Project : Kuantan Cement Plant , New Engineering Office page 1/3

Date : 26.10.2015

Ref. Calculations Output

Specification

Effective span, L = 4850 mm

Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, Gk = 4.7 kN/m
Variable, Qk = 7.5 kN/m
Design Life = 50 Years (Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Fire Resistance = R60 (Sec. 5 EN 1992-1-2)
Table 4.1 Exposure Classes = XC1

Materials:
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 30 N/mm² Table F.1 EN 206
fctm = 2.9
Characteristic strength of steel, fyk = 500 N/mm²
Characteristic strength of link, fyk = 250 N/mm²
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m³ Table A.1 EN 1991-1
Assumed: Ø bar 1 = 20 mm
Ø link = 6 mm

Size
Overall depth, h = 450 mm
Width, b = 200 mm

Durability, Fire & Bond Requirements

Table 4.2 Min. conc. Cover regard to bond, Cmin,b = 25 mm
Table 4.4NMin. conc. Cover regard to durability, Cmin,dur = 25 mm
4.4.1.2 Min. required aixs distance for R60 fire resistance, asd = 30 mmTable 5.5 EN 1992-1-2
Min. concrete cover regard to fire, Cmin = 14 mm
4.4.1.3 Allowance in design for deviation, ΔC,dev = 10 mm
Use:
4.4.1.1 (2) Nominal cover, Cnom = 35 mm Cnom = 35 mm

Loading & Analysis

Beam selfweight = 2.160 kN/m
Permanent load (excluding selfweight) = 4.700 kN/m
Characteristic permanent action, Gk = 6.86 kN/m
Characteristic variable action, Qk = 7.500 kN/m
Table A Design action, 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 17.595 kN/m
1.2B:
En 1990
Shear force, V = 42.67 kN
 Bending moment, M = 51.73 kNm
Project : Kuantan Cement Plant , New Engineering Office page 2/3
Date : 26.10.2015

Ref. Calculations Output

6.1 Main Reinforcement
Effective depth,
d = h - Cnom - Ølink - Øbar = 389 mm
d' = Cnom + Ølink + Øbar/2 = 51 mm

K = M / b d² fck = 0.0569813 < Kbal = 0.167

Compression rebar
NOT Required!
z = d [0.5 + √(0.25 - (K/1.134))] = 0.95d

Area of tension reinforcement Use:

As,req = 322.87 mm² As,prov = 628 mm2
(2T 20)

9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Use:

As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd = 117.3224 mm² AS,min = 628 mm2
As,max = 0.04 Ac = 3600 mm² (2T 20)

Shear Reinforcement
6.2.3 Concrete strut capacity
Vrd,max = 0.36 b d (1 - (fck/250)) fck
θ = 22° = 256.82 kN > Ved
θ = 45° = 369.71 kN > Ved

θ = 0.5 sin^(-1) [ Ved / 0.18 b d fck (1 - (fck/250))] Use:

= 3.31 ° < 22 ° θ= 22
< 45 °

Hence, Cot θ = 2.48

Tan θ = 0.40

Shear Links
Asw / s = Ved / [0.78 fyk d (cot θ)] = 0.227
Asw = 56.55 mm²
Spacing, s = 248.83 mm
Use:
Max. spacing, s(max) = 0.75 d = 291.75 mm R6- 200c/c
Project : Kuantan Cement Plant , New Engineering Office page 3/3
Date : 26.10.2015

Ref. Calculations Output

7.4 Deflection
Percentage of required tension reinforcement, ρ = 0.00415
Reference reinforcement ratio, ρ° = 0.00548
Percentage of required compression reinforcement, ρ' = 0.008072
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1

l/d = 1.00 [ 11 + 10.84 + 3.17 ]

= 25.01

Modification factor for span less than 7m = 1

Modification factor for steel area provided = 1.945075 > 1.5

(l/d)all = 37.52
(l/d)act = 12.47 OK!

