Week 4 - Fiber Optics and Waveguides - Solutions
Week 4 - Fiber Optics and Waveguides - Solutions
Problem 1: Numerical aperture (NA) of a slab waveguide. Show that the numerical aperture
for a dielectric slab waveguide with refractive indices n1 for the core and n2 for the
cladding (n1>n2) is:
NA n12 n 22
Problem 2: Mode shape in a mirror waveguide. Demonstrate the characteristic sine and
cosine shape (FoP 8.1‐6) of the modes in a mirror waveguide by calculating the
interference between two plane waves that propagate at േߠ .
Problem 3: Wavenumber in an air‐filled mirror waveguide. Show that the wavenumber of
the mode with index m in a mirror waveguide has the following form:
m c
2
m k0 1
Also show that the group velocity for mode m can be written as follows:
d c2
v g ,m 0 m
d m
Problem 4: Calculate the number of modes for a wavelength of 800 nm for a mirror
waveguide with separation d=10 µm. Compare with a dielectric waveguide with
refractive indices n1=1.5 (core) and n2=1.45 (cladding). What are angles in respect to
the boundary for the modes with the largest mode index m in both cases?
Problem 5 (FoP 9.1‐2): Numerical aperture of a graded‐index fiber. Compare the numerical
apertures (NA) of a step‐index fiber with n1=1.45 and Δ=0.01 and a graded‐index fiber
with n1=1.45 and Δ=0.01, and a parabolic refractive index profile (p=2). (See Exercise
1.3‐2)
Problem 6 (FoP 9.2‐1): Modes. A step‐index fiber has radius a=5 µm, core refractive index
n1=1.45, and fractional refractive‐index change Δ=0.002. Determine the shortest
wavelength λc for which the fiber is a single‐mode waveguide. If the wavelength is
changed to λc/2, identify the indexes (l,m) of all the guided modes.
Problem 7 (FoP 9.2‐3): Propagation constants and group velocities. A step‐index fiber with
refractive indexes n1=1.444 and n2=1.443 operates at λ0=1.55 µm. Determine the core
radius at which the fiber V parameter is 10. Use Fig. 9.2‐3 to estimate the propagation
constants of all the guided modes with l=0. If the core radius is now changed so that
V=4, use Fig. 9.2‐8 to determine the phase velocity, the propagation constant, and the
group velocity of the LP01 mode. Ignore the effect of material dispersion.
Solutions
Problem 1: The numerical aperture of a dielectric slab waveguide is determined by the
refractive indexes of the core and the cladding. The critical angle for total internal reflection
is defined by sin c n2 / n1 cos c , whereas αc and θc are the angles in respect to the
normal and the boundary, respectively. We find the NA by looking for the largest angle α
that can be coupled from outside into the waveguide and still is being guided by total
internal reflection:
n12
sin n1 sin c n1 1 cos c n1 1 2 n12 n22
2
n2
Problem 2: We calculate the interference between the waves going at angles θm and –θm.
See FoP p. 294 for details.
E m E m Am exp jk my y j m z exp j m 1 exp jk my y j m z eˆ x
E m E m Am exp jk my y exp j m 1 jk my y exp j m z eˆ x
cosk my y j sin k my y cosk my y j sin k my y , m 1,3,5,...
E m E m Am exp j m z eˆ x
cosk y j sin k y cosk y j sin k y , m 2,4,6,...
my my my my
2 cosk my y , m 1,3,5,...
E m E m Am exp j m z eˆ x
2 j sin k y , m 2,4,6,...
my
One can obtain expression 8.1‐6 for the shape of the symmetric and asymmetric modes by
m k 2
1 , c 2d , ,
0
2d
2
m 2c 2c
m k 2
1 , c
c c
0
2
m c
m k 2
1
0
m 2
2
The group velocity can be obtained by writing k k 2
2
m . Taking the derivative
2
0
2
ym
c0 d
d m2 d 2 d m 1
in respect to ω yields 2 m m 2 2 .
d d c0 d c0 m v g
2d
Problem 4: For the mirror waveguide we M MirrorWG floor 24 modes, corresponding
240
to an inclination angle of sin m 24 73.4 .
2d
sin c
For the dielectric waveguide M DielectricWG ceil 10 modes and the angle
1 2d
n
corresponding to mode 10 is 10 a cos 2 14.8 .
n1
Problem 5: We know from the book and the lecture that the NA of a step‐index fiber is:
NAStep index n12 n 22
We use expressions (FoP 9.1‐4) for the refractive index of the graded‐index fiber.
r
p
n 2 (r ) n12 1 2
a
n12 n22
Now we compare with (FoP 1.3‐14): n 2 (r ) n12 1 2 r 2 . From that we yield
an1
.
We now use equation (FoP 1.3‐11), which describes how a ray propagates in a GRIN medium.
We chose a ray that starts at the optical axis (r=0). We want to know the maximum angle θc,
which remains confined in the fiber:
a c sin c a
2
To finally calculate the NA of the graded‐index fiber we assume a ray hitting the fiber on axis
with an angle θ in respect to the axis, then:
NAGraded index sin n1 sin c n1a n12 n22
Note that we used the paraxial approximation sin . The result is that the NAs of step‐
index and graded‐index fibers are identical within certain approximations.
Problem 6: The fiber is single‐mode, if the V parameter is <2.405. From that condition, we
can calculate the cut‐off wavelength λc=1198 nm. If we now look at the same fiber for a
wavelength of 599 nm, the V‐parameter doubles V=4.81. We can use the “mode quiz sheet”
from the lecture material to count the number of modes supported for V=4.81, which are
LP01, LP11, LP21, LP02. Please, note that fig. 9.2‐5 in the book is wrong; it forgets about all LP0m
(m>1). Finally, we can look at the degeneracy of the modes; all l=0 modes have a degeneracy
of 2, while all other have a degeneracy of 4. This means in total we have 12 possible modes.
Problem 7: The core radius can be obtained from the V parameter; a≈45.9 µm. By
numerically solving the characteristic equation (9.2‐14) or by estimating from fig. 9.2‐3 one
can get the x‐values for the different modes; x LP01 2.185, x LP02 4.997, x LP03 7.764 . The
2
xlm
wavenumbers can be obtained from lm k12 (derived from 9.2‐4 and 9.2‐8).
a2
01 5.853303123 10 -6 , 02 5.852484711 10 -6 , 03 5.851053175 10 -6 m‐1.
If V=4 now, the fiber radius becomes a≈18.4 µm. One can either estimate from fig. 9.2‐8 or
n n2
solve numerically for the effective refractive index 0.77 n 1.44377 . From this
n1 n 2
one can calculate the phase velocity vp01≈2.076452064x108 ms‐1 and the wave number
β01≈5.852575491x106 m‐1. The group velocity can only be obtained numerically. This is
beyond the scope of these exercises, but instructive fun with Maple or Matlab.
vg01≈2.077654x108 ms‐1. The group velocity thus is about 0.04% slower than the phase
velocity.