1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe.

2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system.

1. Suppose that you were to go back in time and explore the early solar nebula (during the formation
of the solar system). If you were to travel outward from the proto-sun, the FIRST solid material you
would encounter would be
a.Dust-sized grains of rocky material
b.Snowflakes made of frozen water, methane, ammonia and carbon dioxide
c. Snowflakes of frozen hydrogen and helium
d.Dust-sized grains of frozen hydrogen, water ice and rocky minerals.
2. Which of the following statement best describes Nebular Theory
a. Nebulae are clouds of gas and dusts in space
b. The planets each formed from the collapse of their own separate nebulae
c. Our solar system fromed from the collapse of an interstellar cloud of gas and dust
d. It is a discarded idea that imagined planets forming as a result of a near-collission between our
sun and another star
3. What hypothesis is being described when a rogue star passed close to the sun about 5 billion years
ago and material in the form of hot gas is tidally stripped from the sun and the rogue star.
a. nebular hypothesis b. encounter hypothesis c. planetesimal d. protoplanet hypothesis

4. what causes the accretion process to accelerate during the formation of planetisimals?
a. Static electricity b. Gravity c. Centripetal motion d. Angular momentum

5. What do you think would be one of the disadvantages of encounter hypothesis?

a. explanation about inner worlds are denser than the outer worlds
b. explanation about the revolution of all the planets in the same direction
c. explanation about the Encounters between stars are extremely rare, as to be improbable in the
lifetime of the universe
d. explanation about hot gas contracts, not expands which will not form into planets

3. Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary to support
life.

1. assuming that you are one of the scientists who discovered a possible planet on one of the orbits of the solar system.
One of your goal is to identify whether life exists on that certain planet. What are the characteristics that you should
consider to get evidences that a certain planet supports life?

4. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow.

6. When a volcanic eruption spews gases and ash into the air, which two spheres are interacting?
A. Hydrosphere and geosphere B. Biosphere and geosphere
C. Geosphere and atmosphere D. Biosphere and atmosphere
7. when a wind can carry seeds to new places so more plants can grow, which two spheres are
interacting?
A) atmosphere and geosphere B) atmosphere and biosphere
C) atmosphere and hydrosphere D) geosphere and biosphere

8. when air temperature impacts the evaporation of lakes and streams, which two spheres are
interacting?
A) atmosphere and geosphere B) atmosphere and biosphere
C) atmosphere and hydrosphere D) geosphere and biosphere

If you are a scientist that works on understanding of the earth’s subsystems, what subsystem will you focus on studying?
Why?

(pwede ding magdagdag ng additional word analogy)

5. Explain the current advancements/information on the solar system

6. Show the contributions of personalities/people on the understanding of the earth’s system

 7. Identify the layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, core).
8. Differentiate the layers of the Earth.
14. Which of the following statements is NOT true about continental crust?
A. it has a thickness of 100 km C. it can be found beneath the ocean
B. it forms the continents D. it is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

15. Why is inner core solid even though it has high temperature?
A. it is because of the movement of the outer core
B. it is because of the low pressure and below freezing temperatures
C. it is because of a balance between hot and cold temperatures
D. it is because of the sky high pressure applied by the outer layers

35. crust: least dense: ___________________: ____________________

A. outer core: denser C. denser: inner core B. mantle: denser D. inner core: denser

38. crust: basalt and granite: ___________________: ____________________

A. mantle: nickel C. mantle: iron and magnesium
B. iron: outer core D. magnesium: outer core

identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
1. which of the following is a disadvantage of using the moh’s scale in measuring rock’s hardness?
A) it is easy to do B) the scale is quantitative
C) the scale is qualitative D) it can be done anywhere
2. Based on the definition of mineral, Which of the following materials are not classified as minerals?
A. bismuth B. fool’s gold C. synthetic diamond D. Talc

2. Silicates: Si and O: ____________:_________

A. oxides and: O2- an done or more mineral iron C. sulfates: S and O
B. Carbonates: C and O D. Halides: H and O

2. Luster: quality and intensity of reflected light: ____________________:___________-

A. Hardness: measure of the mineral to falling C. cleavage: broken surfaces
B. color: identify through powder form of a mineral D. crystal form: external shape of a crystal

3. Talc: very soft: ______________________:______________

A. Quartz: soft B. Topaz: soft C. Diamond: hardest D. Gypsum: Very hard

4. Gold :metal and intermetal: ________: ____________-

A. Diamond: semi-metal B. Sulfur: non-metal C. Bismuth: intermetal D. Lead: semi-metal

5. Why is color not always a useful property in mineral identification? Give an example of a mineral that supports your
answer.
classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

3. describe how rocks undergo weathering

1. Which of the following is not a cause of mechanical weathering?
A. ice B. tree roots C. water D. moss

17. Mechanical: Animals: ____________________: _______________________

A. biological: water B. physical: acid C. chemical: oxidation D. mechanical: ice

52-60. Construct a concept map that describes the three ways how rocks undergo weathering.

4. explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and deposited elsewhere
5. make a report on how rocks and soil move downslope due to the direct action of gravity
2. Which of the following best describes erosion?
A. the process of breaking down rocks
B. sediments are moved and deposited or “dropped off”
C. the removal and transport of material from one place to another
D. occurs when minerals are chemically changed into another mineral

3. Which of the following is NOT a type of mass movement?

A. slab B. land slide C. creep D. none of the above
 4. What type of mass movement is shown in this illustration?

A. land slide B. mud slide

C. rock slide D. creep

20. Rock slides: rock: ____________________: _______________________

A. mud slide: water and soil B. land slide: water, rock and soil
C. land slide: water and soil D. mud slide: water, rock and soil

describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from.

5. As you move from the surface of the Earth to the inner core, what happens to the temperature?
A. it increases B. it decreases C. all stays the same D. it increases then decreases

6. As you move from the surface of the Earth to the inner core, what happens to the density of the
materials of each layer?
A. it increases B. it decreases C. all stays the same D. it increases then decreases

15. Why is inner core solid even though it has high temperature?
A. it is because of the movement of the outer core
B. it is because of the low pressure and below freezing temperatures
C. it is because of a balance between hot and cold temperatures
D. it is because of the sky high pressure applied by the outer layers

7. describe how magma is formed (magmatism)

8. describe what happens after the magma is formed (plutonism and volcanism)
7. Which of the following would you look through in two rocks to identify their rate of cooling?
A. color B. crystal formation C. density D. mass
8. Where would you expect to find largest crystals in lava flow?
A. near the top surface of the flow
B. in the center of the flow
C. near the bottom of the flow
D. the crystals would have the same grain size throughout the flow
13. What does “molten” mean?
A. hot B. liquid C. heat D. solid
26. volcanism: extrusive: ____________________: _______________________
A. extrusive: plutonism B. extrusive: magmatism
C. intrusive: magmatism D. intrusive: plutonism

9. describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature
(metamorphism)

10. compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous rocks
11. describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compression, pulling apart, and shearing

12. explain how the continents drift

13. cite evidence that support continental

14. explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults

15. explain how the seafloor spreads