Today’s agenda:

Resistors in Series and Parallel.

You must be able to calculate currents and voltages in circuit components in series and in
parallel.

Kirchoff’s Rules.
You must be able to use Kirchoff’s Rules to calculate currents and voltages in circuit
components that are not simply in series or in parallel.
 Resistances in Circuits
Recall from lecture 7:
• two simple ways to connect circuit elements

Series: A B

Parallel: A B

Circuit elements can be connected neither in series nor in parallel.

 Identifying series and parallel connections

A B

If you can move your finger along the wires from A to B

without passing a junction, i.e., without ever having a
choice of which wire to follow, the components are connected
in series.
In contrast:

A
??? B

If you ever have a choice of which wire to follow when

moving from A to B, the circuit elements are not in series.

If each element provides an alternative path between the

same points A and B, the elements are in parallel.

Circuit elements can be connected neither in series nor in parallel.

Are these resistors in series or parallel?

+ -

parallel

Not enough information: It matters where you put the source of emf.
Are these resistors in series or parallel?

-
+ V

series

It matters where you put the source of emf.

 Resistors in series

R1 R2 R3
A B
V1 I V2 I V3
I I
+ -

V
Current: same current flows through all resistors
(conservation of charge: all charge entering the series
of resistors at A must leave it at B)

Voltage: voltages in a series add up VAB=V1+V2+V3

(loop rule, see last lecture, reflecting conservation of
energy)
 Equivalent resistance
R1 R2 R3 Req
A B
V1 I V2 I V3
I I
I V V
+ - + -

Replace the series combination by a single “equivalent” resistor

(producing same total voltage for same current)
V = V1 + V2 + V3
V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 V = IReq

IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = IReq

R1 + R2 + R3 = Req
Generalize this to any number of resistors:

R eq = ∑ R i
i

• resistances in series add up!

Note: for resistors in series, Req is always greater than any of the Ri.
 Resistors in parallel

R1
Current: I1
• current I splits into currents I1, I2, I3 V
I = I1+ I2+ I3 (conservation of charge)
A I2 R2 B

V
Voltage: I3 R3
• Voltage drops across all three
resistors are identical V
VAB= V1= V2= V3 (conservation of energy) I
+ -

V
 Equivalent resistance
I1 R1 Req
A B
V
A I2 R2 B V
I= I
V
V R eq + -

I3 R3
Replace parallel combination by single
V equivalent resistor
I V V V V V
+ - = + +
R eq R1 R 2 R 3

I = I1+ I2+ I3 Dividing both sides by V gives

V V V 1 1 1 1
I= + + = + +
R1 R 2 R 3 R eq R1 R 2 R 3
Generalize this to any number of resistors:

1 1
=∑
R eq i Ri

• for resistors in parallel, the inverse resistances add

Note: for resistors in parallel, Req is always less than any of the Ri.
Summary:

Series A B R eq = ∑ R i
i
same I, V’s add

1 1
Parallel A B =∑
R eq i Ri

same V, I’s add

Example: calculate the equivalent resistance of the resistor
“ladder” shown. All resistors have the same resistance R.

Let’s discuss the strategy!

Where to start?

Series

B
• new color indicates an equivalent resistor made up of
several original ones

Parallel

B
 Series

B
 Parallel

B
 Series

B
 All done!

B
Example: For the circuit below, calculate the current drawn
from the battery and the current in the 6 Ω resistor.

10 Ω

8Ω

6Ω
3Ω
8Ω

1Ω 9V

Work the example at the blackboard in lecture.

Strategy: Identify “bite-sized chunks”

10 Ω

8Ω

6Ω
3Ω
8Ω

1Ω 9V

Replace parallel combination (green) by its equivalent.

Any more “bite-sized chunks?”

10 Ω

4Ω

6Ω
3Ω

1Ω 9V

Replace the series combination (blue box) by its equivalent.

 10 Ω

10 Ω
3Ω

1Ω 9V
Replace the parallel combination (orange) by its equivalent.

