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Code is everywhere, and by understanding it we can better understand the growing digital world around us. The Essential Coding Manual aims to help you get to grips with coding.
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0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes)
447 viewsThe Complete Coding Manual August 2019
Code is everywhere, and by understanding it we can better understand the growing digital world around us. The Essential Coding Manual aims to help you get to grips with coding.
Uploaded by
neluCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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rc OO heen a Gun ed
THE COMPLETE
Coding
MANUAL
Master coding and unlock your rons potential Discover more of our complete
manuals on Readly today...
The Complete
Ubuntu
Manual
The Complete
Building Your
Own PC
The Complete
Cloud
Computing
mn
Manual Manual
Tonge
otoshop,
Elements
Manual ss
Meyer
ae
LW) i Canon
Galaxy Niko , Manual
a '@ BDM’s Manual Series
THE COMPLETE
Coqins
Everything you need to start learning how to code...
Code exists everywhere you look. From your smartphone to your smart TV,
from your fridge freezer to your washing machine and from your car
to road traffic signs, everything you interact with in this modern after)
world has been coded at some level by people who, like you MANS actict
perhaps, started by learning the basics.
However, the coding world can be an incredibly confusing Nbsrapuabatualy
place to start exploring. Which programming language do (IES a ric Oc fsa 0
you learn? Which version of the language to start learning?
‘What do you need to enter code? How does it work? Where
do you start? It’s little wonder many people give up before
they even begin entering their First lines of code.
pened
The Complete Coding Manual aims to help by guiding you through the
‘quagmire of technical lingo, version numbers, tools and platforms. We will help
you discover how to start coding, what to use, how to structure your coding
‘and how to become a programmer. Initially, learning to code is challenging, but
we're here to help you get going. In the pages of this book, you will discover
how to get through those first steps in the world of coding. There are tutorials,
‘on the basic Foundations of Python, C+, Linux scripting and even using FUZE
BASIC on the Raspberry
‘Once you've leamed the basics there's an entire universe of creativity and project
ideas to discover, the only limit is your knowledge so let's get you coding.
en ee index
Choosing a Programming Language
10 _Learning to Code - Study Tips
42 Coding Tools and Resources
Being a Programmer
Inthis
eee
re ed
Rat
fetter
those first
peers
peed
coat
Cree}
hy Python?
Equipment You Will Need
22. Getting to Know Python
24 How to Set Up Python in Windows
26 How to Set Up Python on a Mac
28 How to Set Up Python in Linux
e
36
8
0
gears
2
‘Your First Code
Saving and Executing Your Code
Executing Code from the
Command Line
‘Numbers and Expressions
Using Comments
Working with Variables
User Input
Creating Functions
Conditions and Loops
Python Modules
Python Errors
Combining What You Know So Fa
60 Lists
62 Tuples
64 Dictionaries
{66 Splitting and Joining
Starting Python for the Fist Time
n
7A Writing to Files
7% Exceptions
Opening Files
78 Python Graphics
80 Combining What You
Know So Far Calendar Module
05 Module
Random Module
‘Tkinter Module
Pygame Module
Create Your Own
Modules
LO eeerieceee)
1144 For Loop Cee es
146 Do... While Loop
‘ug if Statement
150 If. Else Statement
8/8/s/e|s|2
98 )Say Hello to C++
Why Cr+?
102 Equipment You Will Need
104 How to Set Up C+ in
Windows
106 How to Set Up C++ on a Mac fi
108 How to Set Up C+ in Linux
‘10 Other C++ IDES to install
reer
CST
Peenats
red with FUZE BASIC
1160 Coding with FUZE BASIC - Part 1
162. Coding with FUZE BASIC - Part 2
164 Coding with FUZE BASIC - Part 3
166 Using a Robot Arm with FUZE BASIC
168 FUZE BASIC Examples - Part 1
FUZE BASIC Examples - Part 2
Ur aee ae ey
Your Fist Ce Program 122 Variables
Structure ofa C+ 124 Data Types
Program 126 Strings
Compile and Execute 49 C+ Maths
Using Comments Gee us
environment for
eee) A eotsT
Reectcctey
Grover
Porras
eel
‘74 Getting Ready to Code
in Linux
176 Creating Bash Scripts - Part
‘78 Creating Bash Scripts Part 2
180 Creating Bash Scripts - Part 3
182. Creating Bash Scripts - Part 4
186 Creating Bash Scripts - Parts
186 Common Coding Mistakes
188 Python Beginner's Mistakes
190 C+ Beginner's Mistakes
Feciiere Net sierne
132 User Interaction 136 Defining Constants
734 Character Literals 138 File Input/Output.
eiey
ec
Retieenatcn
Serpette Coding and Programming
Learning to Code -
Study Tips
Programming is one of the most valuable skills you can pick up these days, particularly
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something cool too. When you're new to coding, it can be hard to know where to start
and it's easy to get sucked down paths that could waste a whole lot of your time and
money. If you're just getting started on your coding journey, here are some tips to set
you offin the right direction.
erm nacs
Teneo sa)
may sound obvious but $ _ ¥ Take some time to look atthe things coding languages are sed for; so iF you
choosing the 3 areinterested in web design, look how Javascript is being used onthe sites
right coding or : you use every day; if you are in to mobile apps, look into Java or Swift and see
programminglanguageto 3 _E how they make apps work. lt can also be useful and encouraging to check cut
Stat eaming important £ what qualified coders can expect to get paid by looking at lcal job ites. We
iFyouwant the creative } _E arenot saying that if you learn to code Python you are mediately going to
processto be successful F
‘youneed lean to code Fora specificreaton,
Finding ajob for example, then you abviously
heed to learn the language that’s relevant IF
‘yousimply wantto learn coding, then picking
alanguage ike Python, that isboth powerful
and relatively easy toleam, can make success
more likely,
be offered a £70,000 ayear job butitcan help spur you onto study harder
PUT THEORY INTO PRACTICE
IF you are completely new to coding, learning any programming
language can seem ikea huge task Getting completely bogged
‘down n pages and pages of code examples and explanations
isnotlikelyto make the learning process much Fun, In our
‘experience itis often betterto learn through practice orto
choose a task you want to perform with code, and then work
backwardsto learn how to complete that task. By learning small
chunks and repeating what you have already earned at differing
intervals is called Spaced Repetition. (_ Learning to Code study Tes QS
STUDY IN DIFFERENT WAYS
Sometimes, though admittedly not always it'sa good idea to get a more
rounded view oF computer science befare you cig down into more Say Hello to Python
Why Python?
