G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur

Skill Course
Strength of Materials
Shear Force & Bending Moment
Applications of Shear Force & Bending Moment
 Types of Beams
 Cantilever Beams

 Simply Supported Beams

 Overhanging Beam
 Different Types of Loads acts on the beam
 Point Load: It is a concentrated load which acts at a point.

 Distributed Load: Loads transferred over wide areas

are termed as distributed loads. If the distribution of
load is uniform, it is termed as uniformly distributed
load (U.D.L.) & if the distribution of load is non-
uniform, it is termed as non-uniformly distributed load.

 Couple: Sometimes beam is subjected to couple.

 TYPES OF SUPPORT

 Knife edge support

 Roller support
 Hinged support
 Fixed support
 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS

In the 2-D case, the

magnitude of the moment is:

Mo = Force x distance
 Shear Force
 Fig. shows a simply supported beam carrying a point load W.
Let the support reactions be R1 & R2.Beam to the right of
section xx’ is subjected to an upward force R1 whereas
portion of the beam to the left of xx’ is subject to a
downward force (W-R2). Since R1+R2=W or W-R2=R1
 Portion of beam to the left of section xx’ is subject to a
downward force R1 & portion of beam to the right of xx’ is
subject to an equal force R1 acting in opposite direction.
Force R1 is shearing the beam at section xx’- Shear Force
 Shear force at any section of beam is the algebraic sum of
the forces on either side of that section.
 Since sum of all forces on beam must be zero; the algebraic
sum of forces to left of section must be equal to algebraic
sum of forces to right of section, though opposite in nature.
 Bending Moment
 A beam when carrying loads has a tendency to
bend. Such a beam is shown in fig. It is subjected to
a moment M.
 Under the action of two equal moments acting on
either side of section, one in clockwise direction &
other in anti-clockwise direction, the beam bends.
 The moment causing this bending is called the
bending moment.
 The bending moment at a section is the algebraic
sum of the moments of the forces on either side of
the section (either side of section represents to the
left of section & to the right of section).
 BEAM’S SUPPORT REACTION

 Support reactions can be calculated as follows:

 Taking the summation of all vertical forces = 0

i.e. Fv = 0 &

 Taking the summation of moments of all forces= 0

i.e. M = 0
 EXAMPLE 1

The beam shown below is supported by a pin at A and

roller at B. Calculate the reactions at both supports due to
the loading.

20 kN 40 kN

A B

2m 3m 4m
 EXAMPLE 1 – Solution
Draw the free body diagram:
20 kN 40 kN

A B

2m 3m 4m
RAv RBv

By taking the moment at

ΣFv = 0
B, ΣMB = 0
RAv + RBv – 20 – 40 = 0
RAv × 9 – 20 × 7 – 40 × 4 = 0
RBv = 20 + 40 – 33.3
9RAv = 140 + 160
RBv = 26.7 kN
RAv = 33.3 kN
 EXAMPLE 2

Determine the reactions at support A and B for the

overhanging beam subjected to the loading as shown.

15 kN/m 20 kN

A B

4m 3m 2m
 EXAMPLE 2 – Solution
Draw the free body diagram:
15 kN/m 20 kN
A
B
4m 3m 2m
RAv RBv

By taking the moment at A:

ΣMA = 0 ΣFv = 0
– RBv× 7 + 20 × 9 + (15 × 3) × 5.5 = 0 RAv + RBv – 20 – 45 = 0
7RBv = 247.5 + 180 RAv = 20 + 45 – 61.07
RBv = 61.07 kN RAv = 3.93 kN
 Sign Convention for Shear Force

Right up left down –Positive shear

Left up right down-Negative shear
 Sign Convention for Bending Moment

The bending moment which tend to bend the beam with

concavity upwards(sagging moments)- Positive B.M.

