10-02-2015

Activity on Node

Activity on Node (AON) Mobilization

10
Clearing
Grubbing
Grading
Dig ftgs
Rebar
Concrete
Form Slab
rebar
Erect Steel
Framing
Roof
framing
Rough
Electric
Finish
electric
Sidewalk
and
Paving
Landscape
1
Final
Inspection
and clean up
concrete 10 10 5 3

PDM-Precedence Network 5 2 2 1

Site Metal
CM612 Electric
1
Roofing
5

Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)

Precedence Networks
• Activity on Node (AON) • The system was introduced in the early 1980’s

• Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) • Utilizes the activity-on-node (AoN) representation.

• Each activity is represented by a node, arrows are merely
connectors, denoting the logical connection or
relationship between activities.
TFL/FFL
• Logical relationships between the activities can be presented
ES Activity ID EF by any of the following four types of relationship links:

Description Finish to start (FS) Start to start (SS) Finish to finish (FF) Start to finish (SF)

LS Duration LF • Allows the overlap of concurrent activities without the need for
splitting. Hence fewer activities are used.
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50
How to draw a PDM
• Each activity is represented by a rectangular box showing all of 
40 the pertinent activity data
110
• The activity boxes are linked with arrows, representing 
100 relationship
• Four different relationships among the activities with lag
80
– FS lag 0‐(zero) is the most common
90

Power of PDM Finish to start (FS)

Relationship Types
Activity FS Lag Activity
– FS (Finish to Start) A B

– SS (Start to Start)
Start of B is dependent on Finish of A
– FF (Finish to Finish)
– SF (Start to Finish) • Lag = 0 Activity B can start immediately after A has finished
• Lag = X Activity B cannot start until X days after A has finished
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Example Finish to start (FS)

4 6 6
Pour Concrete 1 day Remove Formwork
Activity 0 Activity
1 day 1 day
A B

2 day
One day lag allows for
concrete curing

4 6 8
Pour Concrete
Activity 2 day Activity
A B
Strip Formwork
1 day
2 day

1 2
Floor Slab
section
Start to Start (SS) Example 4 3

Activity
A 2 3 4
1
Formwork/ Formwork/ Formwork/ Formwork/
Rebar Slab Rebar Slab Rebar Slab Rebar Slab
SS Lag Activity 2 days 2 days 2 days 2 days
B

1 2 3 4
M/P/E M/P/E M/P/E M/P/E
Rough-in Rough-in Rough-in Rough-in
Start of B is dependent on Start of A 2.5 days 2.5 days 2.5 days 2.5 days

• Lag = 0 Activity B can start immediately after A has started

• Lag = X Activity B cannot start until X days after A has started Formwork and rebar floor slab

SS is used when the succeeding activity is slower ( i.e. larger duration) M/P/E rough-in
2 day
Note: Succeeding activity is slower
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1 2
Floor Slab
section Start to Start (SS)
Example (Continued) 4 3 example

Formwork/Rebar
Slab 8 days 4 6 4

Activity Activity
A B
2 days M/P/E Rough-in
10 days 2 day 0

4 6 6

Activity Activity
Formwork and rebar floor slab
A B

M/P/E rough-in 2 day 2 day

2 day
Note: Succeeding activity is slower

Finish to Finish (FF) Example

Installation of drywall boards cannot

Activity FF Lag finish until 3 days after completion
A of electrical piping. This will allow
for completing drywall installation
for the last section of wall
Activity 3 days
B Install Electrical Piping
14 days

Install Drywall Boards

Finish of B is dependent on Finish of A 10 days

• Lag = 0 Activity B can finish immediately after A has finished.

• Lag = X Activity B cannot finish until (x) days after A has finished.
Place Electrical Piping 3 days lag
FF is used when the succeeding activity is faster ( i.e. shorter duration).
Install Drywall Boards
 10-02-2015

Finish to Finish (FF) Start to Finish (SF)

example

4 6 6 Activity
A
Activity Activity
A B
SF Lag
2 day 0

4 6 8 Activity
B
Activity Activity
A B
Finish of B is dependent on Start of A
2 day 2 day

• Lag = 0 Activity B can finish immediately after A has started

• Lag = X Activity B cannot finish until (x) days after A has started

Example Start to Finish (SF)

example

4 5 4
Install and start Complete Complete
Dewatering Excavation Activity Activity
foundation backfilling
(finish milestone) A B

2 days 2 days 0
Dewatering will discontinue 2 days
after the start of backfilling Stop
Dewatering
4 6 6
(finish milestone)
Activity Activity
Install and start A B
dewatering Excavation Foundation Backfilling
2 days 2 days