See areas er uM eae ter ee see aku
Bo Pee een eeu Reece eso Crd d at tt
are designed For scientific work, others For mobile platforms and such. So why choose
Praeartiase nics)
PYTHON POWER
Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have tolled away until the wee
hours, slaving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create something akin to magic.
‘These pioneers of programming carved thelr way into 3 new
Frontier, forging small routines that enabled the letter to scroll
‘acrossthe screen. may not sound terribly exciting to a generation
that's used to ultrahigh definition graphics and open werld, muiti-
player online gaming. However, ortysomething years ago it was
binginaly brian.
Naturally these bedroom coders helped form the Foundations For
‘every piece of digital technology we use today. Some went onto
become chief developers for top software companies, whereas
others pushed the avaiable hardware tits limits and founded the
billon pound gaming empire that continually amazes us.
Co Na Dont Ba be tet oe
Regardless of whether you use an Android device, iOS device, PC,
"Mac, Linux, Smart TY, ames console, MP3 player, GPS devce builtin
toa car, settop box or athousand other connected and ‘smart
appliances, behind them allis programming,
‘Allthose aforementioned digtal devices need instructions to tell,
them what todo, and allow them tobe interacted with These
instructions Form the programming core ofthe device and that core
can be butt using a variety of programming languages.
The languagesin use today difer depending onthe situation, the
platform, the device's use and how the device wilinteract with its
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ir environment or users. Operating systems, suchas Windows, macOS
‘andsuch are usually a combination of C++, Cl, assembly and some
Form of visuabased language. Games generally use C++ whist web
pages can use a plethora of avaliable languages such as HTML, Java,
Python and soon,
More general purpose pragrammingls used to create programs,
apps, software or whatever ese you want to call them. Theyre
widely used across all hardware platforms and suit virtually every
conceivable application. Some operate faster than others and some
‘are easier to lear and use than others. Pythonis one such general
purpose language.
Python is whats known as @ High-Level Language, in that it ‘talks
to the hardware and operating system using a variety of arrays,
variables, objects, arithmetic, subroutines, laps and countless
more interactions. Whilst it's notas streamlined as a Low-Level
Language, which can deal directly wth memory addresses, call
stacks and registers, its benefit is that it's universally accessible
‘and easy to lea,
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¢ Why Python? em”
Python was created over twenty si years ago and has evolved to
became an ideal besinnerslanguage for earning how to program a
computer's perfect forthe hobbyist, enthusiast, student, teacher
and those who simply ned ta create thelr own uniqueinteraction
between either themselves ora piece of externa hardware and the
computer sel.
Python isFree to downoad, stall and use ands avalable for Linux,
Windows, macOS, MS-DOS, 05/2, OS, IBM series machines, and
even RISC OS. thas been vated one ofthe top five programming
languages in the world ands continually evolving ahead ofthe
hardware and Internet development curve
So to answer the question: why pthor? Simply put i's Free, easy to
learn, exceptionally powerful, universaly accepted, effective and 2
superb learning and educational tool
BASIC was once the starter language that early
‘sbithome computer users learned.
Python sa more modem take on BASIC, i's easy to learn
‘and makes For an ideal beginners programming language.
reconstecotn ns EP Say Hello to Python )
Equipment You
Will Need
teem Creme nn enas Cl
don't need an incredibly powerful computer and any software that's required is
Lice le)
WHAT WE'RE USING
“Thankfully, Python is a multiplatform programming language avaiable for Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. IF
you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python,
COMPUTER
Obviously youre going to need a computer inorder to learn how to program in
Python and to test your code. You can use Windaws (From XP onward) on either a32
or 64-bit processor an Apple Macor Linuxinstalled PC.
(_] AN IDE
‘Ani (rtegroed Developer Environment isused to enterand execute Python
cove, enables youto spec your procram code andthe velues thin the code,
Wells offering avonced features Mere are many diferent OES avlatle sod
the one tht wort for you and ghesthe bes resus
PYTHON SOFTWARE.
‘macOS and Linuxalready come with Python preinstalled as part ofthe operating
system, as does the Raspberry Pi. However, you need to ensure that youre running
the latest version of Python. Windows users need to download andinstll Python,
which well cover shorty,
|_| TEXT EDITOR
‘whilst tex editor isan ideal enronment to enter code int,’ not an absolute
necessity, Youcan enter and execute code directy from the IDLE but atext eto,
‘suchas Sublime Text or Notepad, offers more advanced features and colour coding
‘when entering code,
INTERNET ACCESS
Python is an ever evolving environment and as such new versions often introduce
new concepts or change existing commands and code structure to make amore
efficient language. Having acces tothe Internet wil keep you uptovdate, help you
‘cut when you get stuck and give access to Pythor'simmense number of modules.