We are left with an equivalent circuit of 3 resistors in series,

which is easy handle.
Now perform the actual calculation a step at a time.
R1=10 Ω
R3 and R4 are in parallel.
R3=8 Ω
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
= + = + = =
R2=6 Ω R5= R 34 R 3 R 4 8 8 8 4
R4=8 Ω 3Ω
R 34 = 4 Ω
R6=1 Ω ε=9 V

R1=10 Ω

R2 and R34 are in series.

R 234 = R 2 +R 34 = 6 + 4 =10 Ω
R2=6 Ω R34=4 Ω R5=
3Ω

R6=1 Ω ε=9 V
Let’s shrink the diagram a bit, and work this a step at a time.
R1=10 Ω
R1 and R234 are in parallel.

1 1 1 1 1 2 1
= + = + = =
R234=10 Ω R5= R1234 R1 R 234 10 10 10 5
3Ω
R1234 = 5 Ω
R6=1 Ω ε=9 V

R1234=5 Ω
R1234, R5 and R6 are in series.

R5= R eq = R1234 +R 5 +R 6 = 5+ 3+1

3Ω

R eq = 9 Ω
R6=1 Ω ε=9 V
Calculate the current drawn from the battery.

R eq = 9 Ω
R1234=5 Ω
V =IR
R5=
3Ω
ε 9
I= = =1 A
R eq 9
I=1 A R6=1 Ω ε=9 V
Find the current in the 6 Ω resistor.
R1=10 Ω

R3=8 Ω
There are many ways to
R2=6 Ω R5=
do the calculation. This is
R4=8 Ω 3Ω just one.

I=1 A R6=1 Ω ε=9 V

R1=10 Ω

R234=10 Ω R5=
V1 = V234 = V1234 (parallel).
3Ω

I=1 A R6=1 Ω ε=9 V

Find the current in the 6 Ω resistor.

R1234=5 Ω V1234 = I R1234 = (1)(5) = 5 V

R5=
3Ω
V1 = V234 = 5 V

I=1 A R6=1 Ω ε=9 V

R1=10 Ω

V234 = I234 R234

I234

R234=10 Ω R5=
I234 = V234 / R234 = 5/10
3Ω
I234 = 0.5 A
I=1 A R6=1 Ω ε=9 V
Find the current in the 6 Ω resistor.
R1=10 Ω

R3=8 Ω
I2=I234 I234 = I2 = I34 = 0.5 A
R2=6 Ω R5=
R4=8 Ω 3Ω I2 = 0.5 A

I=1 A R6=1 Ω ε=9 V

Find the current in the 6 Ω resistor.
R1=10 Ω
A student who has taken
a circuits class will
probably say
R234=10 Ω R5=
3Ω R1 = R234

I=1 A R6=1 Ω ε=9 V

so I1 = I234 = I/2 = 0.5 A

If you want to do this on the exam, make sure you write down
your justification on the exam paper, and don’t make a
mistake! If you don’t show work and make a mistake, we can’t
give partial credit.

Answers without work shown generally receive no credit.

Example: two 100 Ω light bulbs are connected (a) in series and
(b) in parallel to a 24 V battery. For which circuit will the bulbs
be brighter?

1. parallel (left)
2. series (right)
Example: two 100 Ω light bulbs are connected (a) in series and
(b) in parallel to a 24 V battery. What is the current through
each bulb? For which circuit will the bulbs be brighter?

(a) Series combination.

R1 R2
Req = R1 + R2 100Ω 100Ω
+ -
V = I Req I V = 24 V

V = I (R1 + R2)

I = V / (R1 + R2) = 24 V / (100 Ω + 100 Ω) = 0.12 A

Example: two 100 Ω light bulbs are connected (a) in series and
(b) in parallel to a 24 V battery. What is the current through
each bulb? For which circuit will the bulbs be brighter?

I1 R1
(b) Parallel combination.
V
1 1 1 1 1 2
= + = + =
R eq R1 R2 100 100 100 I2 R2
V
R eq = 50 Ω
+ -
V = I R eq ⇒ I = V
R eq
I V = 24 V I
24
I = = 0.48 A
50

I1 = I2 = I = 0.24 A (because R1 = R2)

2
Example: two 100 Ω light bulbs are connected (a) in series and
(b) in parallel to a 24 V battery. What is the current through
each bulb? For which circuit will the bulbs be brighter?