Stop Dewatering

2 days
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Exercise Construct Logic Network Diagram Exercise solution

10 5 15 Lag = 5 days
C
Using the PDM concepts, construct a logic network for a project consisting of the following activities:

Activity Duration Logical relationship

0 10 10 10 5 15 Lag = 5 days 20 5 25
A 10 •No dependency Duration A B D
B 5 •B can start immediately after A has finished.
C 5 •C can start immediately after B has started.
Activity
D 5 •D cannot start until 5 days after B has finished.
E 30 •E cannot start until 3 days after A has started.
F 15 •F can start immediately after E has started. legend
G 5 •G can start immediately after D has finished, G 5 10 5
cannot finish until 5 days after C & E have finished. G H J
H 10 •H can start immediately after G has finished.
I 5 •I can start immediately after F has finished, I cannot
Lag = 3 days 30 Lag = 5 days
finish until H has started.
J 5 •J can start immediately after H & I have finished. E

15 5
F I

Calculations Two Nodes

FFij

• Start again at time zero FSij

Activity i Activity j
• EF = ES + Duration
SSij
• ESfollower = EFpredecessor
SFij
• 1 Start & 1 Finish
• Pseudo-dummy start & finish when
needed
Activity i Activity j
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BACKWARD PATH
PDM Calculations Step 1

Ter min alTime

FORWARD PATH 
 LS j  FSij
Step 1 
LFi  Min LF j  FFij
1 
  LS j  SSij  Di
 EFi  FSij  LF  SF  D
  j ij i
ES j  Max ES i  SSij
 Step 2
 EFi  FFij  D j
 ES  SF  D LS i  LFi  Di
 i ij j
Step 2

EF j  ES j  D j

ES EF ES EF i j
i j
LS LF LS LF

Calculation of Total Float and Free Float Start Pseudo-Dummy

Total Float 10 30
TFL  LF  EF Mobilize Underground
i i i
5 10
NTP Utilities
Free Float 0 or 1 5
ES j  FSij  EFi
ES j  SSij  ESi 20
FFLi 
EF j  FFij  EFi Obtain Permits
EF j  SFij  ESi 5 One Start Needed --

So the Notice to Proceed becomes a pseudo-

dummy start activity or milestone.
 10-02-2015

Use this list to draw a

A Finish Pseudo-DUMMY Precedence Network Diagram

Activity Depends Activity Depends

160
On On
Demobilize
250 A (10) - F (3) E
10
PC
0 or 1 B (7) - G (5) D

200 C (5) A, D H (9) C, G

Test & Commission D (4) B K (4) F, G
35 One Finish Needed --
E (6) B L (2) K
So the Project Complete becomes a pseudo-
dummy finish activity or milestone.

Drawing Precedence Converting I/J to Precedence

E F
20 40 90 30 60 80 P
A C H 6 5
10 5 9 A
G 4 3
10 3
START
B H O
0 10 50 70 100
30 50 80 120 4 2 4
B D G FINISH
7 4 5 0 N 3
C 8 K 6 R 5
60 70 100 110 L M
E F K L
20 40 90
6 3 4 2 4 7
 10-02-2015

The Beginning
Calculations
10
A
30 Becomes  3 The Forward Pass
A 3
0 10 10 14
B
10 5 20 10 20
4 NTP B
0 4 Mobilize FS Site Survey
C 8 10 0 4
20
30
C Early _ Finishactivity  Early _ Startactivity  Durationactivity
8
Early _ Start follower  Early _ Finishactivity  Lag _ ValueBetween_them
m

Forward Pass with

Precedence Calculations
0 10 11 16 16 25
20 40 90 The Backward Pass
A C H
10 5 9
0 3 13 13 17
10
START
10 FS 20
0 0 7 7 11 11 16 25
Mobilize Site Survey
30
B
50
D
80
G
120
FINISH 10 0 4
4
7 4 5
5 15 15 19
7 13 13 16 16 20 20 22

Late _ Finishactivity  Min followersLate _ Start follower  Lag _Valuebetween_ them)

60 70 100 110
E F K L
6 3 4 2
Late _ Startactivity  Late _ Finishactivity  Durationactivity
 10-02-2015

