Scribd
Upload
23 views

Lecture 2.0

The document discusses various topics related to signals and systems including: 1) Classification of signals as either continuous-time/discrete-time and continuous-valued/discrete-valued. 2) Differences between continuous-time and discrete-time signals including the process of sampling. 3) Characteristics of periodic and non-periodic signals for both continuous-time and discrete-time. It also describes various transformations that can be performed on signals including time shifting, folding/reflection, time scaling, and addition, multiplication, and amplitude scaling. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like energy, power, downsampling, and applying transformations to signals.

Uploaded by

Prince Raynal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views

Lecture 2.0

The document discusses various topics related to signals and systems including: 1) Classification of signals as either continuous-time/discrete-time and continuous-valued/discrete-valued. 2) Differences between continuous-time and discrete-time signals including the process of sampling. 3) Characteristics of periodic and non-periodic signals for both continuous-time and discrete-time. It also describes various transformations that can be performed on signals including time shifting, folding/reflection, time scaling, and addition, multiplication, and amplitude scaling. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like energy, power, downsampling, and applying transformations to signals.

Uploaded by

Prince Raynal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

1

Signals & Systems


Lecture#2
• Classification of signals
• Continuous-time versus discrete time signals
• Periodic versus non-periodic signals
• Energy and power signals
• Transformation of the independent variable (time)
– Time shifting
– Folding or reflection
– Time scaling
– Addition, multiplication and amplitude scaling
2

Classification of signals

A signal can be further classified into four different


categories, namely,

– Continuous-time (CT) continuous-valued (CV) signal


– Continuous-time (CT) discrete-valued (DV) signal
– Discrete-time (DT) continuous-valued (CV) signal
– Discrete-time (DT) discrete-valued (DV) signal
3
4

Continuous-time versus discrete-time signals


5

Sampling
A CT signal can become a DT signal by selecting values of CT at discrete-
time instants. This process is called sampling.
6

Periodic versus non-periodic signals

A CT periodic signal x(t) is periodic with the fundamental period T


if x(t) can be represented as
7

A DT periodic signal x(n) is periodic with period N if and


only if
x(n+N) = x(n)

The smallest value of N for which the above equation is


true is called fundamental period.

There are some important differences between CT and


DT sinusoids. The first is the fact that if we create a DT
sinusoid bysampling a CT sinusoid, their periods may
not be the same and, in fact, the DT sinusoid may not
even be periodic. To see the periodic condition of a DT
sinusoid we observe,
8

Cont….

i.e., a DT sinusoidal signal is periodic only if its frequency fo can be


expressed as the ratio of two integers (or fo is rational).

e.g., if fo = 13/20 then what is the period N?


if fo = 20/40 then what is the period N?
9

DT sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer


multiple of 2π are identical
10

Energy and power signal

Signal energy of a CT signal is defined as the area under the


square of the magnitude of the signal, i.e.,
∞
E= ∫ | x(t ) |2 dt
−∞

Signal energy of a DT signal is defined as:

∞
E= ∑ | x(n) |2
n=−∞
11

Many signals that posses infinite energy, have a finite average power
defined as

Ex. Find the energy and power of a signal x(t) defined as:
12

A signal is called energy signal if :

A signal is called power signal if :

Note that power signals have infinite energy, so they cannot be classified as
energy signals. Also note that energy signals will have zero average power,
so they cannot be called as the power signals.

Exercise:
Determine total energy and average power for the signal:

Exercise:
Compute the signal energy and signal power for the discrete-time signal:
13

Transformation of independent variable


(time)

Time Shifting A signal x(n) can be shifted in time by replacing n


by n-k, where k is an integer, If k > 0, then the time shift results in a
delay of the signal by k units of time. If k < 0, then the time shift results
in an advance of the signal by |k| units in time.
14

Folding or reflection A signal x(n) can be folded or reflected in time


by replacing n by –n

Folding and shifting operation

Time scaling a signal can be scaled by replacing n by µn


15

where µ is an integer.

We have skipped the odd-numbered samples in x(n) and retained the even-
numbered samples. Note that in this example (y(n) = x(2n)) the samples of
y(n) have been almost reduced by half. This process is known as
downsampling operation.
16

Addition, multiplication and amplitude scaling of sequences

Addition the sum of any two signals is a signal y(n), whose value at
any instant is equal to the sum of the values of these two signal at
that instant, i.e.,
y(n) = x1(n) + x2(n), for all n

Multiplication the product of signals similarly defined as sample to


sample basis as
y(n) = x1(n)x2(n) , for all n

Amplitude scaling of a signal by a constant A is achieved by


multiplying the value of every signal sample by A, i.e.,
y(n) = Ax (n) , for all n
17

Transformation of time for continuous signals

Time Scaling

Exercise:
18

Exercise:

Shifting, reflection and scaling operation


19

Exercise:

You might also like