The Circulatory System

The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types

INTRODUCTION
 The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
 It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
 The system supplies nutrients
to and remove waste
products from various tissue
of body.
 The conveying media is liquid
in form of blood which flows
in close tubular system.

Figure 1-2(f)
FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 Transport nutrients, hormones

 Remove waste products
 Gaseous exchange
 Immunity
 Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
 Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
Types of circulatory systems
• Animals that have a circulatory
system have one of two kinds:
• Open: fluid is circulated through an open
body chamber.
• Closed: fluid is circulated through blood
vessels.
 Open system
• Arthropods and
most mollusks have
an open circulatory
system.
• Hemolymph is
contained in a body
cavity, the
hemocoel. A series
of hearts circulates
the fluid.
 Closed system
• Vertebrates, annelid
worms, and a few
mollusks have a closed
circulatory system.
• Blood is moved
through blood vessels
by the heart’s action. It
does not come in
direct contact with
body organs.
The Closed Circulatory System
•Humans have a closed circulatory system,
typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is
confined to vessels and is distinct from the
interstitial fluid.

•The heart pumps blood into large vessels

that branch into smaller ones leading into the
organs.

•Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the

blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.
The Cardiovascular System
•Three Major Elements –
Heart, Blood Vessels, &
Blood
•1. The Heart- cardiac
muscle tissue
•highly interconnected cells
•four chambers
•Right atrium
•Right ventricle
•Left atrium
•Left ventricle
HEART
• Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ approximately the size
of your fist
• Location:
• Superior surface of diaphragm
• Left of the midline
• Anterior to the vertebral column,
posterior to the sternum
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 10
HEART

Figure 18.1
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 11
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
BLOOD VESSELS

•Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes

•These includes:
➢ Arteries
➢ Capillaries
➢ Veins
BLOOD VESSELS
-Arteries(Distributing channel)
• Thick walled tubes
• Elastic Fibers
• Circular Smooth Muscle

•Capillaries (microscopic vessels)

• One cell thick
• Serves the Respiratory System

•Veins (draining channel)

BLOOD VESSELS
• General structure
1.Tunica intima

2.Tunica media

3.Tunica adventitia
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS

•Conducting Vessels
•Distributing Vessels
•Resistance Vessels
•Exchange Vessels
•Capacitance / Reservoir Vessels
ARTERIES
 Blood vessels that
carry blood away from
the heart are called
arteries.
 They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).
ARTERIES

• Accompanied by vein and nerves

• Lumen is small
• No valves
• Repeated branching
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTEIES
• Elastic- e.g. (Aorta & its Major branches)
• Muscular -e.g.(Renal, Testicular, Radial, Tibial etc.)
• Arterioles (<0.1 mm)-
Terminal arterioles
Meta-arterioles
Thoroughfare
channel/ preferred
CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)

• The smallest blood

vessels are capillaries
and they connect the
arteries and veins.
• This is where the
exchange of nutrients
and gases occurs.
 BODY CONTAINS TWO KINDS OF CAPILLARIES

• CONTINUOUS-SKIN, LUNG, SMMOTH MUSCLE,

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

• FENESTRATED- PANCREAS,ENDOCRINE GLANDS, SMALL

INTESTINE,CHOROID PLEXUS,CILLIARY PROCESS etc.
SINUSOIDS

•SINUSOIDS- Large irregular vascular space (30-40

micron) eg.Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow, suprarenal,
Parathyroid etc.
 VEINS
• Blood vessels that carry
blood back to the heart
are called veins.
• They have one-way valves
which prevent blood from
flowing backwards.
• They carry blood that is
high in carbon dioxide
known as deoxygenated
blood (oxygen poor
blood).
VEINS
• Thin Walled
• Large irregular lumen
• Have valves
• Dead space around
• Types:
Large
Medium
Small
VEINS
• Veins without valves:
➢ SVC & IVC
➢ Hepatic, Renal
➢ Uterine, Ovarian not Testicular
➢ Facial
➢ Pulmonary
➢ Umbilical
➢ Emissary
➢ Portal Veins <2mm
VEINS
• Veins without Muscular tissue:
➢ Dural venous sinuses
➢ Pial Veins
➢ Retinal
➢ Veins of erectile tissue of sex organs
➢ Veins of spongy bones
VEINS
• Factors responsible for venous return:
1.Muscle contraction
2.Negative intrathoracic pressure
3.Pulsation of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves
ANASTOMOSIS