TIME AND PATIENCE
Despite what other books may lead youto believe, you won'tbecome a programmer
in 24hours. Learning to code in Python takes time, and patience. You maybecome
‘stuckat times and other times the code wl lw tke water, Understand youre learning
Something ently new, and you wil get these. ( Equipment You will Need
THE RASPBERRY PI
Why use a Raspberry Pi? The Raspberry Pi satiny computer that's very cheap to purchase but offers the user a Fantastic learning
platform. I's main operating system, Raspbian, comes preinstalled with the latest Python along with many modules and extras.
Peas aal
‘The Raspberry Pi 2s the latest version, incorporating a mare
powerful CPU, more memory, WiFiand Bluetooth support
Yu can pick up aP For around €32 or asa part of kt For £50,
depending onthe kityoue interested in
FUZE PROJECT
The FUZE'sa earning environment bul onthe latest madel
‘ofthe Raspberry Pi. You can purchase the workstations that
‘come with an electronic kt nd even 3 robot arm For you
to buld and program. You can find more infermation on
FUZE at wuw fuze.co.uk
‘We have several great Raspberry Pitites avaiable via www,
Lbdmpublications.com, Our Pibooks cover how to buy your
Ba RASPBIAN first Raspberry Pi,
setituponduse ==,
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Unuxdltbton hat comes wee 8 Ra *
acinpleto we puclage tssveaminesortrePioncisan : | braectexmaes | Pj
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ideal platform for hardware and software projects Pytho aniaidesooet | Tricks) Hay
programing and evens desktop computer, Oe scat slACKS & Fixes
a : Pitoo
wu bdpuiaionscom thecomplete coding manual Ql] EP Say Hello to Python )
Getting to
Know Python
ne Recetas rd
Seno rine cme tcmieleutee anak nen ty
to understand.
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING?
Ithelps to understand what a programming language is before you try to learn one, and Python is no different. Let's take 2
look at how Python came about and how it relates to other languages.
‘programming language
isalistof instructions that
‘computer follows. These
PROGRAMMING RECIPES
Programsare tke recipes for computers.
Fecipe to bake a cake could go like this:
Put 200 gre
out 100 grams ofselfasing fourin a bow
‘Add 100 grams of butter tothe bowl,
legac aE) ‘Add 100 mililitres of milk
‘or playing a music File, or eae fo el au
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‘the ABC language. butters 38)
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faberal on
PROGRAM COMMANDS
‘You might not understand some of the Python commands, ke bowl append and cake.cook(bow!
“The Frsis alist, the second an object; welllook at both inthis book The main thing to know i
that’s easy to read commands in Python. Once you learn what the commands do, it’s easy to
Figure outhow a program works. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
Computer languages that are easy to read are known as high evel
This because they fly high above the hardware (also referred toas
‘the metal Languages tht “ly close tothe meta, lke Assembly,
are known a5 “low-level. Lowevel languages commands read abit
like ths: msg db ,@xa len equ $= msg
PYTHON 3 VS PYTHON 2
Getting to Know Python
ZEN OF PYTHON
Python letsyou access all the power of acomputerina language |
that humans can understand. Behind al this an ethos called “The
Zen oF Python” Thisisa collection of 20 software principles that
influences the design ofthe language. Princilesinclude “Beavtful
is better than ugly” and “Simple s better than complex." Type
‘import: this into Python andit wil splay all the principles.
ee eee eager ae ge ert
Cree ies
PYTHON
TTS
CI es
Peer are etree
Rares Lente
PRERPREEER 5 2009 Python 3 area with several new
eee ‘These features
CO TGs
oi ) Say Hello to Python )
How to Set Up
Python in Windows
Windows users can easily install the latest version of Python via the main Python
PCE aN ease eee yout aC eum eaan i over es
platform of choice for building their code, it's still an ideal starting point For beginners.
INSTALLING PYTHON 3.X
Microsoft Windows doesn't come with Python preinstalled as standard, so you're going to have to install it yourself manually.
‘Thankfully, i's an easy process to follow.
Suivopengeurebbronartommorion EREREG cong he canton sowsouio
Sie" ‘org/downloads/. Look For the button detailing Sa ‘specify certain parameters, and whilst you may.
the donloadntor Python 2 Teltetverstontthetme ot staywththectats ts goed habit adopts omatmes ot
vwiing3.0bicas thon stequenyupdatedsmaybea wih ython kfl) rae an ide unwanted ada
ferent version For you. Features. On the First screen available, ensureall boxes are ticked
and click the Next button,
J optional Features
puth
wind
BSPESED ick :he download button for version 3x, and ERED 1 next page of options include some interesting
save the fle to your Downloads folder. When the additions to Python. Ensure the Associate file with
Fleis dovnioaded, doublecckthe executable and the Pytion Python, Create Shortcuts, Add Python to Environment Variables,
installation wizard wil launch, From here you have twochoices: _Precompile Standard Library and Install for AllUsers options are
Install Now and Customise installation, We recamenené opting for ticked. These make using Python later much easier. Click instal when
the Customise instalation link you're ready to continue,
[YY tnstatt Python 3.7.0 (32-bit ‘Advanced Options
== | |e
wind ‘Claas Pinon 37 0 PATH one windows ook Cit eee How to Set Up Python in Windows
x woconf withthe {ling onthe OLE Python 37 226k wl
Sua Windows authentication notification, Simply click Sue launch the Python Shell, where you can begin
Yesand Python begnto sta Once he nstalation complete
the final Python wizard p
notes, and fll
sr Python programmingjourney, Don't worry if your version is
wer 35 1ong 2s ’s Python 3x our code works inside you
terials Python 3 interface.