Calculate the power dissipated in the bulbs. The more power

“consumed,” the brighter the bulb.

In other words, we use power as a proxy for brightness.

Example: two 100 Ω light bulbs are connected (a) in series and
(b) in parallel to a 24 V battery. What is the current through
each bulb? For which circuit will the bulbs be brighter?

(a) Series combination.

R1 R2
100Ω 100Ω
for each bulb: + -

I V = 24 V
P= I2R

P = (0.12 A)2 (100 Ω)

P = 1.44 W
Example: two 100 Ω light bulbs are connected (a) in series and
(b) in parallel to a 24 V battery. What is the current through
each bulb? For which circuit will the bulbs be brighter?

I1 R1
(b) Parallel combination.
V
I2 R2
for each bulb:
V
I I
P = V2 / R
+ -
P = (24 V)2 / ( 100 Ω) V = 24 V

P = 5.76 W

We also know each current, so we could have used P = I2R.

Example: two 100 Ω light bulbs are connected (a) in series and
(b) in parallel to a 24 V battery. What is the current through
each bulb? For which circuit will the bulbs be brighter?

I1 R1

R1 R2 V
100Ω 100Ω
I2 R2
+ -
V
I V = 24 V I I
+ -

V = 24 V
Compare: Pseries = 1.44 W
Pparallel = 5.76 W
The bulbs in parallel are brighter.
This is what you see if you connect 40 W bulbs directly to a 120
V outlet. (DO NOT TRY AT HOME.)

Off On
Today’s agenda:

Resistors in Series and Parallel.

You must be able to calculate currents and voltages in circuit components in series and in
parallel.

Kirchoff’s Rules.
You must be able to use Kirchoff’s Rules to calculate currents and voltages in circuit
components that are not simply in series or in parallel.
A nontrivial circuit

Analyze this circuit for me, please. Find the currents I1, I2, and
I3.

30 Ω h
I1
40 Ω I3 1Ω ε2 = 45 V
a d
b c

20 Ω
I2
ε1 = 85 V 1 Ω
g f e
Two sets of resistors in series. This. And this.

Further analysis is difficult. series1 seems to be in parallel with

the 30 Ω resistor, but what about ε2?

We need new tools to analyze that combination.

30 Ω h
I1
40 Ω I3 1Ω ε2 = 45 V
a d
b c
series1
20 Ω
I2 series2
ε1 = 85 V 1 Ω
g f e
Kirchhoff’s Rules

Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule: (see last lecture)

The sum of potential changes around any closed path in a
circuit is zero.

Energy conservation: a charge

∑V=0 around any closed loop ending up where it started neither
gains nor loses energy (Ui = Uf )

Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule:

The sum of all currents entering a junction must equal the sum
of all currents leaving the junction

∑I = 0 at any junction Charge conservation: charge in = charge out

(current in counts +, current out counts -)

Recipe for problems that require Kirchhoff’s rules

1. Draw the circuit.

2. Label the current in each branch of the circuit with a

symbol (I1, I2, I3, …) and an arrow (direction).

3. Apply Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule at each junction.

Current in is +, current out is -.

4. Apply Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule for as many independent loops

as necessary (pick travel direction and follow sign rules).
Resistor: Battery: + -
V is - V is +
I
travel travel

5. Solve resulting system of linear equations.

 30 Ω h
I1
40 Ω I3 1Ω ε2 = 45 V
a dd
b c

20 Ω
I2
ε1 = 85 V 1Ω
g f e

Back to our circuit: 3 unknowns (I1, I2, and I3), so we will need
3 equations. We begin with the junctions.
Junction a: I3 – I1 – I2 = 0 --eq. 1
Junction d: -I3 + I1 + I2 = 0
Junction d gave no new information, so we still need two more equations.
 30 Ω h
I1
40 Ω I3 1Ω ε2 = 45 V
a d
b c

20 Ω
I2
ε1 = 85 V 1Ω
g f e

There are three loops. Loop 1. Loop 2. Loop 3.