Backward Pass –
Drawing Precedence Calculations -- Float
3 13 13 17
0 10 11 16 16 25
20 40 90 10 20
A
10
C
5
H
9
Mobilize Site Survey
0
1 11 11 16 16 25 10 0/2 4 ?/2
10
START 5 15 15 19
0 0 7 7 11 11 16 25
TF = LF -EF
120
0 30
B
50
D
80
G FINISH FF = ESfollower- lagbetween-activities – EFactivity (minimum for
7 4 5 4
all followers)
0 7 7 11 11
16
16
20 20
25
22 The same rules apply:
7 13 13 16
60 70 100 110 •At least one pusher has FF = 0
E
6
F
3
K
4
L
2
•TF along a simple chain is all the same
10 16 16 19 19 23 23 25 •FF/TF on activities not on connecting arrows

Drawing Precedence –
Calculating the Floats Finish to Start Relationships

0 10 11 16 16 25 The FS 4 says N may start 4 days after

20 40 90
A
10 1/1
C
5 0/0
H
9 0/0
K is finished. Thus ESN = EFK + Lag = 62.
0
1 11 11 16 16 25
10 45 58 62 71
START
0 0/0 0 7 7 11 11 16 25 K FS N
0 30 50 80 120
FINISH 13 4 9
B D G
7 0 /0 4 0/0 5 0/0 4 0
/0
11 16 25
51 64 68 77
0 7 7 11
16 20 20 22
7
60
13 13
70
16
100 110
On the backward pass, the LFK = LSN - Lag.
E
6 0/3
F
3 0/3
K
4 0/3
L
2 3/3
LFK = 68 - 4 = 64
Critical Path
10 16 16 19 19 23 23 25
 10-02-2015

Example
Total & Free Float
Pour Concrete 1 day Remove Formwork
1 day 1 day 45 58 62 71
K FS N
One day lag allows for
concrete curing
13 0/6 4 9 ?/6
51 64 68 77
Pour Concrete

1 day
Strip Formwork
• TF = LF - EF always = 6
• FFK = ESfollower - Lag K-N - EFK
= 62 - 4 - 58 = 0

1 2
Floor Slab
section
Example 4 3

Start to Start Relationships

1 2 3 4
The SS 4 says N may start 4 days after Formwork/ Formwork/ Formwork/ Formwork/
Rebar Slab Rebar Slab Rebar Slab Rebar Slab
K has started. Thus ESN = ESK + Lag = 49. 2 days 2 days 2 days 2 days

45 58 49 58 1 2 3 4
M/P/E M/P/E M/P/E M/P/E
K SS N Rough-in Rough-in Rough-in Rough-in
13 4 9 2.5 days 2.5 days 2.5 days 2.5 days

64 77 68 77
Formwork and rebar floor slab

On the backward pass, the LSK = LSN - Lag. M/P/E rough-in

2 day
LSK = 68 - 4 = 64 Note: Succeeding activity is slower
 10-02-2015

1 2
Floor Slab
section
Example (Continued) 4 3

Total & Free Float

Formwork/Rebar
Slab 8 days

45 58 49 58
2 days M/P/E Rough-in K SS N
10 days
13 0/19 4 9 ?/19

64 77 68 77

Formwork and rebar floor slab • TF = LF - EF always = 19

M/P/E rough-in • FFK = ESfollower - Lag K-N - ESK
2 day
Note: Succeeding activity is slower
= 49 - 4 - 45 = 0

Example

Finish to Finish Relationships

Installation of drywall boards cannot
finish until 3 days after completion
The FF 4 says N may finish 4 days after of electrical piping. This will allow
for completing drywall installation
K is finished. Thus EFN = EFK + Lag = 62. for the last section of wall

Install Electrical Piping 3 days

45 58 53 62 14 days

K FF N
13 4 9 Install Drywall Boards
10 days
60 73 68 77

On the backward pass, the LFK = LFN - Lag.

Place Electrical Piping 3 days lag
LFK = 77 - 4 = 73
Install Drywall Boards
 10-02-2015

Total & Free Float Start to Finish Relationships

45 58 53 62 The SF 4 says N may start 4 days after
K FF N K has finished. Thus EFN = ESK + Lag = 49.
13 0/15 4 9 ?/15 45 58 40 49
60 73 68 77 K SF N
13 4 9
• TF = LF - EF always = 15 73 86 68 77
• FFK = EFfollower - Lag K-N - EFK On the backward pass, the LSK = LFN - Lag.
= 62 - 4 - 58 = 0 LSK = 77 - 4 = 73

Example
Total & Free Float
Install and start Complete Complete
Dewatering Excavation
foundation backfilling 45 58 40 49
(finish milestone)
K SF N
Dewatering will discontinue 2 days
2 days
13 0/28 4 9 ?/28
after the start of backfilling Stop
Dewatering 73 86 68 77
(finish milestone)