Setup was successful "=
a
@
puthon
windows
ESTEE Gefore you close the instal w
however, t's best to lick on
a
window Ifyou now clickon the windows Start button agai
nk next to the Siz) and this time type: OMD, you'll be presented with th
shield detailed Deable Path Length Limit. Thiswillallow Python Command Prompt lnk, Click t ta get tothe Windows commandline
ta bypass the Windows 260 character limitation, enabling you to __envifonment. To enter Pythan within the command line, you neee
execute Python programsstaredin deep folders arrangements. to type: python and press Enter
cick es to authenticate the proces; then you can Clo
installation windo
ose
alia =— ~~ | BARE resin sorewoy stn sheliouoeenedin
Windows 10 users can no Step 8 note the three left facing arrows (22>).Whistl’sa perfectly
Findthe installed Python 4 Ep Fine environment, ts not too user friendly, so leave the command
3.c within the Star button line for naw. Enter: ex to leave and close the Command
Recently Added section. on Prompt win
he isin, Python 3 Po
(G2-bi wil aunen che _ =
command |ine version of
Python when licked (mo
conthat ina moment}. To
nthe IDLE, type IDLE
into Windows stan EP Say Hello to Python )
How to Set Up
Python on a Mac
TOA EME natn RTT te Ca
Meera nee CM ena ete gel che cet oer ata
Pace cia een)
INSTALLING PYTHON
‘Apple's operating system comes with Python installed, so you don’t need to install it separately. However, Apple doesn't
‘update Python very often and you're probably running an older version. So it makes sense to check and update First.
(Open anew Terminal window by licking Co Click onthe latest version of Python 3: nur
UE viiiies ren doublectietheterminalicon. Now — aa case iss the downoad button or Python 3.52.
wersion Youshauidsee Python 25.1" and THs wilautomatcally download the atest version af Python and
evenlater if Applehasupdeted te OS and Pythoninstalton. __ depending on how you've got your Mac configured, automaticaly
Either way, it's Betta check or the latest version. stats the instalation wear
Bi
Cpenssfandheadowronwwoyborco/ — ERREPB wintheryon rslaton was ope dk on
Sieve downloads. Just as with the Windows set up Si) the Continue button to begin the installation. it's
procedureonthe previous pages you canseetwo yelow download worthtaking amomentt read though the important formation
buttons: one for Python 3.6.2, and the other For Python 27.13. section incase it references something that apples to your version
Note that version numbersmay be different dueto the frequent of macOS. When ready click Continue again.
releases of Python. (How to Set Up Python on a Mac em”
PIM the next secon deta the Software License
Agreement, and whist not particularly intresting
ta most folks t's probably worth a read, When you'e ready, lick on
the Continue button once again,
BPR Fray you be oresented wth the aroun of
STEELS ‘space Python will take up on your system and an
inal bution whch you need to cick to tar the ata ntti
oF Python 3xon toyour Mac. You may need to enter your password
to authensicate the installation process.
‘command: python ==version, you can see the new version's
rrowlistee, To enter the commandline version oF Python, you need
toenter python3. Toext, i's exttO.
‘You need to serch in Find For the Python OLE;
sue when you've Found it, click it to launch and it
shouldlooksimilarto that ofthe Windows IDLE version shown on
the previous page. The ony difference being the Mac detected
hardware platform's running on
ese Piensa aa
PECL age nee tite See) Cane] oe dren
Joe emi ah or ee fe rao
The instalation shoulda too lng the older
Sup ‘Mac Mini we used in this section is @ little slower
than more modern Mac rine nd ony tok rund ary
seconds for the Installation Successful prompt to be displayed.
(Older Mac versions mayhave trouble withthe
Suit ‘newer versions of Python, in which case you will
need to revert to aprevousPthon 3xbul slong as youre ng
Python 2x, the code inthis book wl work For you
Python 3-1-2 (4312:79360K, Mar 24 2010, 0133118)
[eee 4.0:1"{appie ine. build 5¢93)] on’ darwin
Sopyrignt’, ‘eredite’ of ‘Ligense(}” for mo
EvVineorestisas
Shi
a diy) Say Hello to Python
How to Set Up
Python in Linux
PYTHON PENGUIN
Linuxis such a versatile operating system that it's often difficult to nail down just one way of doing something. Different
distributions go about installing software in different ways, so we will stick to Linux Mint 18.1 for this particular tutorial.
Fiat you need toascertein which version of Pytha me Lnuxdstroswil automaticaly undate
UD current rstaledinyour Linuxsystem; ase Rada erenstaliton of Python to the latest versions
mentioned, we're gong ta be using Linx Mint 1.1 Forthis section. whenever the systems updated. ached
‘As wth macOs, drop into a Terminal pressing CUT and upgrade with
Fist doa system update
5 sudo apt-get update && sudo opt-get upgrade
“nade david mint
sesame ay ur password and let the system do any updates.
hese ytton=versionino eer EERE Orch se anda 0
Sieve ‘screen. You should have the output relating to Su may need to answer 'Y' to authorise any upgrades,
version 2xofythoninthedlplay Ourveson ssyoucan see enter python3)=-werston to seeiFFython xs upeated or even
below, is Python 2.712. installed. nthe case of Linux Mint, the version
3.5.2, which fine for our purposes
ave Python
davidedavid-mint
Fle Edt View Search Terminal Help How to Set Up Python in Linux eg
However ifyou want the latest stable version, you BED Within the Python folder, enter:
BLEED i coed 0 c Python from source Start by oud mcomnseeet
entering these commands into the Termin Tanne
sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev
Libncursesn5-dev libssl-dev Libsqlite3-dev tk-dev
Libadom-dev Libc6-dev Libbz2-dev
This coulda litle while depending onthe speed of your compute
Once finished, enter python3.6 ==Version to check the
installed atest version,
‘Open up your Linux web browser and goto For the GUIIDLE. youneed to enter the Following
BLEED the ino dovrioad peg: wwnpthon ora ED rinand ini the Terminal
downloads. lide on the Download Python 3.62 (or whichever
version i's on when you look to download the source Python STIR
362.02 ‘he IDLE can then be started with the command: LdLe3. Note that
IDLE uns a diferent version fom the one you installed from source.