The bending moment which tend to bend the beam with

convexity upwards(hogging moments)- Negative B.M.
Procedure for construction of S.F. & B.M. diagrams
 Determine the support reactions for the given loading.
 Choose to start work from the right end or the left end of
the beam. In case of the cantilevers, the calculations always
start from the free end.
 Determine S.F. at all load points.
 Locate the point of zero S.F. or where S.F. changes its nature
as B.M. ia maximum there.
 Determine the B.M. at all load points
 Locate the points at which B.M. changes its nature.
 The point at which B.M. changes its nature is called the
point of contra flexure or point of inflexion.
Important points for construction of S.F. & B.M. diagrams

 It is observed that for point loads the S.F. diagram has

straight horizontal lines and the B.M. diagram has inclined
straight lines.
 For U.D.L., the S.F. has straight inclined lines and B.M.
diagram has curve.
 B.M. is zero at hinges and at simple supports..
 B.M. is maximum at points of zero S.F.
 B.M. changes its nature at points of contra-flexure.
 For the portion carrying uniformly distributed load the S.F.
diagram is a straight line & B.M. diagram is a parabolic
curve.
 EXAMPLE 3
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to a concentrated load as shown in the figure, then
draw the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment
diagram (BMD).

15 kN

A C B

3m 2m
 EXAMPLE 3 – Solution

15 kN
A C B

3m 2m
RAv RBv

By taking the moment at A: ΣFv= 0

ΣMA = 0 RAv + RBv = 15
– RBv × 5 + 15 × 3 = 0 RAv = 15 – 9
RBv = 9 kN RAv = 6 kN
EXAMPLE 3 – Solution

15 kN
A C B

3m 2m
RAv RBv

Shear Force Calculations:

S.F. just at right of B=0 KN
S.F. just at left of B= 9 KN
S.F. just at right of C=9KN
S.F. jut at left of C=9-15=-6KN
S.F. just at right of A=-6KN
S.F. just left of A=0KN.
Bending Moment Calculations:
B.M. at B=O KN-m
B.M. at C=9x2=18 KN-m
B.M. at A=(9x5)-(15x3)=0 KN-m
 EXAMPLE 3 – Solution

15 kN
A C B
3m 2m
6 kN 9 kN

9 9

SFD (kN) A C
B
-6 -6

BMD (kNm) C

0 (+) 0
18
 EXAMPLE 4
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to an uniformly distributed load as shown in the
figure, then draw the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending
moment diagram (BMD).

5 kN/m

A B
3m
 EXAMPLE 4 – Solution

5 kN/m

3m
RAv RBv

By taking the moment at ΣFv = 0

A: RAv + RBv = 5 × 3
ΣMA = 0 RAv = 15 – 7.5
– RBv × 3 + 5 × 3 × 3/2 = 0 RAv = 7.5 kN
RBv = 7.5 kN
 EXAMPLE 4 – Solution

5 kN/m

A C B
3m
RAv RBv

S.F.Calculations: B.M.Calculations:
S.F.just at right of B=0 KN B.M. at B= 0 KN-m
S.F.just at left of B=7.5 KN B.M. at C = 7.5x1.5-5x1.5x1.5/2=5.625 KN-m
S.F.just at right of A=7.5-5X3=-7.5 B.M. at A= 7.5x3-(5x3x1.5)= 0 KN-m
S.F. just at left of A=7.5-15+7.5=0 KN
 EXAMPLE 4 – Solution

5 kN/m

A B

3m
7.5 kN 7.5 kN
7.5 kN

SFD (kN) A
C (+) B
(-)

7.5 kN C 5.625 kN-m

(+)
BMD (kNm) 0 0
A B
 EXAMPLE 5
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD).

10 kN/m 12 kN

3 kNm
D A B C

2m 4m 1m
 EXAMPLE 5 – Solution

10 kN/m 12 kN

3 kNm D A B C

2m 4m 1m
RAv RBv

By taking the moment at A: ΣFv = 0

ΣMA = 0 RAv + RBv = 10 × 4 + 12
– RBv × 4 – 3 + 10 × 4 × 4/2 + 12 × 5 = 0 RAv = 17.75 kN
RBv = 34.25 kN
 EXAMPLE 5 – Solution

10 kN/m 12 kN

3 kNm D A B C

2m 4m 1m
RAv RBv

S.F. Calculations: B.M.Calculations:

S.F. just at right of C=0 KN B.M. at C=0 KN-m
S.F. just at left of C=-12 KN B.M. at B=-(12x1)= -12 KN-m
S.F. just at right of B=-12 KN B.M. at A= -12x5+34.25x4-
S.F. just at left of B=-12+34.25=22.25KN (10x4x2)= -3 KN-m
S.F. just at right of A=-12+34.25-(10x4)=-17.75KN B.M.at right of D=-12x7+34.25x6-
S.F. just at left of A =-17.75+17.75=0 KN (10x4x4)+17.75x2= -3 KN-m
S.F. just at right of D =0 KN B.M. at left of D= 0 KN-m
S.F. just at left of D = 0 KN B.M. at O=-(12x3)+(34.25x2)-
(10x2x2/2)= 12.75 KN-m
 EXAMPLE 5 – Solution
10 kN/m 12 kN