Any two loops will produce independent equations. Using the

third loop will provide no new information.
 30 Ω h
I1
40 Ω I3 1Ω ε2 = 45 V
a d
b c

20 Ω
I2
ε1 = 85 V 1Ω
g f e

The “green” loop (a-h-d-c-b-a):

(- 30 I1) + (+45) + (-1 I3) + (- 40 I3) = 0

I +-
V is - V is +
travel travel
 30 Ω h
I1
40 Ω I3 1Ω ε2 = 45 V
a d
b c

20 Ω
I2
ε1 = 85 V 1Ω
g f e

The “blue” loop (a-b-c-d-e-f-g):

(+ 40 I3) + ( +1 I3) + (-45) + (+20 I2) + (+1 I2) + (-85) = 0

I +-
V is - V is +
travel travel
After combining terms and simplifying, we now have three
equations, three unknowns; the rest is “just algebra.”

Junction a: I3 – I1 – I2 = 0 --eq. 1

The “green” loop - 30 I1 + 45 - 41 I3 = 0 --eq. 2

The “blue” loop 41 I3 -130 + 21 I2 = 0 --eq. 3

skip the algebra!

Make sure to use voltages in V and resistances in Ω. Then currents will be in A.

You can see the solution in part 7 of today’s lecture notes

Collect our three equations:
I3 – I1 – I2 = 0
- 30 I1 + 45 - 41 I3 = 0
41 I3 -130 + 21 I2 = 0

Rearrange to get variables in “right” order:

– I1 – I2 + I3 = 0
- 30 I1 - 41 I3 + 45 = 0
21 I2 + 41 I3 -130 = 0

Use the middle equation to eliminate I1:

I1 = (41 I3 – 45)/(-30)

There are many valid sets of steps to solving a system of equations. Any that works is acceptable.
Two equations left to solve:
– (41 I3 – 45)/(-30) – I2 + I3 = 0
21 I2 + 41 I3 -130 = 0

Might as well work out the numbers:

1.37 I3 – 1.5 – I2 + I3 = 0
21 I2 + 41 I3 -130 = 0

– I2 + 2.37 I3 – 1.5 = 0
21 I2 + 41 I3 -130 = 0

Multiply the top equation by 21:

– 21 I2 + 49.8 I3 – 31.5 = 0
21 I2 + 41 I3 -130 = 0
Add the two equations to eliminate I2:
– 21 I2 + 49.8 I3 – 31.5 = 0
+ ( 21 I2 + 41 I3 -130 = 0 )
90.8 I3 – 161.5 = 0
Solve for I3:
I3 = 161.5 / 90.8
I3 = 1.78

Go back to the “middle equation” two slides ago for I1:

I1 = (41 I3 – 45)/(-30)
I1 = - 1.37 I3 + 1.5
I1 = - (1.37) (1.78) + 1.5
I1 = - 0.94
Go back two slides to get an equation that gives I2:
– I2 + 2.37 I3 – 1.5 = 0
I2 = 2.37 I3 – 1.5
I2 = (2.37) (1.78) – 1.5
I2 = 2.72

Summarize answers (don’t forget to show units):

I1 = - 0.94 A
I2 = 2.72 A
I3 = 1.78 A

Are these currents correct? How could you tell? We’d better
check our results.
 I3 – I1 – I2 = 0
- 30 I1 + 45 - 41 I3 = 0
41 I3 -130 + 21 I2 = 0

I1 = - 0.94 A
I2 = 2.72 A
I3 = 1.78 A

Check: 1.78 – (-0.94) – 2.72 = 0 

- 30 (-0.94) + 45 - 41 (1.78) = 0.22 ?
41 (1.78) -130 + 21 (2.72) = 0.10 ?
Are the last two indication of a mistake or just roundoff error? Recalculating
while retaining 2 more digits gives I1=0.933, I2=2.714, I3=1.7806, and the
last two results are 0.01 or less ⇒ roundoff was the culprit.
 A Toy to Play With
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