Module 1

Construction and Engineering

Karnedi, S.S., M.A.

INTRO DUC TIO N

T his module consists of two learning activities. Both have the same
format in which you will find four parts. The first part contains (a)
original texts written in English as the source language (SL). The first two
paragraphs of each text, translated into Bahasa Indonesia, are intended as
model translations along with a brief explanation. The second part provides
you with a number of translation exercises with alternative translation
versions. However, it is advisable that you do each of the exercises by
yourself or in groups first before checking them with the keys. The third part
has a summary of those translation aspects highlighted in the learning activity
concerned. The last part gives you a formative test as freer practice.
Alternative translation versions together with some comments are available
in the key to the formative test section at the end of this module.
After learning this module, you are expected to be able to translate
various texts on Construction and Engineering from English into Bahasa
Indonesia as accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.
Before you move on to Learning Activity 1, it is necessary for you to
look at things you have to bear in mind while you are translating. You should
have learned these things in the Theory of Translation course (BING3315):
1. Meanings transferred into the target language are not restricted by the
source language patterns. In other words, it should not read as
translation.
2. Meaning in the source language should be conveyed accurately in the
target language. There should no misinterpretation or misleading
language.
3. Be aware of the notion register (i.e. vocabulary selection, style and
grammatical features) used in a particular context.
4. Make sure you do not lose certainty of meaning in the source texts.
1.2 Translation 2 

5. There is no such thing as “free translation”. Your translation should only

be based on meanings in the source language.
6. Do not use „everyday‟ language.

All the above criteria will be addressed in the section of key to exercises.
They will then be summarized in the Summary section.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.3

Learning Activity 1

English Bahasa Indonesia Translation

R ead the following text very carefully to get a general impression of it,
analyze it and then do the exercises that follow.

Manufacturing Engineering
Introduction
Manufacturing engineering may be defined as designing the production
process for a product. Although there is a large difference of opinion on
exactly what is included in the design of a production process, almost all
people would generally agree with the above definition. Production or
manufacturing engineering includes all considerations pertaining to the
process of production. This includes such functions as the following:
1. Evaluating the manufacturability of the product.
2. Selecting processes and setting process parameters such as cutting tool
material, size, and shape; cutting speed; depth of cut; and so on.
3. Designing work-holding devices (jigs and fixtures) to secure and control
the position of the workpiece during manufacture.
4. Estimating the cost of manufacturing the part.
5. Assuring the quality of the part produced.

The rate of technological change in manufacturing engineering is

phenomenal likely to increase. “Keeping up” is already a very difficult
TASK. The future is likely to see a progressive manufacturing engineer
spending 15 to 25% of his or her time simply studying new technology.
Computerization, integration of controls, robotization, and coordination of
manufacturing activities are areas where change is likely to be most rapid. It
is important to note, however, that in spite of the new technology, the basics
still apply. For example, the most sophisticated computer controlled machine
center still performs its functions according to basic metal cutting theory. It is
vital for the manufacturing engineer to know and understand the basics of
manufacturing engineering.
This chapter discusses some of the primary areas of manufacturing
engineering. Since much industrial engineering has been applied to the metal
1.4 Translation 2 

working industry, we concentrate on that particular industry. The reader

should be aware that industrial engineering techniques can be applied in any
operating system, such as manufacturing, service, and governmental
activities. Fully 60% of the American work force functions in service and
governmental areas; but the limited length of this chapter prohibits any
detailed discussion of those areas.

Product-Production Design Interaction

Product design requires that a person develop and evaluate the ability of
the part to perform its intended function. Part characteristics such as size,
shape, strength, reliability, safe operating range, and so on, are evaluated
using knowledge of physics, strength of materials, tribology, and so on, often
using computerized analysis. Manufacturing engineering develops and
evaluates the cost of producing the part and uses knowledge of the relative
cost, capabilities, and limitations of the various alternative processing
methods available to produce the particular part shape, as well as detailed
knowledge of cutting tools, machine tools, skill levels of workers, similarity
to other parts being produced, and so on. Unfortunately, few industrial
engineers are trained in product design and few product designers are trained
in manufacturing engineering. This makes their interaction exceptionally
important.
In every manufacturing operation, some variation in the size of the
individual parts produced by the process will inevitably occur due to a variety
of causes, such as tool wear, operator error, and material variations. The
range of part sizes that can be used without compromising part function or
reliability, that is, the variation in each dimension of the product that can be
tolerated, is referred to as the tolerance for the product. The part designer,
who is most concerned with product function, would want the tolerances set
as small as possible to assure that the part will function without any
problems. The manufacturing engineer, who is most concerned with product
cost, wants the largest possible tolerances to be specified, as this often gives
him or her a wider choice of processes to be used in manufacturing the part.
This wider choice will often result in a reduction in product cost. Sometimes,
a product designer may specify very tight tolerances on the product because
he or she does not realize the cost of machining to exceptionally tight
tolerances or the inability of machines to produce unusual configurations.
Often, the manufacturing engineer will assume that these tight tolerances or
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.5

unusual configurations are necessary (when in fact they are not) and design
the process to produce them. This adds unnecessary cost to the product.
Ideally, a manufacturing engineer should work with the product designer
from the very beginning to ensure producibility. If it is not possible to have
this early interaction, the manufacturing engineer should inform the design
engineer of unusually costly operations. By having this information, the
design engineer can frequently avoid certain costly operations. This
interaction must happen and occur as early as possible in the design of
products.
Employee participation is also vital in this interaction phase. None one
knows the details of a job better than the person doing it, so this employee
must be encouraged for industry to remain competitive. In fact (as will be
seen later), the use of employee skills in some type of participative
management may be the most exciting trend today.
It is difficult to overemphasize the value of input from the hourly shop
floor workers in planning and implementing automation systems. No one
knows the nitty-gritty of a job better than the person who does it.

Process Engineering
Process engineering is concerned with the design of the actual process to
be used in the manufacture of the product. In designing the processes to be
used, a six-step sequence should be undertaken: defining the product
structure and specifications, assessing each component's manufacturability,
listing the different processes capable to manufacturing the component,
evaluating the cost of each of the alternative processes, determining the
sequence in which the operation are to be performed, and documenting the
process.

Defining Product Structure and Specifications

Product structures are often shown in a hierarchical chat that shows all of
the subassemblies, sub-subassemblies, components, and raw materials that
comprise the product. Figure 3.1 shows the product structure for a product
assembled from two subassemblies (Si), each of which is composed of sub-
subassemblies (SSj), components (Ck), and raw materials (RI).
This type of chart clearly defines “what goes into what” and on which
the five levels the item belongs. More complex products would have more
levels in their product structures. In Figure 3.1 each horizontal line indicates
1.6 Translation 2 

that an assembly operation must be designed to join its constituent parts. For
example, the horizontal line linking subassemblies 1 and 2 indicates that a
process to connect these two subassemblies must be designed. Note that sub-
subassemblies, components, and/or raw materials can “go into” the
subassembly; the hierarchy of the product structure dictates only that the
horizontal line be above the highest-level item (subassembly, component,
raw material) in the assembly, component, raw material) in the assembly.
Also shown in Figure 3.1 are components that are purchased already
fabricated and/or assembled and thus have no raw materials that must be
processed by this facility. Vertical lines in the product structure indicate that
the lower-level item is modified by a unique number and incorporated in this
number is the level of the item. This numbering is helpful of when
scheduling the production of the item, as we shall see in Chapter 7.
The number of each item required to make one of the next-higher level
item is also shown in the product structure. Figure 3.1 shows that three of
subassembly 1 are required to make one unit of the product and that two sub-
subassembly 1s are needed for each subassembly 1. This means that six units
of sub-subassembly 1 are needed to make the product. These data are used
when determining the number of each item that will be required to meet the
sales forecast for our product. (Introduction to Industrial and Systems
Engineering by Wayne C Tuner)

 TASK 1:
Now, learn the first model answer below together with a short
explanation about it. Pay special attention to the underlined words.