D A B
3 kNm C
2m 4m 1m
17.75 kN 34.25 kN
By similarity triangle
22.25 theorem,
22.25/x = 17.75/4-x
A 0 (+) C
SFD (kN) x (-)
X=2.225( 0B)
(-) B
12 12
17.75 12.75

BMD (kNm) (+)

A B 0
0 C
(-) 0 (-)
3 3 12
 EXAMPLE 6
Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD).

4 kN/m 5 kN

A C B

3m 2m
 EXAMPLE 6 – Solution

4 kN/m 5 kN

A C B
3m 2m

RAv

By taking the moment at A: ΣFv = 0

ΣMA = 0 RAv = 4 × 3 + 5
– MA + 4 × 3 × 3/2 + 5 × 5 = 0 RAv = 17 kN
MA = 43 kNm
 EXAMPLE 6 – Solution

4 kN/m 5 kN

A C B
3m 2m

RAv

S.F.Calculations:
S.F. at right of B=0 KN B.M. Calculations:
S.F. at left of B=-5 KN B.M. at B= 0 KN-m
S.F. at right of C= -5 KN B.M. at C=-5x2=-10 KN-m
S.F. at left of C=-5 KN B.M. at A=-5x5-(4x3x1.5)=-43 KN-m
S.F. at right of A=-5-(4x3)=-17 KN
S.F. at left of A= -17+17= 0 KN
 EXAMPLE 6 – Solution

4 kN/m 5 kN

43 kNm A
C B
3m 2m
17 kN
A C B
SFD (kN) (-)
(-) 5 5

17
A C B
0
BMD (kNm) (-)
(-)

10

43
 EXAMPLE 7

Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

25 kN 5 kN 20 kN

A C D E B

1m 1m 2m 3m
 EXAMPLE 7 – Solution
25 kN 5 kN 20 kN

A B
C D E
RAv
RBv
1m 1m 2m 3m

By taking the moment at A: ΣFv = 0

ΣMA = 0 RAv + RBv = 25 + 5 + 20
25 × 1 + 5 × 2 + 20 × 4 – RBv × 7 = 0 RAv = 33.57 kN
RBv = 16.43 kN
 EXAMPLE 7 – Solution
25 kN 5 kN 20 kN

A B
C D E
RAv
RBv
S.F.Calculations: 1m 1m 2m 3m
S.F.at right of B=0 KN
S.F.at left of B=16.43KN B.M.Calculations:
S.F. at right of E=16.43KN B.M. at B= 0 KN-m
S.F. at left of E=16.43-20=-3.57K B.M. at E= 16.43x3=49.29 KN-m
S.F.at right of D=-3.57KN B.M. at D= 16.43x5-20x2=42.15 KN-m
S.F. at left of D=-3.57-5=-8.57KN B.M. at C= 16.43x6-20x3-5x1= 33.58 KN-m
S.F. at right of C=-8.57KN B.M. at A= 16.43 x7-20x4-5x2-25x1=0 KN-m
S.F. at left of C=-8.57-25=-33.57KN
S.F. at right of A=-33.57KN
S.F. at left of A=-33.57+33.57=0 KN
 EXAMPLE 7 – Solution
25 kN 5 kN 20 kN

C D E
B
A
33.57 kN 16.43 kN

16.43
A C D
SFD (kN) E B
3.57
8.57
33.57
49.28
42.14
BMD (kNm) 33.57

A C D E B
 EXAMPLE 8

Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

10 kN/m 20 kN

A C B D

4m 4m 2m
 EXAMPLE 8 – Solution

10 kN/m 20 kN

A C B D

RAv RBv

4m 4m 2m

By taking the moment at A: ΣFv= 0

ΣMA = 0 RAv + RBv = 10 × 4 + 20
10 × 4 × 2 + 20 × 10 – RBv × 8 = 0 RAv = 60 – 35
RBv = 35 kN RAv = 25 kN
 EXAMPLE 8 – Solution

10 kN/m 20 kN

A C B D

RAv RBv

4m 4m 2m

S.F. Calculations: B.M. Calculations:

S.F. at right of D= 0 KN B.M. at D= 0 KN-m
S.F.at left of D= -20 KN B.M. at B=-20x2=-40 KN-m
S.F. at right of B= -20 KN B.M. at C=-20x6+35x4=20KN-m
S.F. at left of B= -20+35=15 KN B.M at M=-20x7.5+35x5.5-(10x1.5x1.5/2)=31.25KN-m
S.F.at right of C= 15 KN B.M at A=-20x10+35x8-(10x4x2)=0 KN-m
S.F. at left of C= 15 KN
S.F. at right of A= -20+35-(10x4)=-25 KN
S.F. at left of A= 0 KN
 EXAMPLE 8 – Solution
10 kN/m 20 kN

A C B D

25 kN 35 kN
x 4 x

15 15 25 15
SFD (kN) 15x  100  25x
40x  100
4–x
20 20 x  2.5
25
31.25
20
BMD (kNm) (+)
B D
A C

40
 EXAMPLE 9

Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

10 kN/m

A C D B

1m 3m 1.5 m
 EXAMPLE 9 – Solution
10 kN/m

C D

1m 3m 1.5 m
RAv RBv

By taking the moment at A: ΣFv = 0

ΣMA = 0 RAv + RBv = 10 × 3
10 × 3 × 2.5 – RBv × 5.5 = 0 RAv = 30 – 13.64
RBv = 13.64 kN RAv = 16.36 kN
 EXAMPLE 9 – Solution
10 kN/m

A C D B
M

1m 3m 1.5 m
RAv RBv

B.M.Calculations:
S.F. calculations:
B.M. at B=0KN-m
S.F. just at right of B= 0 KN
B.M. at D=13.64x1.5=20.46KN-m
S.F.just at left of B= 13.64KN
B.M. at M=13.64x3.136-10x1.636x1.636/2=29.74KN-m
S.F. just at right of D= 13.64KN
B.M. at C=13.64x4.5-(10x3x1.5)=16.36 KN-m
S.F.just at left of D= 13.64KN
B.M. at A=0 KN-m
S.F. just at right of C= 13.64-10x3=-16.36KN
S.F. just at left of C= -16.36KN
S.F. just at right of A= -16.36KN
S.F. just at left of A= -16.36+16.36=0 KN
 EXAMPLE 9– Solution
10 kN/m

C D
A B
1m 3m 1.5 m
16.36 kN 13.64 kN
By similarity of Δ theorem,
13.64
x 3x

SFD (kN) A
3–x
M 13.64 16.36
B x  1.636

16.36

29.74
BMD (kNm) 20.46
16.36

A C M D B
 EXAMPLE 10

Calculate the shear force and bending moment for the beam
subjected to the loads as shown in the figure, then draw the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

50 kN
25 kN/m 50 kN

A C B D

5m 5m 4m
 EXAMPLE 10 – Solution
50 kN
25 kN/m 50 kN

A C B D
RAv 5m 5m RBv 4m

By taking the moment at A: ΣFv = 0

ΣMA = 0 RAv + RBv = 25 × 10 + 50 + 50
25 × 10 × 5 + 50 × 5 + 50 × 14 – RBv × 10 = 0 RAv = 130 kN
RBv = 220 kN
 EXAMPLE 10 – Solution
50 kN
25 kN/m 50 kN

A C B D
RAv 5m 5m RBv 4m
S.F.Calculations: B.M. Calculations:
S.F. at right of D=0 KN B.M. at D=0 KN-m
S.F. at left of D=-50 KN B.M. at B=-50x4=-200 KN-m
S.F. at right of B=-50 KN B.M. at C=-50x9+220x5-25x5x5/2=337.5KN-m
S.F. at left of B=-50+220=170 KN B.M.at A=-50x14+220x10-25x10x5-50x5=0KN-m
S.F. at right of C=-50+220-(25x5)=45 KN
S.F. at left of C=45-50=-5 KN
S.F. at right of A=-50+220-25x10-50=-130 KN
S.F. at left of A=-130+130=0 KN
 EXAMPLE 10 – Solution
50 kN
25 kN/m 50 kN

A D
C 5m B
5m 4m
130 kN 220 kN

170

SFD (kN) 45
A B D
5
50 50
130

337.5

BMD (kNm) B D
A C

200