7.3 Cracking

Table 7.2NControl cracking with specific measure

Gk + 0.3Qk = 9.11 kN/m
As,req / As,prov = 0.5141

Steel stress, fs = 115.735 N/mm²

Maximum bar spacing for crack control

Steel stress Maximum bar spacing (mm)
(N/mm²) wk 0.4 mm 0.3 mm 0.2 mm 0.1 mm
160 300 300 250 200
200 300 250 200 150
240 250 200 150 100
280 200 150 100 50
320 150 100 50 N/A
360 100 50 N/A N/A

Crack width, wk = 0.2 mm

Steel stress used, fs = 160 N/mm²
Max bar spacing = Err:514

Main bar = 55 mm OK!

Distribution bar = 200 mm OK!
Project : Kuantan Cement Plant , New Engineering Office page 1/3
Date : 26.10.2015

Ref. Calculations Output

Specification

Effective span, L = 11250 mm

Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, Gk = 50 kN/m
Variable, Qk = 70 kN/m
Design Life = 50 Years (Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Fire Resistance = R60 (Sec. 5 EN 1992-1-2)
Table 4.1 Exposure Classes = XC1

Materials:
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 32 N/mm² Table F.1 EN 206
fctm = 3.02
Characteristic strength of steel, fyk = 500 N/mm²
Characteristic strength of link, fyk = 250 N/mm²
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m³ Table A.1 EN 1991-1
Assumed: Ø bottom bar = 25 mm
Ø top bar = 25 mm
Ø link = 10 mm
Size
Overall depth, h = 1100 mm
Width, b = 1500 mm

Durability, Fire & Bond Requirements

Table 4.2 Min. conc. Cover regard to bond, Cmin,b = 20 mm
Table 4.4NMin. conc. Cover regard to durability, Cmin,dur = 15 mm
4.4.1.2 Min. required aixs distance for R60 fire resistance, asd = 30 mmTable 5.5 EN 1992-1-2
Min. concrete cover regard to fire, Cmin = 8 mm
4.4.1.3 Allowance in design for deviation, ΔC,dev = 10 mm
Use:
4.4.1.1 (2) Nominal cover, Cnom = 30 mm Cnom = 30 mm

Loading & Analysis

Beam selfweight = 39.600 kN/m
Permanent load (excluding selfweight) = 50.000 kN/m
Characteristic permanent action, Gk = 89.6 kN/m
Characteristic variable action, Qk = 70.000 kN/m
Table A Design action, 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 172.5 kN/m
1.2B:
En 1990
Shear force, V = 162.00 kN
 Bending moment, M = 3065.00 kNm
Project : Kuantan Cement Plant , New Engineering Office page 2/3
Date : 26.10.2015

Ref. Calculations Output

6.1 Main Reinforcement
Effective depth,
d,t = h - Cnom - Ølink - 0.5Øbar = 1047.5 mm
d ,c = h - Cnom - Ølink - 0.5Øbar = 1047.5 mm
d' = Cnom + Ølink + Øbar/2 = 52.5 mm

K = M / b d² fck = 0.0582 < Kbal = 0.167

Compression rebar
NOT Required!

z = d [0.5 + √(0.25 - K/1.134) ] = 0.95d

z,bal = d [0.5 + √(0.25 - K,bal/1.134) ] = 0.82d
x = (d - z) /0.4 = 470.01
d' / x = 0.1117 < 0.38
Compression steel will have yielded
f,sc = 0.87 fyk = 435

Area of compression steel

As',req = (K - K,bal) fck b d² / 0.87 fyk z,bal (d - d') Use:
= 0.00 mm² As,prov = 1963 mm2
(4T 25)
Area of tension steel
As,req = (K,bal fck b d² / 0.87 fyk z,bal) + As' Use:
= 7112.40 mm² As,prov = 1963 mm2
(4T 25)

9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Use:

As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd = 2467.491 mm² As,min = 0 mm2
As,max = 0.04 Ac = 66000 mm² (0T 20)
Project : Kuantan Cement Plant , New Engineering Office page 2/3
Date : 26.10.2015

Ref. Calculations Output

Shear Reinforcement
6.2.3 Concrete strut capacity
Vrd,max = 0.36 b d (1 - (fck/250)) fck
θ = 22° = 5482.21 kN > Ved
θ = 45° = 7891.95 kN > Ved

θ = 0.5 sin^(-1) [ Ved / 0.18 b d fck (1 - (fck/250))] Use:

= 0.59 ° < 22 ° θ= 22
< 45 °

Hence, Cot θ = 2.48

Tan θ = 0.40

Shear Links
Asw / s = Ved / [0.78 fyk d (cot θ)] = 0.320
Asw = 981.75 mm²
Spacing, s = 3063.83 mm
Use:
Max. spacing, s(max) = 0.75 d = 785.625 mm R10- 200c/c

7.4 Deflection
Percentage of required tension reinforcement, ρ = 0.004527 < ρ°
Reference reinforcement ratio, ρ° = 0.00566
Percentage of required compression reinforcement, ρ' = 0
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1

l/d = 1.00 [ 11 + 10.60 + 2.26 ]

= 23.86

Modification factor for span less than 7m = 0.622222

Modification factor for steel area provided = 0.276066 < 1.5

Eq. 1
(l/d)all = 4.10
(l/d)act = 10.74 NOT OK!
Project : Kuantan Cement Plant , New Engineering Office page 4/4
Date : 26.10.2015

Ref. Calculations Output

7.3 Cracking

Table 7.2NControl cracking with specific measure

Gk + 0.3Qk = 110.6 kN/m
As,req / As,prov = 3.6223

Steel stress, fs = 1009.775 N/mm²

Maximum bar spacing for crack control

Steel stress Maximum bar spacing (mm)
(N/mm²) wk 0.4 mm 0.3 mm 0.2 mm 0.1 mm
160 300 300 250 200
200 300 250 200 150
240 250 200 150 100
280 200 150 100 50
320 150 100 50 N/A
360 100 50 N/A N/A

Crack width, wk = 0.2 mm

Steel stress used, fs = 160 N/mm²
Max bar spacing = Err:514

Main bar = 708 mm NOT OK!

Distribution bar = 200 mm OK!
Compression bar = Err:514
Span, L = 10500 mm
fck = 40 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
fctm = 3.02 N/mm2
b = 1500 mm
h = 750 mm
c,nom = 30 mm
Link = 10 mm
d = 630 mm
d' = 50 mm

Reinforcement:
M = 270 kNm

K = M / b d² fcu = 0.0113378685 < K,bal

z = d [0.5 + √(0.25 - (K/0.9))] = 621.96 mm
z,bal = 0.775d = 488.25 mm
x = (d - z) / 0.45 = 315.00 mm
d' / x = 0.16 < 0.43
f,sc = (0.87 fyk) or (Es x ϵ,sc) = 435.00

As,min = 0.0013Ac = 1228.50 mm2 OK!

As,max = 0.04Ac = 45000.00 mm2 OK!

As',req = (K - K,bal) fck b d² / 0.87 fyk (d - d') = 0.00 mm2

As',prov = 12T 20 = 3770 mm2 Layer 1

0T 20 = 0 mm2 Layer 2
3770 mm2 OK!

As,req = (K,bal fck b d² / 0.87 fyk z,bal) + As' = 997.96 mm2

M / (0.87 fyk z)

As,prov = 12T 32 = 9651 mm2 Layer 1

12T 32 = 9651 mm2 Layer 2
0T 32 = 0 mm2 Layer 3
0T 32 = 0 mm2 Layer 4
19302 mm2 OK!