@ python
Download thet
ee
Inthe Terminal gothe Downloads ode by BEG cess ee raterese anise
suey ‘entering: €d Downlloads/, Then unzip the Su tool to help you install more modules and extras.
contents ofthe downloaded Python sourcecode wth EOF I=KVE) Eater: sudavapt-get install pythond-pip
Python-3.6.2.-tar.x2. Now enter the newly unvipped Felder
berg 4 PIPis then installed; check forthe latest ups
with
pip3 install --upgrade pip
hen complete, close the Terminal and Python 3:cwillbe available
via the Programming section inyour dstro's men
vewcmgubeatons com ‘The Complete Cong Manual Getting Started with Python
RS Saco
of Python installed, you can begin to
et Eg
Bekman
and we're here to help you write your
first piece of code, save it and run it in
ees a
Ree eee)
expressions, conditions and loops, user
input and the types of errors you
undoubtedly come across in your time
with Python. Let's start and discover
Pred sees ye}
36 Saving and Executing Your Code
38 Executing Code from the Command Line
Numbers and Expressions
Pe Teomucns?
Working with Variables
eas
eae get
SeRERS
or enea
EM ed
eared
ining What You Ki ) Getting Started with Python
Starting Python
For the First Time
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platform. The latest version of Raspbian comes preinstalled with Python 3; so as long as
BYTE EW ee REBEL cole ROLLS
STARTING PYTHON
We won't go into the details of getting the Raspberry Pi up and running, there's plenty of material already available on that
subject. However once you're ready, Fire up your Pi and get ready For coding
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SUED icc sutonfolowec by Srogrmining> Python 3 ene wi slay the
ALE Tis openthe Python 3She Windows and MECUSers <2) aver g pac seem terthe nent neil spay he
find the Python 3 IDLE Shell From within the Windows Start button we sally Byron nes ns proces
‘menu and vi Finder Felevant output
Tesielawteesoucnenscotandaeine EAA Teyonsnalacsveymentien cet
Sieve ‘responses and output of code you've programmed Sus since code is basically a series of mathematical
intaPython Thisisakindof sandbox whereyovreabletotyauk interactions with thesystem.eeges, wich are the vite
some simple code and processes. sequence of whole numbers can easiy be added, subtracted,
‘multilied and soon, Starting Python for the First Time Gal
PIR wile that's very interesting, is not particularly
‘exciting, Instead try this
print¢“Hetlo everyone!”)
‘sper the code we entered in Sublime in the Insaling Test Editor
section ofthis book,
Fe i yoniisbo cine cnenner
clicking on the Highlighting tab, However, we dorit recommend that
as youwon'be seeing the same as our screenshots
This alle mre since youve st arodvced
sere your first bit oF code. The Print command is Fairly
seleplanatoitrints things Python 3 requires the badktsas
wel as quote marlsin order to output conten tothe screen its
case the Hello everyone it
p>> print("Hello everyon
a everyone!
dust the mst programs valle, rears of the
STEP 9 ‘operating system, there are numerous shortcut
keysavalale. We dort have rors for them al here but withthe
Options > Configure IDLE and under the Keys tab, you can see alist
of the current bindings.
‘You mayhave noticed the colour coding within
Sup the Python IDLE. The colours represent differen
elements of Python code. They are:
Black Data and Variables
Green-Strings
Purple Functions
Orange — Commands
‘lue—User Functions
Dark Red Comments
ght Red—Error Messages
IDLE Colour Coding
[_-eotour [seer] exams |
‘The Python IDLE isa power interface, nd one
Suit ‘that’s actually been written in Python using one
of he avalable CU tole you wat to know the many isan
ctor the Sel we recommend you ae few moments oview
vr. docs python org//iraryfdle Nm, which detalls many ofthe
IDLE Features
‘The Complete Cong Manual Your First Code
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PLAYING WITH PYTHON
‘With most languages, computer or human, it’s all about remembering and applying the right words to the right situation,
‘You're not born knowing these words, so you need to learn them.
ifyouive dosed Pthon 3I01E,reapenitin Youcanseethatisteadof the umber the
Sue whichever operating system version you prefer. In EE ‘output is the 2+2 you asked to be printed to the
the Shel enter the Farr flowing screen The quotation atk ar defhing whats beng outputted
tothe DLE Shell to print the tatal of 2+2 you need to remove
the quotes:
primtc*Hetto”)
print (212)
Justas predicted the word Helo pears in BRED recreates
Siere the Shell as blve text, indicating output from a Suz ‘and so on to the Shell, An easier way isto use a
String It’s Fart straightforward and doesrferequire too much vatiable, whichis something we will cover in mere depth later. For
‘explanation, Now try: row, enter
primtce2i2") me (Your First Code Gal
canter ah ect carere
SEP and b two values: 2 and 2. These are now variables, SHEE
_and so on for as tong as their numbers stay the same, Try this: .
You now have two variables containing Firstname and a surname
and you can print them independently,
Teouncolvelstsencoastvecsrert | EERAAB \wewcretozpohesanerosine2s before,
SMePe values of both a and b individually, as you've asked uae) using the + symbol, the name wouldn't appear
them tobe printed separately. Fyeu anttoadathem up.youcan_correlyintheutput in the Shel. Ty
use the allowing
primtCnanessurnane)
a You need aspace between the two, defining them as two separate
This code simply takesthe values of aand b,addsthem together values and not something you mathematically play around with.
and outputs the resut.
Youcnpayarondwandsteetincrervitie EMRE ton oucansepte the over
Suary and the Print Function. For example, you could Suerdo with a space using a comma:
‘ssh varables for sommes are :
= print(nane, surname)
— ‘Alternatively, you an ad the space ourselves:
print(nane+” “+surname)
‘The use ofthe comma is much neater, a you can see.
