Data presentation

Dr. Humaira Nazneen

Associate professor
Dept. of Community Medicine
 Purposes of data presentation:

• It is the visual way to look at the data and see

what happened and make interpretations.
• It is usually the best way to show the data to
others.
• Graphical illustrations should be simple and
pleasing to eye
 Presentation of Statistical Data

• There are several methods of presentation of

data:
– Tables
– Charts & Diagrams
– Graphs
– Picture
– Special curves etc.,
Presentation of Statistical Data
Data presentation

Tabulation Drawing

Quantitative Qualitative
•Bar diagram –
•Histogram simple
•Frequency polygon multiple
•Frequency curve component
•Line chart •Pie diagram
•Scatter diagram •Picture diagram
•Map diagram
Tabulation of data

❖ Tabulation are devices for presenting

data from a mass of statistical data.
❖ It is the first step before the data is used
for analysis or interpretation.
❖ A table can be simple or complex,
depending upon measurement of single
sets of items or multiple sets of items.
 General Principal or rules for Tabulation

1. The tables should be numbered e.g., ; Table 1, table 2,

etc.
2. A title must be given to each table. The title must be
brief and self explanatory.
3. The headings of columns and rows should be clear and
concise.
4. The data must be presented according to size or
importance; chronologically, alphabetically or
geographically.
 General Principal or rules for
Tabulation contd.
5. If percentages or averages are to be compared, they
should be placed as close as possible
6. No table should be too large
7. Foot notes should be given where necessary,
providing explanatory notes or additional
information.
8. Sources should be mentioned when data is taken
from secondary sources.
9. Unimportant data may be grouped in a category
called ‘Others’
 General Principal or rules for Tabulation contd.
• table1: Distribution of respondents by education.
n=400
Education of respondents Frequency Percentage
Illiterate 93 23.25%
Primary 178 44.5%
Secondary 99 24.75%
Higher secondary 27 6.75%
Graduation & above 3 0.75%
Total 400 100%

Table: 1 shows that among all participants, most of the respondents' educational
level belongs to primary (44.5%) and secondary (24.75%).Very few of them
were graduate (0.75%).
 Types of Tables
• Simple table
• Frequency distribution table

• Others types are:

• 1. Univariate
• 2. Bivariate
• 3. Multivariate
 Univariate type of table
• table1: Distribution of respondents by education.
n=400
Education of respondents Frequency Percentage
Illiterate 93 23.25%
Primary 178 44.5%
Secondary 99 24.75%
Higher secondary 27 6.75%
Graduation & above 3 0.75%
Total 400 100%

Table: 1 shows that among all participants, most of the respondents' educational
level belongs to primary (44.5%) and secondary (24.75%).Very few of them
were graduate (0.75%).
 Bivariate Types of Tables
• Table-18: Level of knowledge on lungs diseases due to tobacco use in
relation to reading class of the student.

Reading
Level of knowledge on lungs diseases Total
classs
Poor knowledge Fair knowledge Good
n (%) n (%) knowledge
n (%)
Nine
47(73.4) 16(25.0) 1(1.6) 64(100.0)

Ten 52(72.2) 19(26.4) 1(1.6) 72(100.0)

Total 99(72.8) 35(25.7) 2(1.4) 136(100.0)

• Knowledge level of lungs diseases between class nine and ten were mostly
similar. So no study class was found to be significantly associated with
knowledge level.
 Charts & Diagrams

• These are useful methods of presenting

simple statiscal data.
• They are better retained in the memory than
statistical tables.
 Types of Charts & Diagrams

• Bar charts
• Histogram
• Pie charts
• Pictogram
 Bar charts
• It is a form of presentation in which the frequencies are
represented by rectangles
• Length of bar drawn vertical or horizontal indicates the
frequency characters.
• Bar chart is a popular and easy method for visual
comparison of magnitude of different frequencies .
• Its lengths are proportional to the magnitudes of the
events.
• It used in discrete data such as sex, profession or places.
• Spacing between two bars should be nearly equal to half of
the width of the bar.
▪ It is also known as bar diagram.
 Bar charts contd.

▪ Bar chart gives the visual impression

of magnitude of different frequencies
of discrete data such as morbidity,
mortality, immunization status etc.
Types of bar charts :

▪ Simple bar chart

▪ Multiple bar chart
▪ Component bar chart
Simple bar diagram:
•Values or frequency of data are represented by
bars may be vertical or horizontal.
•The scale in the vertical axis is taken in such a
way that the highest and lowest values are
covered.
•The width of the bar should be equal.
•Uniform gaps should be put between two bars
to make them distinct.
Simple Bar diagram

Religion distribution of a city

80
70
60
population

50
40 number
30
20
10
0
Muslim Hindu Buddist
Religion
Simple bar diagram
 Multiple/Compound bar diagram:

• Two or more simple bars are drawn

side by side without having any gap
and each of them is differently
coloured or shaded.
• It is drawn when it is necessary to
compare different phenomenon.
Multiple/Compound bar diagram:
.
Gender Distribution Boys
Girls
40
35
30
Number

25
20
15
10
5
0
Class 7 Class 8 Class 9
Gender
Multiple bar diagram
 Component bar diagram:
▪ The bars may be divided into two or more
parts, each part representing a certain item and
proportional to the magnitude of that particular
item.
▪ The components parts are differently coloured
or shaded to make them distinct.
 Component bar diagram
. Gender Distribution Girls
Boys
100%

80%
Number

60%

40%

20%

0%
Class 7 Class 8 Class 9
Gender
Component bar diagram
Pie Chart
▪Pie chart also known as pie diagram is an effective
way of presenting percentage parts when the whole
quantity is taken as 100.
▪The pie chart consists of circle sub divided into
sectors, (whose areas are proportional to various parts
into which the whole quantity is divided.)
▪First form the relative frequency distribution (%) and
convert the percent values into angles.
▪As circle consist of 3600. so in pie chart 1%= 3.60
▪It gives comparative differences at a glance
Pie Chart
Pie chart
Religion distribution of a city

5, 5%

20, 20%
Muslim
Hindu
Buddist

75, 75%
Pictogram
▪Pictogram means presentation of data in the
form of picture.
▪It is the popular method to impress the
frequency of occurrence of events to common
man by picture.
▪This is presenting data especially to persons
who do not understand charts.
▪Here small pictures or symbols are used to
represent the data.
▪It stimulates interest in information due to its
attractive values.
Pictogram
pictogram
 Map / spot diagram
• This is used to show graphical
distribution of frequencies of variable.
• Here single or multiple colours or dots
are used to indicate attack, cure or death
of persons.
Map diagram
Map diagram
Histogram:
▪Histogram is special type of bar graph/chart
▪It is a graphical presentation of frequency
distribution.
▪It consists of a series of blocks.
▪The Class intervals are given along the
horizontal axis and the frequencies along
the vertical axis.
▪The area of each block or rectangle is
proportional to the frequency.
Histogram
Histogram
Histogram
Frequency polygon:
Polygon is a figure with many angles.
It is area diagram of frequency distribution
developed over a histogram.
If we join the midpoint of class interval at
the height of frequency by straight lines it
gives a polygon.
Frequency polygon is also a special kind of
line graph
Frequency polygon
Frequency polygon
Frequency polygon
 What is its important?
• The histogram is
used when single
distribution is
presented while
frequency
polygon is largely
used for
comparison of
two or more
distributions.
Line Diagram

▪It is used to show the trend of a disease

or event over a period of time.
▪A line chart is used to represent data
over a continuous time span.
▪Data values are plotted as points that
are connected using line segments.
Line Diagram