MODEL 1

Source Language
Paragraph 1
Manufacturing Engineering
Introduction
Manufacturing engineering may be defined as designing the production
process for a product. Although there is a large difference of opinion on
exactly what is included in the design of a production process, almost all
people would generally agree with the above definition. Production or
manufacturing engineering includes all considerations pertaining to the
process of production. This includes such functions as the following:
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.7

1. Evaluating the manufacturability of the product.

2. Selecting processes and setting process parameters such as cutting tool
material, size, and shape; cutting speed; depth of cut; and so on.
3. Designing work-holding devices (jigs and fixtures) to secure and control
the position of the workpiece during manufacture.
4. Estimating the cost of manufacturing the part.
5. Assuring the quality of the part produced.
Target Language
Paragraph 1
Perekayasaan Manufaktur
Pendahuluan
Perekayasaan manufaktur dapat didefinisikan sebagai perancangan
proses produksi sebuah produk. Meskipun terdapat perbedaan pendapat yang
besar mengenai apa sebetulnya yang termasuk ke dalam desain sebuah proses
produksi, pada umumnya hampir semua orang akan setuju dengan definisi di
atas. Produksi atau perekayasaan manufaktur meliputi semua pertimbangan
yang berkaitan dengan proses produksi tersebut meliputi fungsi-fungsi
berikut ini.
1. Mengevaluasi manufakturibilitas dari produk tersebut.
2. Memilih proses dan menyiapkan parameter proses seperti bahan untuk
alat pemotong, ukuran, dan bentuk; kecepatan memotong; kedalaman
potongan; dst.
3. Merancang alat-alat pemegang benda (jigs and fixtures) guna menjamin
dan mengontrol posisi benda yang dikerjakan selama pembuatan.
4. Memperkirakan biaya pembuatan produk.
5. Menjamin kualitas dari produk.

Penjelasan:
Setelah melakukan analisis terhadap fungsi teks sumber (TSu) di atas
yang bersumber dari buku teks/referensi maka diketahui bahwa teks tersebut
termasuk jenis teks informatif (informative text). Sesuai namanya, ia
berfungsi memberi informasi, pengetahuan, pendapat dan lain-lain secara
logis kepada pembaca serta bersifat referensial. Fungsi tersebut seyogianya
juga tercermin dalam hasil terjemahan/teks sasaran (TSa).
Dilihat dari jenis teks maka TSu di atas dapat dikategorikan ke dalam
teks khusus (technical text) yang di dalam ditemukan sejumlah terminologi
yang merupakan spesifik topik “perekayasaan manufaktur”. Hal tersukar
adalah mencari padanannya dalam BSa.
Setelah melakukan analisis terhadap fungsi TSu, kemudian barulah Anda
mengkaji aspek linguistik dari TSu. Tugas berikutnya adalah mencari
1.8 Translation 2 

padanannya dalam bahasa sasaran (BSa) sesuai konteks situasi di mana

unsur-unsur linguistik tersebut muncul, termasuk mempertimbangkan latar
belakang budaya bahasa sasaran (BSa). Misalnya, verba yang digarisbawahi
dalam konstruksi kalimat „Manufacturing engineering may be defined as
designing the production process for a product‟ diterjemahkan menjadi kata
benda „perancangan‟ seperti dalam kalimat „Perekayasaan manufaktur dapat
didefinisikan sebagai perancangan proses produksi sebuah produk‟; dan
bukan „merancang‟ sebagai verba. Dalam hal ini, telah terjadi pergeseran
bentuk.
Konsep gerund dalam bahasa Inggris ditandai dengan penambahan
bentuk „-ing‟ pada kata dasar, seperti „evaluating‟ (mengevaluasi),
„selecting‟ (memilih), „designing‟ (merancang), „estimating‟
(memperkirakan), dan „assuring‟ (menjamin), yang dalam bahasa Indonesia
tidak mengalami pergeseran bentuk. Hal yang penting adalah menjaga
konsistensi dalam penggunaan bentuk aktif yang ditandai dengan penggunaan
prefiks „me-„ dalam TSa, seperti halnya penggunaan bentuk „-ing‟ dalam
TSu.

 TASK 2:
Now, learn the second model answer below together with a short
explanation about it. Pay special attention to the underlined words.

MODEL 2

Source Language
Paragraph 2
The rate of technological change in manufacturing engineering is
phenomenal likely to increase. “Keeping up” is already a very difficult
TASK. The future is likely to see a progressive manufacturing engineer
spending 15 to 25% of his or her time simply studying new technology.
Computerization, integration of controls, robotization, and coordination of
manufacturing activities are areas where change is likely to be most rapid. It
is important to note, however, that in spite of the new technology, the basics
still apply. For example, the most sophisticated computer controlled machine
center still performs its functions according to basic metal cutting theory. It is
vital for the manufacturing engineer to know and understand the basics of
manufacturing engineering.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.9

Target Language
Kecepatan perubahan teknologi dalam perekayasaan manufaktur secara
fenomenal mungkin akan bertambah. “Berpacu” telah merupakan sebuah
tugas yang sulit. Pada masa mendatang mungkin dapat dilihat seorang
insinyur manufaktur yang progresif yang menghabiskan 15 20% waktunya
hanya untuk mempelajari teknologi baru. Komputerisasi, kontrol yang
terintegrasi, robotisasi, dan kombinasi kegiatan manufaktur merupakan
daerah-daerah di mana perubahan yang mungkin terjadi secara paling cepat.
Namun, perlu dicatat bahwa di samping teknologi baru, dasar-dasar masih
diterapkan. Misalnya, pusat mesin yang dikontrol dengan komputer
tercanggih masih melakukan fungsinya menurut teori pemotongan metal
dasar. Sangat penting bagi insinyur manufaktur untuk mengetahui dan
memahami dasar-dasar perekayasaan manufaktur tersebut.

Penjelasan:
Pola kolokasi tidak lazim dijumpai dalam kalimat “Keeping up” is
already a very difficult TASK. Kata kerja frasa (phrasal verb) “keep up”
secara kontekstual ternyata tidak begitu sukar dijumpai padanannya dalam
bahasa Indonesia, yaitu kata “berpacu”. Dalam beberapa kasus, pola kolokasi
seperti itu mungkin cukup sulit dicarikan padanannya. Lihat kembali Buku
Materi Pokok mata kuliah “Teori Terjemahan” (kode: BING3315).

EXE RCI SE S

 TASK 3
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 3
This chapter discusses some of the primary areas of manufacturing
engineering. Since much industrial engineering has been applied to the metal
working industry, we concentrate on that particular industry. The reader
should be aware that industrial engineering techniques can be applied in any
operating system, such as manufacturing, service, and governmental
activities. Fully 60% of the American work force functions in service and
governmental areas; but the limited length of this chapter prohibits any
detailed discussion of those areas.
1.10 Translation 2 

Target Language

 TASK 4
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 4
Product-Production Design Interaction
Product design requires that a person develop and evaluate the ability of
the part to perform its intended function. Part characteristics such as size,
shape, strength, reliability, safe operating range, and so on, are evaluated
using knowledge of physics, strength of materials, tribology, and so on, often
using computerized analysis. Manufacturing engineering develops and
evaluates the cost of producing the part and uses knowledge of the relative
cost, capabilities, and limitations of the various alternative processing
methods available to produce the particular part shape, as well as detailed
knowledge of cutting tools, machine tools, skill levels of workers, similarity
to other parts being produced, and so on. Unfortunately, few industrial
engineers are trained in product design and few product designers are trained
in manufacturing engineering. This makes their interaction exceptionally
important.
Target Language
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.11

 TASK 5
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 5
In every manufacturing operation, some variation in the size of the
individual parts produced by the process will inevitably occur due to a variety
of causes, such as tool wear, operator error, and material variations. The
range of part sizes that can be used without compromising part function or
reliability, that is, the variation in each dimension of the product that can be
tolerated, is referred to as the tolerance for the product. The part designer,
who is most concerned with product function, would want the tolerances set
as small as possible to assure that the part will function without any
problems. The manufacturing engineer, who is most concerned with product
cost, wants the largest possible tolerances to be specified, as this often gives
him or her a wider choice of processes to be used in manufacturing the part.
This wider choice will often result in a reduction in product cost. Sometimes,
a product designer may specify very tight tolerances on the product because
he or she does not realize the cost of machining to exceptionally tight
tolerances or the inability of machines to produce unusual configurations.
Often, the manufacturing engineer will assume that these tight tolerances or
unusual configurations are necessary (when in fact they are not) and design
the process to produce them. This adds unnecessary cost to the product.
Target Language
1.12 Translation 2 