Congratulations, you've ust taken your firststeps into the wide
world of Python,
santa reconstecote ns ) Getting Started Python)
Saving and Executing
Your Code
While working in the IDLE Shell is perfectly Fine for small code snippets, it's not
Coser ema cune nan ecu ea ales un ely
introduced to the IDLE Editor, where you will be working from now on
EDITING CODE
‘You will eventually reach a point where you have to move on From inputting single lines of code into the Shell. Instead, the
IDLE Eelitor will allow you to save and execute your Python code,
Fist open the Python DLE Shel and when kup, You canseethat these colour coding sin place
ua lick on File > New File, This will open a new window ue inthe IDLE Editor as its in the Shell, enabling you
withUntidedasits nme. Tisisthe Python IDLE Eto endithink._tobete understand hats ong on wth your cde However
yuan enter the code neededto create yourfuture programs. execute the code you need to First save it, Press FS andyou get @
Save..Check box open.
Te DiEestorsforatimensandounsse.2 RTE clckonteOxtutorin Sve boxand select
Sieve ‘simple text editor with Python features, colour Si) destination where you'll save all your Python code.
coding and so on; much nthe same vein as Sublime, You enter The destination can bea dedicated Folder called Python or you
code 35 you would within the Shel sotaking an example fromthe _canjust dump it wherever you lke, Remember to keep atidy drive
previous tutorial enter though, tohelp you autin the future.
print¢*Hetlo everyone!"
ese pa Saving and Executing Your Code Gal
Enter name or your cade, hele'for
SIE ‘example, and click on the Save button. Once the
Ayton code s save rs exected andthe output wile cetedin
the DLEShel nts cae, the words Hello eveyone
Tnsthorbevsmay cor gion ct
you open he fie lcatoncf te saved Python
Siery code, you can see that it ends in a py extension,
‘hts the default Pithonfe name Any code you ees willbe
\whatevepy andy code dounlosdd rom the mary erat
Fon ecorce tes willbe py list ence tha te codes wrkten
foxPython
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Letsextend the code ad enter a few examales
from the previous tutorial:
uz
bez
nane="David”
surnanes"Hayward”
rint(nane, surname)
print Carb)
Ifyou ress F now you'll be asked to save the file, again ast’ been
‘macified From before
Ee
Ifyou dick the OK button, the le willbe
‘overwritten with the new code enties, and
executed, with the outout inthe Shel I's nota problem with just
these few tines but if you were to edt larger file, overwriting can
become an issue. Instead, use File> Save As rom within the Editor
tocreatea backup.
Now create anew fle Cos the Er, nd open
Suit ‘anew instance (File > New File From the Shell),
Enter the following and saveit as hello.py:
‘a-"Python”
boris”
"cool!"
print(a, bye)
You wil use this cade in the next tutorial.
“Me Compt Cong Manual Getting Started with Python
Executing Code from
the Command Line
COMMAND THE CODE
Using the code we created in the previous tutorial, the one we named hello.py let's see how you can run code that was made
inthe GUI at the command line level
your operating system,
Saeed
he Sta
0-2
search For CMO, then click printcay
Commang Line returned You can see thatit works exactly the same
and macO users can get a
to ther command ine by clicking "Now enter: ext to eave the command i
SED oo. and cetumnyoubock tothe comm:
Bromo. Enter the folder where you saed the code From
previous tutorial and list the avalable files within; hopeFuly you
Should see the helopy le
thon
hin te same Folder asthe cod
ng to run, enter the Following nto the
python3 hello.py
his will execute the cod
hich to remindyou is
"Python?
boris”
cool!"
printca, b, ©)
Executing Code from the Command Line
Python coe om the
The est of run 3 code ro
SHED Python 2 command line is quite obvious. Whilst it
stin any way, cue to the differences between the
way Python 3 handles the Print command over Python 2, the result
isnt as we expected. Using Sublime for the moment, open the
helo py fe.
Since Subline Text st avalable forthe Raspbery
BALE yore rato temporary lave the Pforthe
Imomentonduse Simeas cn exardethat you der ecossoy
‘eed to use the Python IDLE. With the hello gy Fle apen, alter itto
Indude the Following
name=input(hat is your name? “)
printC*Hello,”, name)
tual sncethss Python 3 code, uingthe
Siu ‘syntax and layout that’s unique to Python 3, it only.
works when you ue the python3 command. f you tke, ry the same
with Python 2 by entering
python hetlo:py
Savethe hlly fie ond drop back to the
Sue ‘command line, Now execute the newly saved
code wth
python3 hello. py
The result wll be the cxginal Python is cool statement, together
with te added input command asking you for your name, and
‘splaying it in the command window =D Getting Started wi Python)
Numbers and Expressions
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IT’S ALL MATHS, MAN
‘You can get some really impressive results with the mathematical powers of Python; as with most, if not all, programming
languages, Maths is the driving Force behind the code.
‘pen upthe Gversion of Python 3,5 mentioned You canuse athe usa Mathematical operations
Sue ‘you can use either the Shell or the Editor. For the EE divide, multiply, brackets and so an. Practise with a
time being, you're going to use the Shelljusttowarm our Maths few, for example:
muscle which we believe isa small gland located atthe backof the yp
brain (or not.
2
26283
as2ysc3r4)
ce? BED ore rcciscrseaces
= cna rber myentce oas
crfeningponk ote Hone Poured nests
SSSSEMBSIZAS opposed toa decimal answer, then you can use a double slash:
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Ften
ED ses tamat series volume 17 (Numbers and Expressions Gal
You can also use an operation to see the remainder
leftover from division For example:
19/3
Wil display 3333333333, whichis ofcourse 33 recurring. Fyou
now enter:
103
‘This wil splay 1, whichis the remainder leftover fram dhiding
rointo3.
