ALGEBRA FORMULAS c) B2 <4 AC ; the roots are imaginary

Exponents Binomial Theorem

1. x m ∙ x n=x m +n 1. rth term of a binomial expansion:
m
x m −n n ( n−1 ) ( n−2 ) ⋯ ( n−r + 2 ) ( x n−r +1 )( y r−1 )
2. n
=x a)
x ( r−1 ) !
n
3. ( x m ) =xmn n!(x n−r+1 r −1
)( y )
b)
4. ( x ∙ y )n=x n ∙ y n ( n−r + 1 ) ! ( r −1 ) !
1 m
5. m n
( x ) =x n 2. Middle Term of Binomial Expansion:
x n xn n
6.
y()= n
y
a) r = +1
2
0 then solve for the rth term.
7. x =1
3. Sum of Exponents:
Radicals a) S=n ( n+1 )
1. √n xy=√n x ∙ √n y 4. Sum of coefficients:
a) ( x + y )n
n x √n x
2.
√ =n
y √y
3. if y n= x ; then y =√
n
Substitute x = 1 and y = 1
b) ( x +c )n
x
m Substitute x = 1 then subtract c n
4. x n = n x m
√ 5. Coefficient of the term containing x n-mym
m n!
a) k =
m
5. x n =( √
n
x) ( n−m ) ! m!
m n mn
6. √√x= √x Mathematical Induction
Properties of Logarithm
n ( n+ 1 )
1. log xy=log x + log y 1. 1+2+3+ ⋯+n=
2
x 2. 2+ 4+6+ ⋯+2 n=n ( n+1 )
2. log =log x−log y
y n ( 2n−1 ) ( 2n+ 1 )
2 2 2 2
3. log x 2=2 log x 3. 1 +3 +5 +⋯+ ( 2n−1 ) =
3
log N 2 2
4. log b N = n ( n+ 1 )
log b 4. 13 +23 +33 +⋯ n 3=
4
5. if log a N =x ; then ax =N 2 n ( n+1 ) ( 2n+1 )
2 2 2 2
1 5. 2 +4 +6 +⋯ ( 2 n ) =
6. log a b= 3
log b a 6.
7. ln e=1
n [ 2 a+ ( n−1 ) d ]
8. log a=log 10 a a+ ( a+d ) + ( a+2 d ) +⋯ a+ ( n−1 ) d=
2
9. ln a=log e a
a−a r n
7. a+ ar +a r 2 +⋯ ar n−1=
Quadratic Equations 1−r
1. Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 Sigma Notation
2
−B± √ B −4 AC n
2. x=
2A 1. ∑ ai=a1 +a 2+ ⋯ an
i=1
Sum of roots
Theory of Equations
−B
3. x 1+ x 2= 1. Remainder Theorem: If a polynomial f(x) is
A
divided by x-r, until a remainder free of x is
Product of Roots obtained, the resulting remainder is equal to f(r).

C
4. ( x 1 ) ( x 2 ) = 2. Factor Theorem: If r is a root of the polynomial
A equation f(x) = 0, then x-r is a factor of f(x) and
Discriminant: conversely if x-r is a factor of f(x), then r is a root
of the equation.
5. B2−4 AC
a) B2=4 AC ; the roots are equal
Proportions and Variations
b) B2 >4 AC ; the roots are real∧unequal
 1. In any proportion the product of the means is 2. S = V t
equal to the product of the extremes. Where:
a c S = Distance
2. = ; ad=bc
b d V = Constant Velocity
a c b d t = time
3. if = ; then =
b d a c
Age Problems
a c a b
4. if = ; then =
b d c d 1. Note: it is advisable to draw a sketch to show the
a c a+ b c+ d relation of the past, present and the future.
5. if = ; then =
b d b d x = present age
a c a−b c−d x – 10 = age 10 years ago
6. if = ; then =
b d b d x + 5 = age 5yrs from now
a c a+ b c +d
7. if = ; then = Fractions
b d a−b c−d
8. If y varies directly as x; then y = kx. 1. Simple/Proper fractions – Numerator is less than
k = constant of variation or constant of the denominator.
proportionality. 2. Improper fractions – Numerator is greater than
9. If y varies inversely as x; then y = k/x. the denominator.
3. Mixed Numbers – A whole number with a simple
fractional remainder.