Deflection (EC2):
ρo = 0.0063245553
ρ = 0.0010560382
ρ' = 0
K = 1.3

ρ < ρo : l/d = K [11 + 1.5 √fck (ρo/ρ) + 3.2 √fck (((ρo/ρ) - 1)^(3/2)) ]
ρ > ρo : l/d = K [11 + 1.5 √fck (ρo/(ρ-ρ')) + (1/12) √fck √(ρ'/ρ) ]
Modification Factors:
Span = 0.666667 = 0.666667
Tension bar = 19.34148 < 1.5
Compression bar = 1.11737 < 1.5

(L/d)act = 16.666666667
(L/d)lim = 313.69 OK!

Deflection (BS8110):
(L/d)lim = 20

M / bd² = 0.4535
fs = (2*fy*As,req) / (3*As,prov) = 17.23412

Modification Factors:
Span = 0.952381 = 0.952381
Tension bar = 3.380691 < 2.0
Compression bar = 1.11737 < 1.5

(L/d)act = 16.6667
(L/d)lim = 42.5665 OK!
Not Required Compression Bar ϵ,sc = 7E-05

Compression Bar Start Yielding

Top Bar: Cost:

Spacing Price / t =
c/c = 127.27 mm Density =
clear = 107.27 mm OK! Cost =

Bottom Bar: Cost:

Spacing Price / t =
c/c = 126.18 mm Density =
clear = 94.18 mm OK! Cost: =
 Flanged Beam
Support Condition (L/d)lim Rectangular Section
(bw/b) <= 0.3
Cantilever 7 5.6
Simply Supported 20 16.0
Continuous 26 20.8

Tension bar (Modification factor):

Compression bar (Modification factor):

 3500 RM / ton
7800 kg/m3
1080.6 RM

3500 RM / ton
7800 kg/m3
5532.903 RM
Span, L = 7700 mm
fck = 32 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
fctm = 3.02 N/mm2
b = 1000 mm
h = 750 mm
c,nom = 30 mm
Link = 10 mm
d = 702 mm
d' = 48 mm

Reinforcement
M = 225 kNm

K = M / b d² fck = 0.0142678428 < K,bal

z = d [0.5 + √(0.25 - (K/1.134))] = 693.05 mm
z,bal = 0.82d = 575.64 mm
x = (d - z) / 0.4 = 315.90 mm
d' / x = 0.15 < 0.38
f,sc = (0.87 fyk) OR (Es x ϵ,sc) = 435.00

As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd = 1102.42 mm2 OK!

As,max = 0.04Ac = 30000.00 mm2 OK!

As',req = (K - K,bal) fck b d² / 0.87 fyk (d - d') OR = 0.00 mm2

(K - K,bal) fck b d² / fsc (d - d')
Additional As',req = 0.00 mm2

As',prov = 10T 16 = 2011 mm2 Layer 1

0T 32 = 0 mm2 Layer 2
2011 mm2 OK!

As,req = (K,bal fck b d² / 0.87 fyk z,bal) + (f,sc / 0.87 fyk) As' = 746.32 mm2
M / (0.87 fyk z)
Additional As,req = 746.32 mm2

As,prov = 10T 16 = 2011 mm2 Layer 1

0T 32 = 0 mm2 Layer 2
0T 32 = 0 mm2 Layer 3
0T 32 = 0 mm2 Layer 4
2011 mm2 OK!

Deflection
ρo = 0.0056568542 ρ < ρo
ρ = 0.0010631374
ρ' = 0
K = 1
ρ < ρo : l/d = K [11 + 1.5 √fck (ρo/ρ) + 3.2 √fck (((ρo/ρ) - 1)^(3/2)) ]
ρ > ρo : l/d = K [11 + 1.5 √fck (ρo/(ρ-ρ')) + (1/12) √fck √(ρ'/ρ) ]

Modification Factors:
Span = 0.909091 = 0.909091
Tension bar = 2.694036 < 1.5
Compression bar = 1.087151 < 1.5

(L/d)act = 10.968660969
(L/d)lim = 298.28 OK!