• Communication
between vessels
• ARTERIAL:
Actual( end to end &
convergent)-Palmar,
plantar, Circle of
Willis, Labial Intestinal
arcade, etc.
Potential-Coronary,
around joints etc.
ANASTOMOSIS
• ARTERIOVENOUS
ANASTOMOSIS:
1.Skin of nose
2. Lips
3. External Ear
4. Mucus membrane of GI
& nose
5. Erectile tissue of sex
organ
6. Thyroid
7. Tongue
END ARTERIES
• END ARTERIES:
1.Central artery of retina
2. Arteries of spleen, liver,
kidneys, metaphyses of
long bones
3. Central branches of
cerebral cortex
•Superior Vena Cava Pathway of the blood
•Right Atrium
•Tricuspid Valve
•Right Ventricle
•Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
•Lungs
•Pulmonary Vein
•Bicuspid Valve
•Left Ventricle
•Aortic Semilunar Valve
•Aorta
•To the bodies organs & cells
Circuits
•Pulmonary circuit
•The blood pathway between
the right side of the heart, to
the lungs, and back to the left
side of the heart.

•Systemic circuit
•The pathway between the
left and right sides of the
heart.
CIRCULATION
• Coronary circulation – the circulation
of blood within the heart.
• Pulmonary circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and lungs.
• Systemic circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and the cells
of the body.
• Fetal Circulation
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION

Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and lungs.
Systemic circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and the cells of the
body.

Figure 18.5
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 35
CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL
SUPPLY

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 36

Figure 18.7a
PORTAL CIRCULATION

Portal circulation -
the flow of blood
between tow set of
capillaries before
draining in systemic
veins.
FETAL CIRCULATION
 PLACENTA

UMBILICAL ARTERY
UMBILICAL VEIN
DESCENDING AORTA
PORTAL VEIN
(Through Ductus Arteriosus)
(Through Ductus Venosus)
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
PULMONARY TRUNK
RIFHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
(Through Foramen Ovale)
ASCENDING AORTA
LEFT ATRIUM
The Cardiovascular System
2. Blood Vessels -A network of tubes

•Arteries→arterioles move away from the heart

•Elastic Fibers
•Circular Smooth Muscle

•Capillaries – where gas exchange takes place.

•One cell thick
•Serves the Respiratory System

•Veins→Venules moves towards the heart

•Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back from legs
•One way values
•When they break - varicose veins form
The Cardiovascular System
3. The Blood

A. Plasma

Liquid portion of the blood.

Contains clotting factors,
hormones, antibodies, dissolved
gases, nutrients and waste
The Cardiovascular System
•The Blood

B. Erythrocytes - Red Blood

Cells

•Carry hemoglobin and

oxygen. Do not have a
nucleus and live only about
120 days.

•Can not repair themselves.

The Cardiovascular System
•The Blood

C. Leukocytes – White Blood

cells

•Fight infection and are formed in

the bone marrow

•Five types – neutrophils,

lymphocytes, eosinophils,
basophils, and monocytes.
The Cardiovascular System
The Blood

•D. Thrombocytes – Platelets.

•These are cell fragment that are

formed in the bone marrow from
magakaryocytes.

•Clot Blood by sticking together –

via protein fibers called fibrin.
 Disorders of the Circulatory System
• Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count

• Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anemia

• Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in

thrombocytes

• Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve problems

• Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with
plaque, also called myocardial infarction
Unit 9 – The Heart
Cardiovascular System
The Heart
Functions of the Heart
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
• Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
• Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
• Changes in contraction rate and force
match blood delivery to changing
metabolic needs
Size, Shape, Location
of the Heart