 TASK 6
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 6
Ideally, a manufacturing engineer should work with the product designer
from the very beginning to ensure producibility. If it is not possible to have
this early interaction, the manufacturing engineer should inform the design
engineer of unusually costly operations. By having this information, the
design engineer can frequently avoid certain costly operations. This
interaction must happen and occur as early as possible in the design of
products.
Target Language

 TASK 7
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 7
Employee participation is also vital in this interaction phase. None one
knows the details of a job better than the person doing it, so this employee
must be encouraged for industry to remain competitive. In fact (as will be
seen later), the use of employee skills in some type of participative
management may be the most exciting trend today.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.13

Target Language

 TASK 8
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 1
It is difficult to overemphasize the value of input from the hourly shop
floor workers in planning and implementing automation systems. No one
knows the nitty-gritty of a job better than the person who does it.
Target Language

 TASK 9
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 9
Process Engineering
Process engineering is concerned with the design of the actual process to
be used in the manufacture of the product. In designing the processes to be
used, a six-step sequence should be undertaken: defining the product
1.14 Translation 2 

structure and specifications, assessing each component's manufacturability,

listing the different processes capable to manufacturing the component,
evaluating the cost of each of the alternative processes, determining the
sequence in which the operation are to be performed, and documenting the
process.
Target Language

 TASK 10
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 10
Defining Product Structure and Specifications
Product structures are often shown in a hierarchical chat that shows all of
the subassemblies, sub-subassemblies, components, and raw materials that
comprise the product. Figure 3.1 shows the product structure for a product
assembled from two subassemblies (Si), each of which is composed of sub-
subassemblies (SSj), components (Ck), and raw materials (RI).
Target Language
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.15

 TASK 11
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Pay special attention to the
underlined words. Write your translation in the space available.

Source Language
Paragraph 11
This type of chart clearly defines “what goes into what” and on which
the five levels the item belongs. More complex products would have more
levels in their product structures. In Figure 3.1 each horizontal line indicates
that an assembly operation must be designed to join its constituent parts. For
example, the horizontal line linking subassemblies 1 and 2 indicates that a
process to connect these two subassemblies must be designed. Note that sub-
subassemblies, components, and/or raw materials can “go into” the
subassembly; the hierarchy of the product structure dictates only that the
horizontal line be above the highest-level item (subassembly, component,
raw material) in the assembly, component, raw material) in the assembly. Also
shown in Figure 3.1 are components that are purchased already fabricated and/or
assembled and thus have no raw materials that must be processed by this
facility. Vertical lines in the product structure indicate that the lower -
level item is modified by a unique number and incorporated in this
number is the level of the item. This numbering is helpful of when
scheduling the production of the item, as we shall see in Chapter 7.
Target Language
1.16 Translation 2 

Key to Exercises: Possible Answers

 TASK 3

Source Language
Paragraph 3
This chapter discusses some of the primary areas of manufacturing
engineering. Since much industrial engineering has been applied to the metal
working industry, we concentrate on that particular industry. The reader
should be aware that industrial engineering techniques can be applied in any
operating system, such as manufacturing, service, and governmental
activities. Fully 60% of the American work force functions in service and
governmental areas; but the limited length of this chapter prohibits any
detailed discussion of those areas.
Target Language
Paragraf 3
Dalam bab ini dibahas beberapa bagian utama dari perekayasaan
manufaktur. Karena kebanyakan perekayasaan industri telah diterapkan pada
industri metal maka kita pusatkan perhatian kita pada industri khusus
tersebut. Pembaca harus menyadari bahwa teknik perekayasaan industri dapat
diterapkan pada sistem operasi, seperti manufaktur, jasa, dan kegiatan
pemerintah. 60% dari angkatan kerja Amerika secara penuh berfungsi dalam
bidang jasa dan pemerintahan. Namun, karena keterbatasan panjangnya bab
ini sehingga pembahasan secara rinci mengenai daerah-daerah ini tidak
dapat dilakukan.

Penjelasan:
Dalam bahasa Inggris sangat lazim mengatakan “This chapter discusses‟
seperti dalam kalimat “This chapter discusses some of the primary areas of
manufacturing engineering” yang merupakan kalimat aktif. Artinya benda,
yaitu „chapter‟ dapat melakukan pekerjaan seperti manusia, sementara
menurut tata bahasa Indonesia tidak tepat mengatakan hal demikian. Untuk
menghindari hal ini, sebaiknya kalimat di atas diubah menjadi kalimat pasif
sehingga menjadi „Dalam bab ini dibahas beberapa bagian utama dari
perekayasaan manufaktur.‟ Teknik mengubah bentuk atau konstruksi seperti
ini diperbolehkan dalam penerjemahan sepanjang tidak menyalahi aspek
kewajaran dalam BSa.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.17

 TASK 4

Source Language
Paragraph 4
Product-Production Design Interaction
Product design requires that a person develop and evaluate the ability of
the part to perform its intended function. Part characteristics such as size,
shape, strength, reliability, safe operating range, and so on, are evaluated
using knowledge of physics, strength of materials, tribology, and so on, often
using computerized analysis. Manufacturing engineering develops and
evaluates the cost of producing the part and uses knowledge of the relative
cost, capabilities, and limitations of the various alternative processing
methods available to produce the particular part shape, as well as detailed
knowledge of cutting tools, machine tools, skill levels of workers, similarity
to other parts being produced, and so on. Unfortunately, few industrial
engineers are trained in product design and few product designers are trained
in manufacturing engineering. This makes their interaction exceptionally
important.
Target Language
Paragraf 4
Interaksi Desain Produksi dan Produk
Desain produk menghendaki bahwa seseorang mengembangkan dan
mengevaluasi kemampuan produk tersebut melakukan fungsi yang telah
ditentukan. Sifat-sifat produk, seperti ukuran, kekuatan, kelayakan,
jangkauan operasi yang aman, dst dievaluasi dengan menggunakan ilmu
fisika. Kekuatan bahan, tribology, dst, sering kali menggunakan analisis
komputer. Dalam perekayasaan manufaktur dikembangkan dan dievaluasi
biaya produksi produk dan digunakan ilmu tentang biaya relatif, kapabilitas,
dan keterbatasan dari metode proses alternatif yang ada guna menghasilkan
bentuk produk yang khusus, serta pengetahuan yang rinci mengenai alat
potong, peralatan mesin, tingkat keterampilan para pekerja, kesamaan dengan
produk-produk lain yang sedang dibuat, dst. Namun, tidak banyak para
insinyur industri yang dilatih dalam desain produk dan tidak banyak
perancang produk yang dilatih dalam perekayasaan manufaktur. Hal ini
membuat interaksinya sangat penting.

Penjelasan:
Perbedaan sudut pandang (modulasi) yang berbeda terhadap pokok
masalah dapat dilihat pada bagian yang digarisbawahi pada kolom TSu dan
TSa di atas.
1.18 Translation 2 

Selain itu, agar hasil terjemahan di atas lebih mudah dipahami oleh pembaca
TSa maka kalimat kompleks dalam TSu perlu lebih disederhanakan.

 TASK 5

Source Language
Paragraph 5
In every manufacturing operation, some variation in the size of the
individual parts produced by the process will inevitably occur due to a variety
of causes, such as tool wear, operator error, and material variations. The
range of part sizes that can be used without compromising part function or
reliability, that is, the variation in each dimension of the product that can be
tolerated, is referred to as the tolerance for the product. The part designer,
who is most concerned with product function, would want the tolerances set
as small as possible to assure that the part will function without any
problems. The manufacturing engineer, who is most concerned with product
cost, wants the largest possible tolerances to be specified, as this often gives
him or her a wider choice of processes to be used in manufacturing the part.
This wider choice will often result in a reduction in product cost. Sometimes,
a product designer may specify very tight tolerances on the product because
he or she does not realize the cost of machining to exceptionally tight
tolerances or the inability of machines to produce unusual configurations.
Often, the manufacturing engineer will assume that these tight tolerances or
unusual configurations are necessary (when in fact they are not) and design
the process to produce them. This adds unnecessary cost to the product.
Target Language
Paragraf 5
Dalam setiap operasi manufaktur, beberapa variasi ukuran dari setiap
produk yang dihasilkan oleh proses tersebut tidak dapat dihindari karena
berbagai sebab seperti tool wear, kesalahan operator, dan variasi material.
Keragaman ukuran produk yang dapat digunakan tanpa mempedulikan fungsi
produk atau kehandalan, yaitu, variasi dalam setiap dimensi produk yang
dapat ditolerir, mengacu pada toleransi produk tersebut. Perancang produk
yang sangat peduli dengan fungsi produk, menginginkan toleransi tersebut
dibuat sekecil mungkin guna menjamin bahwa produk tersebut akan
berfungsi tanpa masalah. Insinyur manufaktur yang sangat peduli dengan
biaya produk menginginkan toleransi terbesar yang dapat diberikan karena
hal ini sering kali memberinya pilihan proses yang lebih banyak yang
digunakan dalam membuat produk tersebut. Sering kali pilihan yang banyak
ini akan menyebabkan pengurangan dalam biaya produk. Kadang-kadang,
seorang perancang produk mungkin saja menentukan toleransi yang sangat
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.19

ketat terhadap produk tersebut karena ia tidak menyadari biaya mesin sampai
pada toleransi yang amat sangat tinggi atau ketidakmampuan mesin untuk
menghasilkan konfigurasi yang tidak umum. Sering kali insinyur manufaktur
akan menyangka bahwa toleransi yang ketat atau konfigurasi yang tidak
lazim ini adalah perlu (ketika kenyataannya tidak), dan merancang proses
untuk membuatnya. Hal ini menambah biaya yang tidak perlu terhadap
produk tersebut.