Side Reinforcement

Depth = 750 < 1000 (EC2) Normal

= 750 (BS) Deep

kc = 1.00 (Pure Tension = 1 ; Flexure = 0.4)

k = 0.50 (Section 6.1.8)
fct,eff = 3.02 N/mm2
Act = 386100 mm2
Side Bar: As,min = kc * k * fct,eff * Act / fyk
= 1166 mm2
= 583 mm2
As,min = 20% of main reinforcement
= 149 mm2
= 75 mm2
Require: As,min = 583 mm2 0 mm2 = 583 mm2

Prov: As = 3 H16 H0
= 603 mm2 OK!

BS Code: sb = 255 mm
bar size = 15.96872 mm
Not Required Compression Bar

Compression Bar Start Yielding f,sc = 0.002968

Top Bar: Cost:

Spacing Price / t = 3500
c/c = 100.44 mm Density = 7800
clear = 84.44 mm OK! Cost = 422.7

Bottom Bar: Cost:

Spacing Price / t = 3500
c/c = 100.44 mm Density = 7800
clear = 84.44 mm OK! Cost: = 422.6523
Check eq1 11 45.14939 0 56.1493867 76.56735 OK!
eq2 11 45.14939 0 56.1493867 76.56735

k value Web, h Flange, b Checking:

1 < 300mm < 300mm BS Code Note
0.65 > 800mm > 800mm √(sb*b/fy) =
if b > 500mm, use b as 500mm
max . sb = 250mm
Bar Size
High Tensile = 0.75 * √bw = 24 mm bar Ø =
Mild Steel = 1.0 * √bw = 32 mm max. sb =

Side Reinforcement Schedule

Beam Depth (h) Side Reinforcement
from to Bar nos. Spacing Bar Ø
CHECK 749 900 2 218 if b <= 300
899 1150 3 164 H12
1149 1400 4 131
1399 1650 5 109 if b > 300
1649 2000 6 93 H16
1999 7 82
RM / ton
kg/m3
RM

RM / ton
kg/m3
RM
 min bar Ø
mm, use b as 500mm

16 mm
256 mm
Shear Resistance of a Beam (Section 5.1) When Beam is Wider tha

b = 1000 mm
h = 750 mm
Cnom = 30 mm
ᴓbar = 16 mm
ᴓlink = 10 mm
nos link = 2 nos
Spacing, s = 250 mm
d = 702 mm
fck = 32 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
Nearest Link = 113 mm > 150 mm OK!

Shear at support face, Vef = 350 kN < Vef

OK!
Check Crushing Strength, Vrd,max

Vrd,max(22) = 0.124 * b * d * [1 - (fck / 250)] * fck P

= 2428.987 kN > Vef B
b
Vrd,max(45) = 0.18 * b * d * [1 - (fck / 250)] * fck av
= 3525.949 kN > Vef

Hence, θ = 22 ˚

Determine angle θ

θ = 0.5 * sin ˉᴵ [ Vef / (0.18 * b * d * (1 - (fck / 250)) * fck) ]

= 2.85 ˚

Hence, cot θ = 2.48

tan θ = 0.40

Determine shear resistance of the links

Asw = 157.0796 mm2

Asw / s = 1.2566

Vrd,s = (Asw / s) * 0.78 * d * fyk * cot θ

= 851.53 kN Check

Enhanced Shear Check [EC2: Section 6.2.2 (6)]

av = 75 mm
av / 2d = 0.053419
For 0.5d < av < 2.0d : Ved,new = 18.69658
For av < 0.5d : Ved,new = 9.348291 Check
When Beam is Wider than Column

= 1485 kN U = 1237.50 kN/m

= 1.200 m V = 92.81 kN
= 0.750 m M = 3.48 kNm
= 0.075 m
Shear Resistance of a Beam (Section 7.6)

b = 1000 mm
h = 750 mm
Cnom = 30 mm
ᴓbar = 16 mm
ᴓlink = 10 mm
nos link = 1 nos
Spacing, s = 150 mm < 330 mm OK!
d = 702 mm
fck = 32 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
f1yk = 500 N/mm2