Install and start

dewatering Excavation Foundation Backfilling
• TF = LF - EF always = 28
• FFK = EFfollower - Lag K-N - ESK
Stop Dewatering = 49 - 4 - 45 = 0
2 days
 10-02-2015

ESi + SFij - Dj LFj - Sfij + Di

EFi + FSij ESi + SSij LSj - FSij LSj - SSj - Di
15 + 7 -5 42 - 7 + 3
13 + 2 18 23 28 23 + 1 35 - 2 15 18 23 28 38 - 1 + 5
6 13 15 6 13
SF7 SF7
FS2 F K EFi + FFij - Dj FS2 F K LFj - FFij
B B
3 5 28 + 2 - 8 3 LSj - SSij + Di 5 46 - 2
7 EFi + FFij-Dj ESi + SSij
FF2, SS1
7 LFj - FFij 37 - 2 + 10 FF2, SS1
21 + 2 LSj - SSij + Di
ESi + SSij 13 + 2 -10 26 33 45 - 2 35 38 37 42
FF2 SS2 26 - 5 + 10 FF2
1 +5 = 6 11 21 11 21 SS2
SS5 21 31 38 46 SS5 21 31 38 46
C FS0 G ESi + SSij
N C FS0 G LSj - SSij + Di N
FS0 10 16 + 10 10 28 - 10 + 15 28
1 11 ESi +SSij 10 28 33 ESi+SSij
EFij+FSij 8 1 11 LSj - SSij + Di 10 33 LSj - SSij + Di 8
EFi + FFij - Dj 28+3
11 + 5 16 - 5 + 10 LFi - FFij 31 - 3 + 5
SS5 31 + 2 - 5 L 37+1 38 46 SF0 11 21 35 45 L 38
A SS3 A SS5 33 - 2 SS3 46
10 FS0 11 21 16 31 SS10, FF2 5 31 37
FS1
10 SF0 11 21 SS10, FF2 5 31 37 FS1
EFi + FFij - Dj 16 31
D 21 + 1 - 7 H EFi+FSij M 1 11 D LFj - FFij 28 33 M LSj - FSij
10 15
23 + 2
6 10 H 6
EFi + FFi - Di FF1 FS2 EFi + FSij 26 - 1 FS2 38 - 1
14 + 3
15
11 + 0 - 4 FS3 15 25 FF1 LSj - FSij 31 37
FF0 EFi + FSij 16 23 FF0 16 31
11 +5
28 - 2
7 11 I 7 11 LSj - FSij 16 23
FS5 FS3
E 7 11 14 E 19 - 5 I
4 J 4 FS5 11 14 LSj - FSij
7
FS0 3 31 - 3
10 14 19 26 J
FORWARD PASS SF0 3

28
BACKWARD PASS
25

20/6
ESj - FSij - EFi 15 18 ESj - Sfij - ESi ESj - SSij - ESi
20/0 15 - 2-13 28 - 7 - 15 14/14
F 23 28 38 - 1 - 23
6 13
FS2 3 SF7 EFj - FFij - EFi
K
ESj - SSij - ESi B 35 38 5 46 - 2 - 28
EFj - FFij - EFi
14/0 FF2, SS1
6-5-1 7
26 33
31 - 2 - 13 37 42
FF2 21 31 SS2 0/0
ESj - FSij -EFi ESj - SSij - ESi
SS5 0/0 21 - 0 - 21 G 23 - 2 - 21
38 46
ESj - FSij - ESj
0/0 11 - 0 - 1 11 21 FS0 10 0/0 N
EFj - FFij - EFi28 33 ESj - SSij - ESi
1 11 FS0 C ESj - SSij - ESi35 45 33 - 2 - 31 31 - 3 28
8
10 16 - 5 - 11 L 38 46
A ESj - SSij - ESi 0/0
SS3
11 21 SS5 0/0 28 - 10 - 16 5 31 37 FS1
10 16 31
ESj - FSij - Efi
28 33 M ESj - FSij - EFi
1 11 11 - 0 - 11 4/1 H SS10, FF2
FS0 11 21 ESj - FFij - EFi 6 38 - 1 - 37
15 FS2
D 23 - 1 - 21 31 37
FF1 16 31 ESj - FSij - EFi
FF0 10
3/3 28 - 2 - 23 FS3
15 25 ESj - FSij - EFi
ESj - FFij -EFi 16 - 5 - 11
16 23 14/14 ESj - FSij - EFi
3/0
11 - 0 - 11 7 11 FS5 I 11 14 31 - 3 - 14
7
E J
4 19 26 3
FS0
10 14 25 28 TF/FF
ESj - FSij - EFi
11 - 0 - 11 TFi = LFi - EFi