‘Tis willbe deplayed as OI converting the
SHEE integer into binary and adding the prefix Ob to the
Front. Fyou want to remove the Ob prefix, then you can se
Formats; *b?)
“The Format command converts value, the number 3, oa
Formatted presentation a5 controlled by the Format specication,
the’ part
Next up we have the power operator, oF
‘exponentiation if you want tobe techrical To work
cut the power of something you cn usea double multiplication
symbol or dauble-tar onthe keyboare:
Essentially ts 22x2 but we're sure youalteady know the basis
behind Maths operators Thisis hw you would work tout
in Pthon
[Numbers and expressions dont stop there. Python
has numerous builtin functions to work out sets
cof numbers, absolute values, complex numbers and ahost of
‘mathematical expressions and Pythagorean tongue-twisters. For
example, to convert a number to binary, use:
bina)
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FID 2 s0clean xpresionisa losical statement that wil
tither be trv o false. We can use these to compare
data an test to see F's equalto, less than or greater than. Tythis
InaNew File:
a=6
b=?
print(Ly a= 6)
print@2, a = 7)
print(3, a = 6 and b = 7)
print(4, a == 7 and b = 7)
print(S, not a= 7 ond b == 7)
print(6, a= 7 or b = 7)
print(7, a= 7 or b = 6)
rint(B, not (a == 7 and b == 6))
print(9, not a == 7 ond b == 6)
Execute the cade from Step9, andyoucan see a
sees of True or Fase statements, depending on
the resut ofthe two defining values: 6 and 7. I's an extension oF
what youve looked at and an important part of programming.
Bea
“Me Compt Cong Manual ) Getting Started Python)
Using Comments
Wier cece cere iceuk |
Pere eae ier setae eae cecmmmeest la nated
line by line but over time, it can become difficult to read.
#COMMENTS!
Programmers use a method of keeping their code readable by commenting on certain sections. Ifa variable is used, the
programmer comments on what i's supposed to do, For example. It's just good practise.
Stantby creating a newinstance ofthe DLE Editor fesave the code andevecte lt Youcan see tha the
Sue (File > New File) and create a simple variable and EE ‘output in the IDLE Shell is still the same as before,
print command spite the exta tinesbeing added. Simply put, the hash symbol (#)
jaa >> Brine crane +
Beant (rome * age)
typetrror: Can't convert “int object to ste implicitly
SBE rine characters Sse" + rtr(age) 2." years ola."
Sel iapara Sescended fron Vakinge te i years old
ola.2)
These of Typecastingsakoimportant when
uae) dealing with Floating point arithmetic; remember:
numbers tht have adcmal pint inher For eampe, enter
shirt=19.99
‘Now enter typaCShiint) and youl se that Python has allocated
the number asa float’, because the value contains a decimal pint.
Soe Specantres
Another example of ypeCasting when you
Suary _ask For input from the user, such as @ name, for
vamp ener
‘oge= input C*How old ore you?)
‘Alldta stored from the Input commandisstored as 2
string variable.
oe age roa Cn
wnbampubtiationscom
When combining integers and lots Python
Suit usually converts the integer to a float, but should
the reverse ever be apps worth emebering that Python
does return the eactvale, When conve'ting 2 Roattoan
integer, ythan il ays rund down tothe nearest integer,
Caled ncatng nour cate tendo 1.99 becomes 19,
iin 548 ee. Ok ae, TTY
ype create” or “case” for nae infomation.
“Me Compt Cong Manual =D Getting Started Python)
User Input
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og
USER FRIENDLY
‘The type of input you want from the user will depend greatly on the type of program you're coding. For example, @ game may
_ask for a character's name, whereas a database can ask for personal details.
iis notaleady, open the Python 310 Sel Now that we have the use’ name stored
Sue and start a New File in the Editor. Let’s begin with EE ina couple of variables we can call them up
Something really simple, enter: whenever we want:
printc*Hetto”) printC*Welcone”, firstname, surnane, “. T hope:
firstnane=inputC'What is your first mane? *) ‘you're well today.”)
print¢*Thanks.")
Surnate=inputC*And what is your surmane? *)
Sreawercate tease acasoustessiro ETERS fun hecoce ndyoucnseasig ss the
Siare doubt suspected, in the IDLE Shell the program will Suz ull stop after the surname follows a blank space.
skforyorFist name storing earth varabefisiname,falloned Tosiminate that we cnades plu sign stead of the comme
by your surname; also stored in its own variable (surname). in the code:
printC*Melcone”, firstrane, surnames. T hope
you're well today”) C User Input. Gal
SIE tthe input command, For example, you can ask the
usertheirname, andhave the input inthe line below:
print(*Hello. Whats your nane?”)
rramesinput©)
You dar'talways have te include quoted text within
what youve createdhere is acondtion, which we
SHEE will cover soon. In short, we're using the input from
theuser and measuring tag a condition So, the ser enters
David astheiename, the guard wil alo them to pass ntinered
Ee, they enters name other than Davi, the guard calenges
themtoatiahe
Lserinput py -shome/pi/Documents/Python Code/us
fie Est gmat fn gptions windows Help
PrINtCHelle, What's your nan
hanesnput©)
7
‘The code From the previous step is often regarded
asbeinga litle neater than having @ lengthy
‘amount of text inthe input command, butl'snot arule that's set
in stone, so do as you tke in these situations. Expanding on the
code, wy this
print(*HaLt! Who goes there?)
rane=input()
1+ 5 fart tt re
eapenengeerneestsem
# Code’ to calculate rate and distance
printC"Input @ rate ond a distance”)
rate = floatCinput("Rate: "))
ear, or TD
tesa goodstartto a text adventure game perhaps?