Shear at support face, Vef = 350 kN

Check Crushing Strength, Vrd,max

Vrd,max(22) = 0.124 * b * d * [1 - (fck / 250)] * fck

= 2428.987 kN > Vef

Vrd,max(45) = 0.18 * b * d * [1 - (fck / 250)] * fck

= 3525.949 kN > Vef

Hence, θ = 22 ˚

Determine angle θ

θ = 0.5 * sin ˉᴵ [ Vef / (0.18 * b * d * (1 - (fck / 250)) * fck) ]

= 2.85 ˚

Hence, cot θ = 2.48

tan θ = 0.40

Determine shear resistance of the links

Asw / s (req) = 0.516507

Asw = 78.53982 mm2

Asw / s (prov) = 1.0472

Vrd,s = (Asw / s) * 0.78 * d * fyk * cot θ

= 709.61 kN > Vef
Torsion Resistance of a Beam (Section 7.10)

Ultimate torsion moment, Ted = 0 kNm

Equivalent Hollow Box Section

Area of section, A = 750000 mm²

Perimeter of section, u = 3500 mm
Thickness of box section, tef = 214.2857 mm

Area within centreline, Ak = 420918.4 mm²

Perimeter of centreline, uk = 2642.857 mm

Concrete Section Check

v1 = 0.5232

Trd,max = 697.592 kNm > Ted

and

Ted + Ved = 0.144093 < 1.0

Trd,max Vre,max OK!

Torsion Link Reinforcement

Asw / s (req) = 0.000

Shear + Torsion

Asw / s (req) = 0.517

Asw = 78.53982 mm²

Asw / s (prov) = 1.047 > Asw / s (req) OK!

Additional Longitudinal Reinforcement Required for Torsion

Beam Length, L = 10 m

As1 = 0.00 mm²

As1,b = 0 mm²
As1,h = 0 mm²
Deflection From Curvature:
Span, L = 7700 mm
fck = 32 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
b = 1000 mm
h = 750 mm
d = 702 mm
f,ctm = 3.02 N/mm2

M = 225 kNm

Loading Effect:
(a) Curvature due to Uncrack Section:
E,cm = 33.35 kN/mm2
Ac = 750000 mm
u = 3500 mm
2Ac / u = 428.571 mm
Ø(∞,t0) = 2.3
Ec,eff = 10.10 kN/mm2
I,uc = 3.516E+10 mm4

(1/r)uc = 6.33E-07 /mm

(b) Curvature due to Cracked Section:

Es = 200 kN/mm2 **Elasticity modulus of reinforcement
As,prov = 2011 mm2

(i) Neutral Axis:

b x2 / 2 = ӕ As (d - x)
500 x2 = 2.79E+07 - 39795 x
0 = 500 x2 + 39795 x - 2.79E+07 - eq1
x = 318.86 mm (from eq1)

(ii) Second Moment of Area:

Icr = 1.665E+10 mm4

(iii) Curvature:
(1/r)cr = 1.34E-06 /mm

(iv) Crack Moment, Mcr:

Mcr = 283.125 kNm

(v) Coefficient of Allowing Tension Stiffness:

β = 0.5
ξ = 1-β(σsr/σs)^2
= 1-β(Mcr/M)^2
= 0.208
(c ) 'Average' Curvature:
1/r = ξ (1/r)cr + (1-ξ) (1/r)uc
= 7.80E-07 /mm

Shrinkage Effect:
(a) Curvature due to Uncrack Section:
S = As (d - x)
= 657472.51 mm3
εcs = 390

(1/r,cs)uc = (εcs * ӕ * S) / Icr

= 1.444E-07 /mm

(b) Curvature due to Crack Section:

S = As (d - x)
= 770348.68 mm3
εcs = 390

(1/r,cs)cr = (εcs * ӕ * S) / Icr

= 3.572E-07 /mm

(c ) 'Average' Curvature
1 /r,cs = ξ (1/r,cs)cr + (1-ξ) (1/r,cs)uc
= 1.887E-07 /mm

Deflection:
Curvature due to Loading = 7.80E-07
Curvature due to shrinkage = 1.887E-07
Total Curvature, (1/r) = 9.69E-07

Deflection Factor, k = 0.104

Deflection Occurred = k (L^2) (1/r) = 5.97 mm
Deflection Limit = L / 250 = 30.80 mm
 Abbreviative:
1/r : average curvature
(1/r)uc : value of curvature calculated for the uncracked
(1/r)cr : value of curvature calculated for the cracked c
ξ : coefficient given by [1-β(σsr/σs)^2] allowing fo
β : load duration factor (1 for single short-term loa
σs : stress in the tension steel for the cracked conc
σsr : stress in the tension steel calculated on the ba
ӕ : Modular ratio (Elastic modulus of reinforcemen
Ø(∞,t0) : Creep coefficient
εcs : Free shrinkage strain
S : First moment of area of reinforcement about t
Remark
Table 6.12: Final creep coefficient of normal weight concrete, Ø(∞,
Age at Notional size (2*Ac / u), mm
loading 100 200 300 400
(days) Dry atmosphere (inside: 50% RH)
Table 6.12 1 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.3
3 4.6 4.0 3.8 3.6
7 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.9
28 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.3
100+ 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1
Note: Ac = concrete section area ; u = perimeter of drying expose

y modulus of reinforcement

Manual Calc.

(1.0 or 0.5)
Table 6.13

Table 6.13: Final Shrinkage Strains of Normal Weight Concrete (10^

Location of Relative Notional Size (2 A
Member Humidity (%) 100
Table 6.13 Inside 50 550
Outside 80 330
Note: Ac = concrete section area ; u = perimeter of drying expose

OK!
alculated for the uncracked case
alculated for the cracked case
1-β(σsr/σs)^2] allowing for tension stiffening
(1 for single short-term load ; 0.5 for sustained loads or cyclic loading)
steel for the cracked concrete section
steel calculated on the basis of a cracked section under loading that will just cause cracking at the section being considered
c modulus of reinforcement / Elastic modulus of concrete)

a of reinforcement about the centroid of the section

mal weight concrete, Ø(∞,t0) (Class C25/30)

tional size (2*Ac / u), mm
100 200 300 400
Humid atmosphere (outside: 80% RH)
3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3
3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8
2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2
2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9
1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6
meter of drying expose
mal Weight Concrete (10^-6), εcs (Class C25/30)
Notional Size (2 Ac / u), mm
200 300 > 500
470 410 390
280 250 230
meter of drying expose
eing considered
Lap in Reinforcement (Section 5.3)

Table 5.1: Design values of bond stresses, fbd (N/mm2)

fck (N/mm2) 16 20 25 30 35 40 45
Bars <= 32mm dia.
and good bond 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.0

Bars <= 32mm dia.

and poor bond 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8

From Table A1:

ᴓ1 = 8 mm
ᴓ2 = 8 mm

Lapped bars percentage = 100 %

Table 5.3: Values of the coefficient, α6

Percentage of lapped bars relative to the total cross- < 25% 33% 50% > 50%
sectional area of bars at the section being considered
1 1.15 1.4 1.5
α6

From Table 5.3:

α6 = 1.5

From Table 5.1:

fck = 30 N/mm2
fyk = 250 N/mm2
fbd = 2.1 N/mm2

lb,req = (ᴓ/4) * (fyk/1.15) / fbd

= 207.04 mm

Lo,min = 0.3 * α6 * lb,req

= 93.17 mm

15ᴓ = 120 mm

Thus, Lo = 120 mm