Penjelasan:
Seperti telah disinggung dalam penjelasan pada TASK 4 di atas maka
hasil terjemahan perlu lebih disederhanakan lagi agar mudah dimengerti oleh
pembaca mengingat rumitnya konstruksi TSu.
Selain itu, pola kolokasi seperti ‟a wider choice of processes‟ dalam TSu
lebih tepat diterjemahkan menjadi ‟pilihan proses yang lebih banyak‟, dan
bukan ‟pilihan yang lebih luas‟ yang sepertinya memang kurang lazim dalam
bahasa Indonesia.

 TASK 6

Source Language
Paragraph 6
Ideally, a manufacturing engineer should work with the product designer
from the very beginning to ensure producibility. If it is not possible to have
this early interaction, the manufacturing engineer should inform the design
engineer of unusually costly operations. By having this information, the
design engineer can frequently avoid certain costly operations. This
interaction must happen and occur as early as possible in the design of
products.
Target Language
Paragraf 6
Idealnya, seorang insinyur manufaktur harus bekerja dengan perancang
produk dari awal sekali untuk menjamin produktibilitas. Jika interaksi awal
ini tidak dimungkinkan maka insinyur manufaktur seharusnya memberitahu
insinyur perancang tentang operasi yang memakan biaya yang tidak lazim.
Dengan mempunyai informasi ini, insinyur perancang tersebut sering kali
dapat mencegah operasi tertentu yang memakan biaya. Interaksi ini harus
terjadi dan berlangsung sedini mungkin dalam perancangan produk.
1.20 Translation 2 

Penjelasan:
Perlu dihindari agar tidak ada makna yang hilang (loss of emaning)
dalam proses pengalihan makna tersebut. Misalnya, kata very dalam kalimat
‟Ideally, a manufacturing engineer should work with the product designer
from the very beginning to ensure producibility.‟ tetap harus dimunculkan
padanannya dalam hasil terjemahan yang dalam konteks di atas
diterjemahkan menjadi „dari awal sekali‟.

 TASK 7

Source Language
Paragraph 7
Employee participation is also vital in this interaction phase. No one
knows the details of a job better than the person doing it, so this employee
must be encouraged for industry to remain competitive. In fact (as will be
seen later), the use of employee skills in some type of participative
management may be the most exciting trend today.
Target Language
Paragraf 7
Partisipasi karyawan juga sangat penting dalam tahap interaksi ini. Tak
seorang pun mengetahui rincian sebuah pekerjaan dengan lebih baik daripada
orang yang mengerjakannya. Oleh karena itu, karyawan ini harus dimotivasi
terhadap industri agar supaya tetap kompetitif. Sebetulnya, (seperti yang
dapat dilihat kemudian), penggunaan keterampilan karyawan dalam beberapa
jenis manajemen partisipatif mungkin saja merupakan tren yang
menyenangkan pada saat ini.

Penjelasan:
Penggunaan partikel „pun‟ dalam TSa di atas sangat dianjurkan sehingga
faktor kewajaran dalam BSa dapat terpenuhi, termasuk penyederhanaan
kalimat yang digarisbawahi (kalimat kompleks) menjadi dua kalimat
sederhana.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.21

 TASK 8

Source Language
Paragraph 8
It is difficult to overemphasize the value of input from the hourly shop
floor workers in planning and implementing automation systems. No one
knows the nitty-gritty of a job better than the person who does it.
Target Language
Paragraf 8
Sulit untuk terlalu memberi penekanan pada nilai input dari para pekerja
bawah dalam merencanakan dan melaksanakan sistem otomatis. Tak seorang
pun lebih tahu tentang seluk-beluk sebuah pekerjaan selain orang yang
mengerjakannya.

Penjelasan:
Pola kalimat bahasa Inggris seperti ‟It + is + to infinitive‟ sangat umum
seperti dalam kalimat ‟It is difficult to overemphasize the value of input from
the hourly shop floor workers in planning and implementing automation
systems‟. Namun, perlu kehati-hatian dalam menerjemahkannya sebab pola
tersebut mungkin saja terbaca dalam hasil terjemahan Anda sehingga tidak
jarang kita temukan konstruksi tersebut diterjemahkan menjadi seperti
‟Adalah sulit untuk terlalu memberi penekanan pada nilai input dari para
pekerja bawah dalam merencanakan dan melaksanakan sistem otomatis.‟
Sebaiknya Anda tidak menggunakan kata ‟adalah‟ karena sepertinya kata
tersebut terikat dengan pola ‟It is .... .‟
Selain itu, perhatikan juga bagaimana kata majemuk seperti ‟the nitty-
gritty‟ diterjemahkan menjadi adverbia „seluk-beluk‟. Kemampuan bahasa
Anda sebagai seorang penerjemah amat dituntut di sini karena mungkin tidak
semua kamus memuat kata bentukan tersebut. Barangkali yang ada adalah
kata-kata terpisah seperti „nitty‟ dan „gritty‟ yang maknanya bisa jadi berbeda
dengan makna apabila kedua kata tersebut digabung menjadi satu kata seperti
dalam konstruksi „nitty-gritty‟.
1.22 Translation 2 

 TASK 9

Source Language
Paragraph 9
Process Engineering
Process engineering is concerned with the design of the actual process to
be used in the manufacture of the product. In designing the processes to be
used, a six-step sequence should be undertaken: defining the product
structure and specifications, assessing each component's manufacturability,
listing the different processes capable to manufacturing the component,
evaluating the cost of each of the alternative processes, determining the
sequence in which the operation are to be performed, and documenting the
process.
Target Language
Paragraf 9
Proses Perekayasan
Proses perekayasaan berkaitan dengan perancangan proses yang
sesungguhnya untuk digunakan dalam pembuatan produk. Dalam merancang
proses yang akan digunakan, enam tahap secara berurutan harus ditempuh:
definisikan struktur produk, nilai manufakturabilitas setiap komponen,
buatkan daftar proses-proses yang berbeda yang mampu menghasilkan
komponen tersebut, evaluasi biaya setiap alternatif proses, tentukan urutan
operasi yang akan dilaksanakan, dan buat dokumentasi proses tersebut.

Penjelasan:
Nuansa kalimat pasif cukup kentara dalam TSu di atas. Seyogianya
nuansa pasif ini juga tercermin dalam hasil terjemahan Anda mengingat teks
tersebut berbicara tentang suatu proses, dalam hal ini proses perekayasaan.
Oleh karena itu, sebuah teks mungkin saja memiliki lebih dari satu fungsi
teks; dalam hal ini tidak hanya fungsi informatif saja tetapi juga fungsi
vokatif/operatif. Perhatikan bagian-bagian yang digarisbawahi di atas.

 TASK 10

Source Language
Paragraph 10
Defining Product Structure and Specifications
Product structures are often shown in a hierarchical chat that shows all of
the subassemblies, sub-subassemblies, components, and raw materials that
comprise the product. Figure 3.1 shows the product structure for a product
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.23

assembled from two subassemblies (Si), each of which is composed of sub-

subassemblies (SSj), components (Ck), and raw materials (RI).