•Size of a closed fist

•Shape
•Apex: Blunt rounded
point of cone
•Base: Flat part at
opposite of end of cone
•Located in thoracic cavity
in mediastinum
Heart Cross Section
Pericardium
Heart Wall
•Three layers of tissue
• Epicardium: This serous membrane
of smooth outer surface of heart
• Myocardium: Middle layer
composed of cardiac muscle cell and
responsibility for heart contracting
• Endocardium: Smooth inner surface
of heart chambers
Heart Wall
External Anatomy
•Four chambers
•2 atria
•2 ventricles
•Auricles
•Major veins
•Superior vena cava
•Pulmonary veins
•Major arteries
•Aorta
•Pulmonary trunk
External Anatomy
Coronary Circulation
Heart Valves
•Atrioventricular
•Tricuspid
•Bicuspid or mitral
•Semilunar
•Aortic
•Pulmonary
•Prevent blood
from flowing back
Heart Valves
Function of the Heart Valves
Blood Flow Through Heart
Systemic and Pulmonary
Circulation
Heart Skeleton
•Consists of plate of
fibrous connective tissue
between atria and
ventricles
•Fibrous rings around
valves to support
•Serves as electrical
insulation between atria
and ventricles
•Provides site for muscle
attachment
 Cardiac Muscle

• Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei

• Contains actin and myosin myofilaments
• Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts
• Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials
• Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit
Conducting System of Heart
Electrical Properties

• Resting membrane potential (RMP)

present
• Action potentials
• Rapid depolarization followed by rapid,
partial early repolarization. Prolonged
period of slow repolarization which is
plateau phase and a rapid final
repolarization phase
• Voltage-gated channels
Action Potentials in
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
SA Node Action Potential
Refractory Period

• Absolute: Cardiac muscle cell

completely insensitive to further
stimulation
• Relative: Cell exhibits reduced
sensitivity to additional stimulation
• Long refractory period prevents tetanic
contractions
Electrocardiogram
• Action potentials through
myocardium during cardiac
cycle produces electric currents
than can be measured
• Pattern
• P wave
• Atria depolarization
• QRS complex
• Ventricle depolarization
• Atria repolarization
• T wave:
• Ventricle repolarization
Cardiac Arrhythmias

• Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm

• Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm
• Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during
respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep
respiration
• Premature atrial contractions: Occasional
shortened intervals between one contraction and
succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people
Alterations in Electrocardiogram
Cardiac Cycle

• Heart is two pumps that work together,

right and left half
• Repetitive contraction (systole) and
relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers
• Blood moves through circulatory system
from areas of higher to lower pressure.
• Contraction of heart produces the pressure
Cardiac Cycle
Events during Cardiac Cycle
Heart Sounds
• First heart sound or “lubb”
• Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations
as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole
• Second heart sound or “dubb”
• Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar
valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer
• Third heart sound (occasional)
• Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and
detected near end of first one-third of diastole
Location of Heart Valves
 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
• Average blood pressure in aorta
• MAP=CO x PR
• CO is amount of blood pumped by heart per
minute
• CO=SV x HR
• SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat
• HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute
• Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and
maximum CO
• PR is total resistance against which blood must be
pumped
Factors Affecting MAP
Regulation of the Heart
• Intrinsic regulation: Results from normal
functional characteristics, not on neural or
hormonal regulation
• Starling’s law of the heart
• Extrinsic regulation: Involves neural and
hormonal control
• Parasympathetic stimulation
• Supplied by vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, acetylcholine
secreted
• Sympathetic stimulation
• Supplied by cardiac nerves, increases heart rate and force of
contraction, epinephrine and norepinephrine released
Heart Homeostasis
• Effect of blood pressure
• Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
• Effect of pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen
• Chemoreceptors monitor
• Effect of extracellular ion concentration
• Increase or decrease in extracellular K+
decreases heart rate
• Effect of body temperature
• Heart rate increases when body temperature
increases, heart rate decreases when body
temperature decreases
Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor
Reflexes
Baroreceptor Reflex
Chemoreceptor Reflex-pH
Effects of Aging on the Heart
• Gradual changes in heart function, minor
under resting condition, more significant
during exercise
• Hypertrophy of left ventricle
• Maximum heart rate decreases
• Increased tendency for valves to function
abnormally and arrhythmias to occur
• Increased oxygen consumption required to
pump same amount of blood