine
1. The suction stroke ( line 1-2), lies below
the atmospheric pressure line.
2. The compression stroke(line 2-3),
shows that the inlet valve closes (lVC) a
little beyond 2 (i.e. BDC).
• At the end of this stroke, there is an
increase in the pressure inside the
engine cylinder.
• Shortly before the end of
compression stroke (i.e. TDC), the
charge is ignited (lGN) with the help
of spark plug. The sparking
suddenly increases pressure and
temperature of the products of
combustion. But the volume,
practically, remains constant (line
3-4).
3. The expansion stroke (line 4-5), shows
that the the exit valve opens (EVO) a
little before 5 (i.e. BDC). Now the burnt
gases are exhausted into the
atmosphere through the exit valve.
4. The exhaust stroke (line 5-1), lies above
the atmospheric pressure line.
 ACTUAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM FOR A FOUR STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE
1. The suction stroke ( line 1-2), lies below
the atmospheric pressure line.
2. The compression stroke(line 2-3),
shows that the inlet valve closes (lVC) a
little beyond 2 (i.e. BDC).
• At the end of this stroke, there is an
increase in the pressure inside the
engine cylinder.
• Shortly before the end of
compression stroke (i.e. TDC), fuel
valve opens (FVO) and the fuel is
injected into the engine cylinder.
The fuel is ignited. The ignition
suddenly increases volume and
temperature of the products of
combustion. But the pressure,
practically, remains constant (line
3-4).
3. The expansion stroke (line 4-5), shows
that the the exit valve opens (EVO) a
little before 5 (i.e. BDC). Now the burnt
gases are exhausted into the
atmosphere through the exit valve.
4. The exhaust stroke (line 5-1), lies above
the atmospheric pressure line.
The suction stroke ( line 1-2), The exhaust stroke (line 5-1),
lies below the atmospheric lies above the atmospheric
pressure line. pressure line.
• It is this pressure difference, which • It is this pressure difference, which
makes the fuel-air mixture to flow into makes the burnt gases to flow out of
the engine cylinder. the engine cylinder.
• The inlet valve offers some resistance to • The exit valve offers some resistance to
the incoming charge. That is why, the the outgoing burnt gases. That is why
charge can not enter suddenly into the the burnt gases cannot escape suddenly
engine cylinder. from the engine cylinder.
• As a result of this, pressure inside the • As a result of this, pressure inside the
cylinder remains somewhat below the cylinder remains somewhat above the
atmospheric pressure during the atmospheric pressure line during the
suction stroke exhaust stroke
 COMPARISON OF PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINES

Petrol Engines Diesel Engines

• A petrol engine draws a mixture • A diesel engine draws only air

of petrol and air during suction during suction stroke
stroke. • The injector or atomizer is
• The carburetor is employed to employed to inject the fuel at
mix air and petrol in the the end of compression stroke.
required proportion and to
supply it to the engine during • Pressure at the end of
suction stroke compression is about 35 bar.
• Pressure at the end of • The fuel is injected in the form
compression is about 10 bar of fine spray. The temperature
• The charge (i.e. petrol and air of the compressed air (about
mixture) is ignited with the help 600"C at a pressure of about
of spark plug 35bar) is sufficiently high to
• The combustion of fuel takes ignite the fuel.
place approximately at constant • The combustion of fuel takes
volume. In other words, it works place approximately at constant
on Otto cycle pressure In other words. It
• A petrol engine has works on Diesel cycle.
compression ratio • A diesel engine has
approximately from 6 to 10. compression
ratio approximately from 15 to 25.
 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
A FOUR STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE

FOUR-STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE

SCAVENGING OF I.C. ENGINES
What is SCAVENGING?
The process of removing burnt gases, from the combustion chamber
of the engine cylinder, is known a scavenging.

Why?
The last stroke of an IC engine is the exhaust, which means the
removal of burnt gases from the engine cylinder. It has been
experienced that the burnt gases in the engine cylinder are not
completely exhausted before the suction stroke. But a part of the
gases still remain inside the cylinder and mix with the fresh charge.
As a result of this mixing, the fresh charge gets diluted and its
strength is reduced.

TYPES OF SCAVENGING
1. Cross flow scavenging
2. Backflow or loop scavenging
3. Uniflow scavenging
Cross flow scavenging Backflow or loop scavenging
The piston crown is The fresh charge, while
designed into a particular entering into the engine
shape, so that the fresh cylinder, forms a loop and
charge moves upwards and pushes out the burnt gases
pushes out the burnt gases
in the form of cross flow.
Uniflow scavenging
In this method, the fresh charge, while
entering from one side (qr sometimes
two sides) of the engine cylinder
pushes out the gases through the exit
valve situated on the top of the
cylinder. In uniflow scavenging, both
the fresh charge and burnt gases move
in the same upward direction as shown
in (c).
• Self study
Two stroke cycle engine