Target Language
Paragraf 10
Mendefinisikan Struktur Produk dan Spesifikasi
Struktur produk sering kali ditunjukkan dalam sebuah bagan yang
hierarkis yang memperlihatkan seluruh sub-perakitan, sub-subperakitan,
komponen, dan bahan mentah yang membentuk produk tersebut. Bagan 3.1
memperlihatkan struktur produk untuk sebuah produk yang dirakit dari dua
sub-perakitan (Si), masing-masing terdiri atas sub-subperakitan (SSj),
komponen (Ck), dan bahan mentah (RI).

Penjelasan:
Konsep terminologi atau penggunaan istilah-istilah teknis dalam bidang
tertentu merupakan sesuatu yang harus disadari betul oleh seorang
penerjemah. Yang perlu dihindari adalah penggunaan padanan kata atau
istilah yang umum untuk kata-kata atau istilah-istilah teknis dalam
terjemahan. Misalnya, kata-kata seperti subassemblies, sub-subassemblies,
components, raw materials dan product structure merupakan beberapa istilah
teknis yang dipakai dalam dunia perekayasaan. Oleh karena itu, sebelum
menerjemahkan, seorang penerjemah tidak salahnya melakukan survei
terlebih dahulu ke pabrik perakitan, misalnya, untuk memastikan padanan
istilah yang lazim dipakai dalam konteks tersebut di atas.

 TASK 11

Source Language
Paragraph 11
This type of chart clearly defines “what goes into what” and on which
the five levels the item belongs. More complex products would have more
levels in their product structures. In Figure 3.1 each horizontal line indicates
that an assembly operation must be designed to join its constituent parts. For
example, the horizontal line linking subassemblies 1 and 2 indicates that a
process to connect these two subassemblies must be designed. Note that sub-
subassemblies, components, and/or raw materials can "go into" the
subassembly; the hierarchy of the product structure dictates only that the
horizontal line be above the highest-level item (subassembly, component,
raw material) in the assembly, component, raw material) in the assembly. Also
shown in Figure 3.1 are components that are purchased already fabricated and/or
1.24 Translation 2 

assembled and thus have no raw materials that must be processed by this
facility. Vertical lines in the product structure indicate that the lower -
level item is modified by a unique number and incorporated in this
number is the level of the item. This numbering is helpful of when
scheduling the production of the item, as we shall see in Chapter 7.
Target Language
Paragraf 11
Bagan ini secara jelas menggambarkan “apa masuk ke mana” dan masuk
ke mana kelima tingkatan tersebut. Produk-produk yang lebih rumit akan
memiliki lebih banyak tingkatan dalam struktur produknya. Dalam Bagan 3.1
setiap garis horizontal menunjukkan bahwa sebuah operasi perakitan harus
dirancang untuk menghubungkan bagian-bagian pembentuknya. Misalnya,
garis horizontal yang menghubungkan subperakitan 1 dan 2 menunjukkan
bahwa sebuah proses yang menghubungkan kedua subperakitan ini harus
dirancang. Perlu dicatat bahwa sub-subperakitan, komponen, dan/atau bahan
mentah dapat “masuk” ke dalam subperakitan tersebut; hierarki struktur
produk tersebut hanya menunjukkan bahwa garis horizontal ada di atas objek
pada level teratas (subperakitan, komponen, bahan mentah) dalam perakitan
tersebut, Dalam Bagan 3.1 juga ditunjukkan komponen-komponen yang dibeli
jadi dan/atau yang dirakit. Dan oleh karena itu, tidak ada bahan mentah yang
harus diproses dengan fasilitas ini. Garis vertikal dalam struktur produk
tersebut menunjukkan bahwa objek pada tingkatan paling bawah
dimodifikasi dengan sebuah nomor yang unik, dan yang disatukan dalam
nomor ini adalah tingkatan objek tersebut. Penomoran ini menolong
ketika membuat jadwal produksi dari barang tersebut, seperti yang dapat
dilihat dalam Bab 7.

Penjelasan:
Ketika melakukan analisis terhadap TSu, diperlukan kehati-hatian dalam
memahami salah satu polisemi atau variasi makna dari sebuah kata dalam
konteks tertentu. Oleh karena itu, gunakan kamus monolingual bahasa
Inggris yang memang berkualitas. Misalnya, padanan yang tepat untuk kata
define (verba) dalam TSu di atas adalah „menggambarkan‟ atau
„digambarkan‟, dan bukan „mendefinisikan‟ atau „didefinisikan‟.
Pemilihan padanan klausa ‟perlu dicatat‟ dalam TSa untuk kata note
(verba) dalam TSu memperlihatkan betapa faktor kewajaran (naturalness)
dalam TSa sangat menentukan berhasil atau tidaknya proses komunikasi
tersebut.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.25

SUMMA RY

Dalam Kegiatan Belajar 1 di atas Anda telah belajar tentang

beberapa hal penting sebagai berikut.
1. Analisis terhadap TSu merupakan tahap awal dalam kegiatan
penerjemahan untuk mengetahui fungsi TSu atau tujuan komunikasi.
Sebuah teks mungkin saja memiliki lebih dari satu fungsi atau
tujuan komunikasi. Terbukti bahwa TSu pada Kegiatan Belajar 1
memiliki fungsi informatif (lebih dominan) dan teks vokatif/
imperatif dan termasuk jenis teks khusus yang ditandai dengan
penggunaan terminologi di bidang perekayasaan dan struktur
kalimat pasif yang relatif dominan. Analisis terhadap aspek
linguistik TSu dilakukan (setelah melakukan analisis terhadap
fungsi TSu) sebelum mencari padanannya dalam bahasa sasaran
(BSa) sesuai konteks situasi di mana unsur-unsur linguistik tersebut
muncul, termasuk pertimbangan akan latar belakang budaya bahasa
sasaran (BSa).
2. Pengetahuan tentang aplikasi penerjemahan pola kolokasi dalam
TSu dan TSa, misalnya perform (verba) + function (nomina) yang
sepadan dengan „melakukan fungsi‟, sangat diperlukan oleh
penerjemah.
3. Teknik pergeseran bentuk (transposisi) dan perbedaan sudut
pandang (modulasi) terbukti sangat ampuh dalam upaya memenuhi
faktor kewajaran dalam BSa atau tidak terikat dengan konstruksi
atau pola dalam TSu.
4. Kemampuan dalam polisemi dan padanannya yang tepat dalam TSa
sangat dibutuhkan dari seorang penerjemah sebab terkait dengan
pentingnya penafsiran atau interpretasi yang tepat terhadap maksud
penulis dalam TSu.
1.26 Translation 2 

FO RMA TIV E TE ST 1
Read the following paragraph along with its translation version. Pay
special attention to the underlined parts where there are rooms for
improvement on the basis of the assessment criteria in the band descriptors
provided for you (see Appendix). Discuss these weaknesses with your friends,
and then revise them. Compare your answers with the key to Formative
Test 1.

 TASK 1

Source Language
Paragraph 12
The number of each item required to make one of the next-higher level
item is also shown in the product structure. Figure 3.1 shows that three of
subassembly 1 are required to make one unit of the product and that two sub-
subassembly 1s are needed for each subassembly 1. This means that six units
of sub-subassembly 1 are needed to make the product. These data are used
when determining the number of each item that will be required to meet the
sales forecast for our product.
Target Language
Paragraf 12
Jumlah setiap produk yang memerlukan untuk membuat satu produk
pada level berikutnya yang lebih tinggi juga menunjukkan dalam struktur
produk tersebut. Bagan 3.1 menunjukkan bahwa tiga subperakitan 1
memerlukan untuk membuat satu unit produk, dan bahwa dua sub-
subperakitan 1s memerlukan untuk setiap subperakitan 1. Ini berarti bahwa
enam unit sub-subperakitan 1 membutuhkan untuk membuat produk tersebut.
Data ini menggunakan pada waktu menentukan jumlah setiap produk yang
memerlukan untuk memenuhi perkiraan penjualan dari produk kita.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.27

Learning Activity 2

English Bahasa Indonesia Translation

R ead the following text very carefully to get a general impression of it,
analyze it and then do the exercises that follow.

Engineering

Engineering is the application of science to the needs of humanity. This

is accomplished through knowledge, mathematics and practical experience
applied to the design of useful objects or processes. Professional practitioners
of engineering are called engineers.

