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Creating Temporary Variables

This document covers various SQL Server concepts including variables, data types, mathematical functions, strings, dates, and conversions. Temporary variables are declared and initialized, integers and non-integers are explored, and string and date functions are demonstrated.

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Pooyan Soltani
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
81 views

Creating Temporary Variables

This document covers various SQL Server concepts including variables, data types, mathematical functions, strings, dates, and conversions. Temporary variables are declared and initialized, integers and non-integers are explored, and string and date functions are demonstrated.

Uploaded by

Pooyan Soltani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

70-461 Session 1: Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012

© Filecats Limited 2015


For the full course, go to www.udemy.com

Creating temporary variables


-- Creating temporary variables
-- Initialise a variable, give it a data type and an initial value
DECLARE @myvar as int = 2
-- Increase that value by 1
SET @myvar = @myvar + 1
-- Retrieve that value
SELECT @myvar AS myVariable

Integer numbers
-- Initialise a variable, give it a data type and an initial value
DECLARE @myvar as smallint = 2000
-- Multiply that variable by 10
SET @myvar = @myvar * 10
-- Retrieve that variable
SELECT @myvar AS myVariable

--BITS

--Bigint
--Int - up to 2,000,000,000
--Tinyint - 0-255
--Smallint - -32767 to 32768

Non-integer numbers
-- Initialise a variable, give it a data type and an initial value

DECLARE @myvar as numeric(7,2) -- or decimal(7,2) - 5 bytes needed

-- 12345.67 is valid for the above.


-- 123456.7 is not valid

SET @myvar = 12345.67

SELECT @myvar AS myVariable

GO

DECLARE @myvar as numeric(18,8) -- or decimal(18,8) - 9 bytes needed

SET @myvar = 1000000000.12345678

SELECT @myvar AS myVariable – gives 1,000,000,000.12345678, which is numeric(18,8)

GO

DECLARE @myvar AS smallmoney = 123456.78917

Page 1
70-461 Session 1: Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012
© Filecats Limited 2015
For the full course, go to www.udemy.com

select @myvar as myVariable -- gives 123456.7892

GO

DECLARE @myvar AS float(24) = 123456.7891 -- precise to 7 digits. -- same as REAL

Select @myvar as myVariable -- this gives 123456.8

Mathematical functions
--Initialise a variable, give it a data type and an initial value

DECLARE @myvar as numeric(7,2) = 3

SELECT POWER(@myvar,3) -- 27
SELECT SQUARE(@myvar) -- 9
SELECT POWER(@myvar,0.5) -- square root of 3
SELECT SQRT(@myvar) -- square root of 3

GO

DECLARE @myvar as numeric(7,2) = 12.345

SELECT FLOOR(@myvar) -- this equals 12


SELECT CEILING(@myvar) -- this equals 13
SELECT ROUND(@myvar,-1) as myRound -- this equals 10

GO

SELECT PI() as myPI


SELECT EXP(1) as e

DECLARE @myvar AS NUMERIC(7,2) = -456

SELECT ABS(@myvar) as myABS, SIGN(@myvar) as mySign -- This equals 456 and -1.

GO

SELECT RAND(345) -- A random number, based on the initial seed

Converting between number and types


-- IMPLICIT

DECLARE @myvar as Decimal(5,2) = 3

SELECT @myvar

-- explicit

SELECT CONVERT(decimal(5,2),3)/2

Page 2
70-461 Session 1: Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012
© Filecats Limited 2015
For the full course, go to www.udemy.com

SELECT CAST(3 as decimal(5,2))/2

SELECT CONVERT(decimal(5,2),1000) -- this does not work

SELECT 3/2 -- EQUALS 1


SELECT 3/2.0 -- EQUALS 1.5

SELECT CONVERT(INT,12.345)+CONVERT(INT,12.7) -- This equals 24.


SELECT CONVERT(INT,12.345+12.7) -- This equals 25.

Strings
-- char - ASCII - 1 byte
-- varchar - ASCII - 1 byte
-- nchar - UNICODE - 2 bytes
-- nvarchar - UNICODE - 2 bytes

-- ASCII: A-Z, a-z, 0-9


-- 65 97 48 32 128 (0-255)

DECLARE @chrMyCharacters as char(10)

set @chrMyCharacters = 'hello'

SELECT @chrMyCharacters as myString, len(@chrMyCharacters) as MyLength,


DATALENGTH(@chrMyCharacters) as MyDataLength

-- Always prefix nchar and nvarchar values with N (capital N).