Work Problems
4. Distinct Linear Factors
1. If a man could finish a job in “x” days, then in one
day he could finish only 1/x of the job. x 2 +4 x−8 A B C
a) = + +
( x−1 )( x +2 ) ( x −3 ) x −1 x+2 x−3
2. If both x and y are the number of days each man
work alone, then if they work together they could 5. Repeated Linear Factors
finish it in “t” days. x 2+ 4 x−8 A B C
a) 2
= 2
+ +
1 1 1 ( x+2 ) ( x−3 ) ( x+2 ) x +2 x−3
+ = x2 + 4 x−8 A B C
x y t b) = + +
3 3 2
( x−3 ) ( x−3 ) ( x−3 ) x−3
Digit Problems

1. u = unit’s digit 6. Distinct Quadratic Factors

2. t = ten’s digit 3 x 2−8 x 2 + x +1 A Bx +C
a) = + 2
3. h = hundred’s digit ( x +1 ) ( x + x +1 ) x +1 x + x+1
2

4. 100h + 10t + u = the number b)

5. 100u + 10t + h = reversed number
3 x 2−8 x 2 + x+ 1 Ax +B Cx + D
2 2
= 2 + 2
Significant Figures ( 2 x −x +1 ) ( x + x+1 ) 2 x −x+1 x + x +1
1. Zeroes between non-zero numbers are significant.
7. Repeated Quadratic Factors
2. For values less than one, zeroes immediately to
a)
the right of the decimal are not significant.
3. Zeroes placed at the end of decimal numbers are 3 x 2−8 x 2 + x+1 A Bx+ C Dx + E
2
= + +
significant. 2
( x+1 ) ( x + x+1 ) x+ 1 x2 + x +1 ( x 2 + x+1 )2

Examples: Clock Problems

a) One significant figure = 200, 300, 9, 8000, 1) One space in the clock is equivalent to 5mins.
0.00006, 0.02, 0.004 2) If the minute hand moves a distance of “x”, the
b) Two significant figures = 34, 0.36, 0.030, 0.00048, hour hand only moves a distance of “x/12”.
2.8, 0.0038
c) Three significant figures = 234, 13.6, 2.48, Arithmetic Progression
0.000364 1. The nth term: a n=a+ ( n−1 ) d
d) Four significant figures = 200.0, 64.56, 0.8623,
2. The sum of all terms:
0.0003245
n [ a+ an ]
a) S=
Rate Problems 2
1. Distance = Rate x Time
 n [ 2 a+ ( n−1 ) d ] a) A=rs
b) S= a+ b+c
2 b) s=
3. Arithmetic Mean ( x́) 2
a +a + ⋯+a n 6. Area of triangle with an inscribed circle tangent to
a) x́= 1 2 a side “a”:
n
4. Variance (V) a) A=r ( s−a )
2 2 2 a+ b+c
( a1−x́ ) + ( a2 −x́ ) + ⋯+ ( a n−x́ ) b) s=
a) V = 2
n 7. Length of medians:
5. Standard Deviation 1
a) SD=√ V a) h a= √ 2b 2+2 c 2−a2
2
Harmonic Progression

1. The reciprocal is in Arithmetic Progression.

Geometric Progression

2 nd 3rd 4 th
1. r = = =
1 st 2 nd 3 rd
n−1
2. a n=ar
3. if r <1
a ( 1−r n )
a) S=
1−r
a−a n r
b) S=
1−r
4. if r >1
a ( r n−1 )
c) S=
r−1
a n r −a
d) S=
r−1
5. Sum of infinite progression
a
a) S=
1−r

Geometry

Triangles

1. Area of triangle with three sides given:

a) A=√ s ( s−a ) ( s−b )( s−c )
a+ b+c
b) s=
2
2. Area of triangle with two adjacent sides given and
the included angle:
b c sin θ
a) A=
2
3. Area of triangle with one side and two adjacent
angles given:
b 2 sin A sin C
a) A=
2sin B
4. Area of triangle inscribed in a circle:
abc
a) A=
4r
5. Area of triangle circumscribing a circle:
 ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Complex Numbers

1. X + yi = complex number
a) 3 + 4i = complex number (algebraic form)
Where: 3 = real part and 4 = imaginary part
2. i2 = -1
3. ( a+ bi ) + ( c+ di ) =( a+c ) + ( b+ d ) i
4. ( a+ bi ) ( c +di )=( ac−bd )+ ( bc−ad ) i
a+bi ( ac+ bd )+ ( bc−ad ) i
5. =
c +di c2 + d 2
Permutations - an arrangement of objects in a definite
order.

1. Permutations of different things:

a) The number of permutations of “n” different
things taken “r” at a time.
b) nPr = n (n-1) (n-2) … (n – r + 1)
n!
c) nPr= ; if n=r , thennPr=n!
( n−r ) !
2. Permutations of n things not all different:
n!
a) P=
r !q! ⋯
3. Cyclical Permutations of n different things taken n
at a time:
a)
P= ( n−−lical Permutations of n different things taken n at