Compared to other professions

Engineering is concerned with the implementation of a solution to a
practical problem. A scientist may ask “why?” and proceed to research the
answer to the question. By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a
problem and how to implement that solution. Otherwise stated, scientists
investigate phenomena that already exist, whereas engineers create what has
never existed.
The terms “engineer” and “technologist” are not interchangeable; both
describe different types of work and different professions. To illustrate: Once
engineers have found a solution for the problem at hand, their work stops,
and technologists begin the work of improving the solution. This process is
dependent on various factors that vary with time. A solution that could be a
practical application of a scientific fact does not satisfy a technologist. A
technologist endeavours to bring it within the economic constraints so that
the common person not only understands and marvels at science but also is
able to enjoy it and loses fear of it by constant interaction.
On November 21, 1877, Thomas A. Edison developed the phonograph --
a remarkable feat of engineering. Then, he directed his assistant (the
technologist) to improve the device further by removing harmonics from the
sound output.
1.28 Translation 2 

The TASK of engineering

The engineer must identify and understand the relevant constraints in
order to produce a successful design. Constraints include available resources,
physical or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and
additions, and other factors such as requirements for cost, manufacturability,
serviceability, and marketing and aesthetic, social, or ethic considerations. By
understanding the constraints, engineers deduce specifications for the limits
within which an object or system may be produced and operated. Engineering
is therefore influenced by many considerations.

Problem solving
Engineers use their knowledge of science and mathematics, and
appropriate experience, to find suitable solutions to a problem. Creating an
appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyze it
(perhaps, but exceptionally, definitively), and to test potential solutions. If
multiple reasonable solutions exist, engineers evaluate the different design
choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets the
requirements.
Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will
perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use,
among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests,
and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected.
Engineers as professionals take seriously their responsibility to produce
designs that will perform as expected and will not cause unintended harm to
the public at large. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their
designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.

Use of computers
Computers, and design software, play an increasingly important role.
Using computer aided design (CAD) software, engineers are able to capture
more information about their designs. The computer can automatically
translate some models to instructions suitable for automatic machinery (e.g.,
CNC) to fabricate (part of) a design. The computer also allows increased
reuse of previously developed designs by presenting an engineer with a
library of predefined parts ready to be used in designs.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.29

Additionally, engineers make use of a variety of circuit schematics

software to aid in the creation of a circuit designs that perform an electronic
TASK when used for a printed circuit board (PCB) or a computer chip.

Etymology
It is a myth that engineer originated to describe those who built engines.
In fact, the words engine and engineer (as well as ingenious) developed in
parallel from the Latin root ingeniosus, meaning 'skilled'. An engineer is thus
a clever, practical, problem solver. The spelling of engineer was later
influenced by back-formation from engine. The term later evolved to include
all fields where the skills of application of the scientific method are used. In
some other languages, such as Arabic, the word for "engineering" also means
“geometry”.

Connections to other disciplines

Science attempts to explain newly observed and unexplained
phenomena, often creating mathematical models of observed phenomena.
Technology and engineering are attempts at practical application of
knowledge (often from science). Scientists work on science; engineers work
on technology. However, there is often an overlap between science and
engineering. It is not uncommon for scientists to become involved in the
practical application of their discoveries; thereby becoming, for the moment,
engineers. Conversely, in the process of developing technology engineers
sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for
the moment, scientists.
There are also close connections between the workings of engineers and
artists; they are direct in some fields, for example, architecture and industrial
design, and indirect in others. Artistic and engineering creativity may be
fundamentally connected. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).
1.30 Translation 2 

 TASK 1:
Now, learn the first model answer below.

MODEL 1

Source Language
Paragraph 1
Engineering
Engineering is the application of science to the needs of humanity. This
is accomplished through knowledge, mathematics and practical experience
applied to the design of useful objects or processes. Professional practitioners
of engineering are called engineers.
Target Language
Paragraf 1
Perekayasaan
Perekayasaan merupakan penerapan ilmu pengetahuan untuk kebutuhan
kemanusiaan. Hal ini dilakukan melalui pengetahuan, matematika, dan
pengalaman praktis yang diterapkan pada perancangan objek-objek atau
proses yang bermanfaat. Para praktisi profesional perekayasaan disebut
dengan insinyur

 TASK 2:
Now, learn the first model answer below.

MODEL 2

Source Language
Paragraph 2
Compared to other professions
Engineering is concerned with the implementation of a solution to a
practical problem. A scientist may ask “why?” and proceed to research the
answer to the question. By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a
problem and how to implement that solution. Otherwise stated, scientists
investigate phenomena that already exist, whereas engineers create what has
never existed.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.31

Target Language
Paragraf 2
Perbandingan dengan Profesi yang lain
Perekayasaan berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan sebuah solusi terhadap
sebuah masalah praktis. Seorang ilmuwan mungkin saja bertanya "kenapa?"
dan terus meneliti untuk mencari jawaban atas masalah tersebut. Sebaliknya,
para insinyur ingin mengetahui bahwa bagaimana menyelesaikan sebuah
masalah, dan bagaimana melaksanakan solusi tersebut. Dengan kata lain,
para ilmuwan meneliti fenomena yang sudah ada, sementara insinyur
menciptakan apa yang tidak pernah ada.

EXE RCI SE S

 TASK 3
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 3
The terms “engineer” and “technologist” are not interchangeable; both
describe different types of work and different professions. To illustrate: Once
engineers have found a solution for the problem at hand, their work stops,
and technologists begin the work of improving the solution. This process is
dependent on various factors that vary with time. A solution that could be a
practical application of a scientific fact does not satisfy a technologist. A
technologist endeavours to bring it within the economic constraints so that
the common person not only understands and marvels at science but also is
able to enjoy it and loses fear of it by constant interaction.
Target Language
1.32 Translation 2 

 TASK 4
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 4
On November 21, 1877, Thomas A. Edison developed the phonograph --
a remarkable feat of engineering. Then, he directed his assistant (the
technologist) to improve the device further by removing harmonics from the
sound output.
Target Language

 TASK 5
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 5
The TASK of engineering
The engineer must identify and understand the relevant constraints in
order to produce a successful design. Constraints include available resources,
physical or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and
additions, and other factors such as requirements for cost, manufacturability,
serviceability, and marketing and aesthetic, social, or ethic considerations. By
understanding the constraints, engineers deduce specifications for the limits
within which an object or system may be produced and operated. Engineering
is therefore influenced by many considerations.
Target Language
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.33

 TASK 6
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 6
Problem solving
Engineers use their knowledge of science and mathematics, and
appropriate experience, to find suitable solutions to a problem. Creating an
appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyze it
(perhaps, but exceptionally, definitively), and to test potential solutions. If
multiple reasonable solutions exist, engineers evaluate the different design
choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets the
requirements.
Target Language

 TASK 7
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 7
Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will
perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use,
among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests,
and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected.
Engineers as professionals take seriously their responsibility to produce
designs that will perform as expected and will not cause unintended harm to
the public at large. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their
designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.
1.34 Translation 2 

Target Language

 TASK 8
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 8
Use of computers
Computers, and design software, play an increasingly important role.
Using computer aided design (CAD) software, engineers are able to capture
more information about their designs. The computer can automatically
translate some models to instructions suitable for automatic machinery (e.g.,
CNC) to fabricate (part of) a design. The computer also allows increased
reuse of previously developed designs by presenting an engineer with a
library of predefined parts ready to be used in designs.
Target Language
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.35

 TASK 9
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 9
Additionally, engineers make use of a variety of circuit schematics
software to aid in the creation of a circuit designs that perform an electronic
TASK when used for a printed circuit board (PCB) or a computer chip.
Target Language

 TASK 10
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 10
Etymology
It is a myth that engineer originated to describe those who built engines.
In fact, the words engine and engineer (as well as ingenious) developed in
parallel from the Latin root ingeniosus, meaning „skilled‟. An engineer is
thus a clever, practical, problem solver. The spelling of engineer was later
influenced by back-formation from engine. The term later evolved to include
all fields where the skills of application of the scientific method are used. In
some other languages, such as Arabic, the word for “engineering” also means
“geometry”.
Target Language
1.36 Translation 2 

 TASK 11
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible.