String Functions
DECLARE @chrASCII as varchar(10) = 'hellothere'

DECLARE @chrUNICODE as nvarchar(10) = N'helloϞ'

select left(@chrASCII,2) as myASCII, right(@chrUNICODE,2) as myUNICODE


select substring(@chrASCII,3,2) as middleletters
select ltrim(rtrim(@chrASCII)) as myTRIM
select replace(@chrASCII,'l','L') as myReplace
select upper(@chrASCII) as myUPPER
select lower(@chrASCII) as myLOWER

NULL – an introduction
declare @myvar as int

select 1+1+1+1+1+@myvar+1+1 as myCol

declare @mystring as nvarchar(20)


select datalength(@mystring) as mystring

Page 3
70-461 Session 1: Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012
© Filecats Limited 2015
For the full course, go to www.udemy.com

declare @mydecimal decimal(5,2)


select try_convert(decimal(5,2),1000)
select try_cast(1000 as decimal(5,2))

Joining two strings together


declare @firstname as nvarchar(20)
declare @middlename as nvarchar(20)
declare @lastname as nvarchar(20)

set @firstname = 'Sarah'


--set @middlename = 'Jane'
set @lastname = 'Milligan'

-- select @firstname + ' ' + @middlename + ' ' + @lastname as FullName


select @firstname + iif(@middlename is null, '', ' ' + @middlename) + ' ' + @lastname as
FullName
select @firstname + CASE WHEN @middlename IS NULL THEN '' ELSE ' ' + @middlename END + '
' + @lastname as FullName
select @firstname + coalesce(' ' + @middlename,'') + ' ' + @lastname as FullName
SELECT CONCAT(@firstname,' ' + @middlename, ' ' , @lastname) as FullName

Joining a string to a number


SELECT 'My number is: ' + convert(varchar(20),4567)
SELECT 'My number is: ' + cast(4567 as varchar(20))

SELECT 'My salary is: $' + convert(varchar(20),2345.6) -- works , but not well
SELECT 'My salary is: ' + format(2345.6,'C','fr-FR')

Setting dates and date extraction


declare @mydate as datetime = '2015-06-24 12:34:56.124'
select @mydate as myDate

declare @mydate2 as datetime2(3) = '20150624 12:34:56.124'


select @mydate2 as MyDate

select DATEFROMPARTS(2015,06,24) as ThisDate


select DATETIME2FROMPARTS(2015,06,24,12,34,56,124,5) as ThatDate
select year(@mydate) as myYear, month(@mydate) as myMonth, day(@mydate) as myDay

More date functions


SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP as RightNow
select getdate() as RightNow
select SYSDATETIME() AS RightNow
select dateadd(year,1,'2015-01-02 03:04:05') as myYear
select datepart(hour,'2015-01-02 03:04:05') as myHour
select datename(weekday, getdate()) as myAnswer
select datediff(second,'2015-01-02 03:04:05',getdate()) as SecondsElapsed

Page 4
70-461 Session 1: Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012
© Filecats Limited 2015
For the full course, go to www.udemy.com

Date offsets
declare @myDateOffset as datetimeoffset(2) = '2015-06-25 01:02:03.456 +05:30' -- 8-10
bytes
select @myDateOffset as MyDateOffset
go
declare @myDate as datetime2 = '2015-06-25 01:02:03.456'
select TODATETIMEOFFSET(@myDate,'+05:30') as MyDateOffset

select DATETIME2FROMPARTS (2015,06,25,1,2,3,456, 3)


select DATETIMEOFFSETFROMPARTS(2015,06,25,1,2,3,456,5,30,3) as MyDateOffset

select SYSDATETIMEOFFSET() as TimeNowWithOffset;


select SYSUTCDATETIME() as TimeNowUTC;

declare @myDateOffset as datetimeoffset = '2015-06-25 01:02:03.456 +05:30'


select SWITCHOFFSET(@myDateOffset,'-05:00') as MyDateOffsetTexas

Converting from dates to strings


declare @mydate as datetime = '2015-06-25 01:02:03.456'
select 'The date and time is: ' + @mydate
go
declare @mydate as datetime = '2015-06-25 01:02:03.456'
select 'The date and time is: ' + convert(nvarchar(20),@mydate,104) as MyConvertedDate
go
declare @mydate as datetime = '2015-06-25 01:02:03.456'
select cast(@mydate as nvarchar(20)) as MyCastDate

select try_convert(date,'Thursday, 25 June 2015') as MyConvertedDate


select parse('Thursday, 25 June 2015' as date) as MyParsedDate
select parse('Jueves, 25 de junio de 2015' as date using 'es-ES') as MySpanishParsedDate

select format(cast('2015-06-25 01:02:03.456' as datetime),'D') as MyFormattedLongDate


select format(cast('2015-06-25 01:02:03.456' as datetime),'d') as MyFormattedShortDate
select format(cast('2015-06-25 01:59:03.456' as datetime),'dd-MM-yyyy') as
MyFormattedBritishDate
select format(cast('2015-06-25 01:02:03.456' as datetime),'D','zh-CN') as
MyFormattedInternationalLongDate

Page 5

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