Source Language
Paragraph 11
Connections to other disciplines
Science attempts to explain newly observed and unexplained
phenomena, often creating mathematical models of observed phenomena.
Technology and engineering are attempts at practical application of
knowledge (often from science). Scientists work on science; engineers work
on technology. However, there is often an overlap between science and
engineering. It is not uncommon for scientists to become involved in the
practical application of their discoveries; thereby becoming, for the moment,
engineers. Conversely, in the process of developing technology engineers
sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for
the moment, scientists.
Target Language

Key to Exercises: Possible Answers

 TASK 3

Source Language
Paragraph 3
The terms “engineer” and “technologist” are not interchangeable; both
describe different types of work and different professions. To illustrate: Once
engineers have found a solution for the problem at hand, their work stops,
and technologists begin the work of improving the solution. This process is
dependent on various factors that vary with time. A solution that could be a
practical application of a scientific fact does not satisfy a technologist. A
technologist endeavours to bring it within the economic constraints so that
the common person not only understands and marvels at science but also is
able to enjoy it and loses fear of it by constant interaction.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.37

Target Language
Paragraf 3
Istilah “insinyur” dan “pakar teknologi” tidak dapat dipertukarkan.
Keduanya menjelaskan pekerjaan dan profesi yang berbeda. Sebagai ilustrasi:
Begitu para insinyur telah menemukan sebuah solusi terhadap sebuah
masalah yang sedang ditangani, pekerjaan mereka berhenti, dan para pakar
teknologi memulai pekerjaan meningkatkan solusi tersebut. Proses ini
tergantung pada berbagai faktor yang bervariasi menurut waktu. Sebuah
solusi yang mungkin saja merupakan sebuah aplikasi praktis dari sebuah
fakta ilmiah yang tidak memuaskan seorang pakar teknologi. Seorang pakar
teknologi berusaha keras untuk membawanya ke dalam kendala-kendala
ekonomi sehingga orang awam tidak hanya mengerti dan menghargai ilmu
pengetahuan tetapi juga dapat menikmatinya dan menghilangkan rasa takut
terhadapnya dengan berinteraksi secara terus-menerus.

 TASK 4

Source Language
Paragraph 4
On November 21, 1877, Thomas A. Edison developed the phonograph --
a remarkable feat of engineering. Then, he directed his assistant (the
technologist) to improve the device further by removing harmonics from the
sound output.
Target Language
Paragraf 4
Pada tanggal 12 November 1877, Thomas A. Edison mengembangkan
fonograf – sebuah prestasi perekayasaan yang luar biasa. Kemudian, ia
mengarahkan asistennya (pakar teknologi) untuk lebih lanjut meningkatkan
alat tersebut dengan menyingkirkan harmonika dari output bunyi.

 TASK 5

Source Language
Paragraph 5
The TASK of engineering
The engineer must identify and understand the relevant constraints in
order to produce a successful design. Constraints include available resources,
physical or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and
additions, and other factors such as requirements for cost, manufacturability,
serviceability, and marketing and aesthetic, social, or ethic considerations. By
understanding the constraints, engineers deduce specifications for the limits
1.38 Translation 2 

within which an object or system may be produced and operated. Engineering

is therefore influenced by many considerations.
Target Language
Paragraf 5
Tugas Perekayasaan
Insinyur harus mengidentifikasi dan memahami kendala-kendala yang
relevan dalam menghasilkan sebuah desain yang sukses. Kendala-kendala
tersebut meliputi sumber daya yang ada, keterbatasan-keterbatasan fisik dan
teknis, fleksibilitas modifikasi dan tambahan pada masa depan, dan faktor-
faktor lain, seperti kebutuhan biaya, manufakturabilitas, kemampuan servis,
pemasaran dan perimbangan- perimbangan keindahan, sosial atau etika.
Dengan memahami kendala-kendala tersebut, para insinyur membuat
spesifikasi berdasarkan keterbatasan tersebut. Dengan keterbatasan tersebut
sebuah objek atau sistem mungkin saja dihasilkan dan dioperasikan. Oleh
karena itu, perekayasaan dipengaruhi oleh banyak pertimbangan.

 TASK 6

Source Language
Paragraph 6
Problem solving
Engineers use their knowledge of science and mathematics, and
appropriate experience, to find suitable solutions to a problem. Creating an
appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyze it
(perhaps, but exceptionally, definitively), and to test potential solutions. If
multiple reasonable solutions exist, engineers evaluate the different design
choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets the
requirements.
Target Language
Paragraf 6
Pemecahan Masalah
Para insinyur menggunakan pengetahuan mereka tentang ilmu
pengetahuan dan matematika serta pengalaman yang relevan untuk
menemukan solusi yang tepat terhadap sebuah masalah. Pembuatan sebuah
model matematis sebuah masalah yang tepat memungkinkan mereka untuk
menganalisisnya (mungkin, tetapi luar biasa, pasti), dan untuk menguji
solusi-solusi yang potensial. Jika terdapat solusi ganda yang ada dan yang
masuk akal, para insinyur mengevaluasi pilihan desain yang berbeda
mengenai kehebatannya dan memilih solusi yang sangat sesuai dengan
kebutuhan.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.39

 TASK 7

Source Language
Paragraph 7
Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will
perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use,
among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests,
and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected.
Engineers as professionals take seriously their responsibility to produce
designs that will perform as expected and will not cause unintended harm to
the public at large. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their
designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.
Target Language
Paragraf 7
Para insinyur secara khusus mencoba memperkirakan seberapa bagus
desain mereka dalam memenuhi spesifikasi sebelum produksi dalam skala
besar. Mereka menggunakan prototipe, model berskala, simulasi, tes
penghancuran, dan tes tekanan, di samping benda yang lain. Pengetesan
memastikan bahwa produk akan mempunyai kinerja seperti yang diharapkan.
Para insinyur seperti halnya para profesional memiliki tanggung jawab yang
serius dalam membuat desain yang akan berkinerja seperti yang diharapkan
dan tidak akan menyebabkan kerugian yang tidak diharapkan terhadap
masyarakat secara luas. Para insinyur secara khusus memasukkan sebuah
faktor keselamatan dalam desain mereka guna mengurangi kegagalan yang
tidak diharapkan.

 TASK 8

Source Language
Paragraph 8
Use of computers
Computers, and design software, play an increasingly important role. Using
computer aided design (CAD) software, engineers are able to capture more
information about their designs. The computer can automatically translate
some models to instructions suitable for automatic machinery (e.g., CNC) to
fabricate (part of) a design. The computer also allows increased reuse of
previously developed designs by presenting an engineer with a library of
predefined parts ready to be used in designs.
1.40 Translation 2 

Target Language
Paragraf 8
Penggunaan Komputer
Komputer dan perangkat desain memainkan sebuah peran yang semakin
penting. Dengan menggunakan perangkat desain berbantuan komputer
(computer aided design/CAD), para insinyur mampu menangkap lebih
banyak informasi tentang desain mereka. Komputer tersebut secara otomatis
dapat menerjemahkan beberapa model ke dalam instruksi-instruksi yang
sesuai untuk mesin otomatis (misalnya CNC) untuk membuat sebuah (atau
bagian dari) desain. Komputer tersebut juga memungkinkan digunakannya
kembali desain-desain yang dikembangkan sebelumnya dengan menyediakan
sebuah perpustakaan untuk seorang insinyur yang berisi objek-objek yang
siap digunakan dalam desain.

 TASK 9

Source Language
Paragraph 9
Additionally, engineers make use of a variety of circuit schematics
software to aid in the creation of a circuit designs that perform an electronic
TASK when used for a printed circuit board (PCB) or a computer chip.
Target Language
Paragraf 9
Di samping itu, para insinyur memanfaatkan berbagai perangkat lunak
skematis sirkit (circuit schematics software) guna membantu dalam
pembuatan sebuah desain sirkit yang mampu melaksanakan sebuah tugas
elektronik bila digunakan untuk membuat sebuah board sirkit cetak (printed
circuit board/PCB) atau sebuah chip komputer.

 TASK 10
Source Language
Paragraph 10
Etymology
It is a myth that engineer originated to describe those who built engines.
In fact, the words engine and engineer (as well as ingenious) developed in
parallel from the Latin root ingeniosus, meaning „skilled‟. An engineer is
thus a clever, practical, problem solver. The spelling of engineer was later
influenced by back-formation from engine. The term later evolved to include
all fields where the skills of application of the scientific method are used. In
some other languages, such as Arabic, the word for “engineering” also means
“geometry”.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.41

Target Language
Paragraf 10
Etimologi
Pada awalnya, (tugas) insinyur untuk menjelaskan mereka yang
membuat mesin adalah sebuah mitos. Sesungguhnya, kata engine dan
engineer (serta ingenious) berkembang secara paralel dari akar kata bahasa
Latin ingeniosus, yang berarti „keterampilan‟. Oleh karena itu, seorang
insinyur adalah seorang yang mampu menyelesaikan masalah secara praktis
dan cerdas. Ejaan kata engineer kemudian dipengaruhi oleh proses
pembentukan kata kembali (back-formation) dari kata engine. Istilah tersebut
kemudian berkembang yang meliputi semua bidang di mana keterampilan
dalam menerapkan metode ilmiah digunakan. Dalam beberapa bahasa seperti
bahasa Arab, kata untuk “engineering” juga berarti “geometri”.

 TASK 11

Source Language
Paragraph 11
Connections to other disciplines
Science attempts to explain newly observed and unexplained
phenomena, often creating mathematical models of observed phenomena.
Technology and engineering are attempts at practical application of
knowledge (often from science). Scientists work on science; engineers work
on technology. However, there is often an overlap between science and
engineering. It is not uncommon for scientists to become involved in the
practical application of their discoveries; thereby becoming, for the moment,
engineers. Conversely, in the process of developing technology engineers
sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for
the moment, scientists.
Target Language
Paragraf 11
Kaitan dengan Disiplin Ilmu yang Lain
Sains mencoba menjelaskan fenomena yang baru diamati dan yang tidak
bisa dijelaskan. Hal ini sering kali dilakukan dengan menciptakan model
matematis dari fenomena yang sedang diamati. Teknologi dan perekayasaan
merupakan upaya-upaya aplikasi praktis dari pengetahuan (sering kali dari
ilmu pengetahuan). Para ilmuwan mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan; para
insinyur mempelajari tekonologi. Namun, sering kali terdapat tumpang-
tindih antara ilmu pengetahuan dan perekayasaan. Menjadi terlibat dalam
aplikasi praktis dari hasil penemuan mereka merupakan hal yang umum bagi
para ilmuwan. Oleh karena itu, buat sementara, mereka menjadi insinyur.
1.42 Translation 2 

Sebaliknya, dalam proses pengembangan teknologi, kadang-kadang para

insinyur menyadari bahwa mereka sedang melakukan eksplorasi terhadap
fenomena baru, sehingga buat sementara mereka menjadi ilmuwan.

SUMMA RY

Dalam Kegiatan Belajar 2 di atas Anda telah belajar tentang

beberapa hal penting sebagai berikut.
1. Analisis terhadap TSu merupakan tahap awal dalam kegiatan
penerjemahan untuk mengetahui fungsi TSu atau tujuan komunikasi.
Sebuah teks mungkin saja memiliki lebih dari satu fungsi atau
tujuan komunikasi.
2. Pengetahuan tentang aplikasi penerjemahan pola kolokasi dalam
TSu dan Tsa sangat diperlukan oleh penerjemah.
3. Kemampuan dalam polisemi dan padanannya yang tepat dalam TSa
sangat dibutuhkan dari seorang penerjemah sebab terkait dengan
pentingnya penafsiran atau interpretasi yang tepat terhadap maksud
penulis dalam TSu.

FO RMA TIV E TE ST 2
Now, translate each of the following extract into Bahasa Indonesia as
accurately, clearly and naturally as possible. Compare your answers with the
key to Formative Test 2.

 TASK 1

Source Language
Paragraph 12
There are also close connections between the workings of engineers and
artists; they are direct in some fields, for example, architecture and industrial
design, and indirect in others. Artistic and engineering creativity may be
fundamentally connected.
Target Language
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.43

Key to Formative Test

Formative Test 1

 TASK 1

Source Language
Paragraph 12
The number of each item required to make one of the next-higher level
item is also shown in the product structure. Figure 3.1 shows that three of
subassembly 1 are required to make one unit of the product and that two sub-
subassembly 1s are needed for each subassembly 1. This means that six units
of sub-subassembly 1 are needed to make the product. These data are used
when determining the number of each item that will be required to meet the
sales forecast for our product.
Target Language
Paragraf 12
Jumlah setiap produk yang diperlukan untuk membuat satu produk pada
level berikutnya yang lebih tinggi juga ditunjukkan dalam struktur produk
tersebut. Bagan 3.1 menunjukkan bahwa tiga subperakitan 1 diperlukan
untuk membuat satu unit produk, dan bahwa dua sub-subperakitan 1s
diperlukan untuk setiap subperakitan 1. Ini berarti bahwa enam unit sub-
subperakitan 1 dibutuhkan untuk membuat produk tersebut. Data ini
digunakan pada waktu menentukan jumlah setiap produk yang diperlukan
untuk memenuhi perkiraan penjualan dari produk kami.

Penjelasan:
Mengingat jenis TSu di atas termasuk ke dalam jenis teks khusus yang
menggambarkan tentang sebuah proses, penggunaan bentuk pasif lebih
dominan sehingga beberapa verba, seperti ‟memerlukan‟, ‟menunjukkan‟,
‟membutuhkan‟, ‟menggunakan‟ harus diubah menjadi bentuk pasif, seperti
‟diperlukan‟, ‟ditunjukkan‟, ‟dibutuhkan‟, ‟digunakan‟. Pemilihan pronomina
‟kami‟ dalam TSa di atas terasa lebih tepat daripada ‟kita‟.
1.44 Translation 2 

Formative Test 2

 TASK 1

Source Language
Paragraph 12
There are also close connections between the workings of engineers and
artists; they are direct in some fields, for example, architecture and industrial
design, and indirect in others. Artistic and engineering creativity may be
fundamentally connected.
Target Language
Paragraf 12
Juga terdapat kaitan yang dekat antara pekerjaan insinyur dan seniman.
Dalam beberapa bidang, misalnya arsitektur dan desain industri, kaitan
mereka adalah langsung, dan tidak langsung dalam bidang yang lain.
Kreativitas artistik dan perekayasaan secara mendasar mungkin berhubungan.
 BING3318/MODULE 1 1.45

References

Adams, D. (1992). Collins English Thesaurus in A-Z Form. Glasgow:

HarperCollins Publishers.

Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London:

Routledge.

Cadford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford

University Press.

Halliday, MAK dan R. Hasan. (1976). Cohesion in English. London:

Longman.

Hatim,B. dan Mason, I. (1997). The Translator as Communicator. London:

Routledge.

Hatim, B. (2001). Teaching and Researching Translation. London:

Longman.

Hoed, B.H. (2006). Teori dan Masalah Penerjemahan: Sebuah Pengantar

Ringkas (Monografi). Jakarta: ProDC.

Hoed, B.H. (2006). Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.

Larson, Mildred L. (1984). Meaning-based Translation: A Guide to Cross-

language Equivalence. London: University of America, Inc.

Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. (1994). A Communicative Grammar of English. 2nd

edition. London: Longman.

Machali, R. (1998). Redefining Textual Equivalence in Translation. Jakarta:

The Translation Centre, Faculty of Arts - the University of Indonesia.
1.46 Translation 2 

Machali, R. (1999). “Shifts in Discourse Perspective and the Question of

Translation Equivalenc. 1988. A Texbook of Translation. London:
Prentice Hall International.

Newmark, P. (1988). Approaches to Translation. Hertforshire: Prentice Hall

International (UK) Limited.

Nida, E. (1956). Bible Translating. In Brower, R.A. ed. On translation.

pp.11 13. Harvard: Harvard University Press.

Nida, E.A dan Taber, C.R. (1974). The Theory and Practice of Translation.
Leiden: E.J. Bril.

Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. (2005). Kamus Besar

Bahasa Indonesia. Edisi ke-3. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Sinclair, J. (ed.). (1988). Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary: Helping

learners with real English. London: William Collins & Co Ltd.

Summers, D. (ed.). (1992). Longman Dictionary of Language and Culture.

Essex: Longman UK Limited.

Summers, D. (ed.). (1993). Longman Language Activitor. Essex: Longman

Group UK Limited.

Thomson, A.J. and Martinet, A.V. (1986). A Practical English Grammar. 4th
edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Urdang, L. (ed.). (1979). Longman Synonym Dictionary. Essex: Rodale

Press.

Williams, J. dan Andrew Chesterman. The MAP: A Biginner‟s Guide to

Doing Research in Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome
Publishing.