Sup Now you can expand onit and use the raw input
from the user to Flesh out the game a lle:
if namess"David":
print "welcome, good sir. You may pass.”)
else:
printC*I know you not. Prepare for battle!")
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FRPITD 1 firaisethe rateand distance code, we can ade
distance = floatCinput¢*Distance: *))
print(*Time:”, (distance / rate))
Saye and execute the code and enter some numbers. Using the
Floatfingut element, weve told Python that anything enteredisa
Floating point umber rather than a string,
“Me Compt Cong Manual ) Getting Started Python)
Creating Functions
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Functions. You've already used a few functions, such as the print command but Python
enables you to define your own functions.
FUNKY FUNCTIONS
‘A function is a command that you enter into Python to do something. It's litle piece of self-contained code that takes data,
‘works on it and then returns the result,
Bea
e's not just data that a Function works on. They can
doall manner of useful things in Python, such as
Sort data, change items from one Format to ancther and check the
length or typeof items. Basically, function isashort wor that's
Faliowed by brackets. For example, tng), Ust) or type.
Bey
You can pas variables through functions in much
the same manner, Le’ assume you want the
‘number of letersin a person's surname, you could use the Flowing
code (enterthe text editor for this example}
ame=input (“Enter your surnane:
‘count=Len(nane)
print C*Your surname has", count,
“letters in it.")
Press FS and save the code to executeit.
3
‘function takes data, usually 3 variable, works on
itdepending on what the Function is programmed
tado and returns the end value. The data being worked on goes.
inside the brackets, sof you wented to know how many letters
are inthe word antidsestablishmentararism, then you'd enter
LenCantidisestablishmentarianisn”) 21 the number 28
‘wuld return,
Python has es of Functions ul into a too
Suz ‘many to get into in the limited space available here.
However to view thet of bitin ution sabe to Paxton 3
raga to waridocs phanorg/3braryuncionhn. These
are the predefined Functions, but since users have created many
‘more, they ee nat the only anes available. junction froma module enter the name of
ie followed by fulstop, then the name
addtional functions canbe added to Python Tous
BULGED tscouch modules ychon hes avast range o Buse
‘modules available that can cover numerous programming duties. ofthe function. For instance using the Math module, since youve
They add functions and canbe imported as and when required. For just importedit into Python, you can utilise te square root function
‘example, to use advanced Mathematies Funetions enter Toda0, enter:
‘import: math mmath.sartC16)
Once entered, youhave rmadule functions. You cansee that the code is presented as module Function(éat)
FORGING FUNCTIONS
‘There are many different Functions you can import created by other Python programmers and you will undoubtedly come
Pee sete ee ea
eee ens
ee eee ete)
Pret oO)
Press FS to save and run the srit, You can see Hello in the Shel
eee eee ence
STEP 2 pean pte
rey es
parr Peper er entree tetas
fet rettot none) | import the module then use the uneion. ry this one, and modify
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Perey
if ) Getting Started Python)
Conditions and Loops
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eo mR Teun Cenc te Case ena TC
Ree cata hectic tee oer cre
TRUE CONDITIONS
Keeping conditions simple to begin with makes learning to program a more enjoyable experience. Let's start then by checking
if something is TRUE, then doing something else if itis.
Let's create a new Python program that will ask "Now you can use anf statement to check ifthe
BUD the sertoinguta word thencrecccosce res all ior length varisble equal to fourand pint»
‘afourletter word ornot. Start with File> New File, andbesinwith friendly conformation fit applies tothe rule
the input variable word=input(“Please enter a four-letter word: *)
wordsinput(“Please enter @ four-letter word: “) __word_Length-Lencword)
Uf word_length = 4:
print (word, “is a four-letter word. Well done.”
“The double equal sig
something ese.
means check ifsomething sequal to
Now we an create anew vibe then use helen Te colon atthe end of tele Pthon thai
guar! Function and pass the word variable through it to. Suz ‘statement is true do everything after the colon
get the total numberof letters the user has just entered that's indented, Next, move the cursor backto the beginning oF
wordwinputC“Please enter a four-letter word: “) tre Foto
vword_length=lenCword) wordwinput(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
‘nord_lengthsLen(word)
Af word_length = 4:
print (word, “is a four-letter word.
i Welt done”)
| else:
| print (word, “is not a four-letter word.")
| Press Sand svete code to execute it Enter Now expandthe code onc
SEP a foursetter word in the Shell to begin with, you SHEDS Eventu mh it could become quite complex. We've
‘ould have the returned message that's the wordis four lee or threedetter words
Now press FS again and rerun the program but this time enter a
Fiveletter word The Shel wil isplay that t's not a Fourletter word
Sri Geta a 0 Ure eter word Ty gn")
! print (word, “is not a four-letter word.”)
LOOPS
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print nord)
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pee aero pre
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Fror x in range (110)
ae ee amet eter een eres
Rieaeioar ertoren einer E rr earn
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i eee ett Getting Started with Python
Python Modules
We've mentioned modules previously, (the Math module) but as modules are such a
err cusame ea aia eum ete tle eT eC aad
them. In this instance we're using the Windows version of Python 3.
MASTERING MODULES
Think of modules as an extension that's imported into your Python code to enhance and extend its capabilities. There are
countless modules available and as we've seen, you can even make your own.
though goo, the bul uncon within Pho Theres
isnt recognised
pip install pygane
example on non platforms s the Pygame module, which contains clckthe result then click Run as Administrator. Linux and Mac users
‘mary functions to help create games. Ty-import pygame. can se the Sudo command, with sudo pip install package Clase the command prompt or Teminalané
Sia relaunch the IDLE Shell, When you now enter:
‘import pyoaHe the mocks wil be moored int the code
‘tout any probes. You'l find that most code downloaded oF
copied Fem the inert wl contain mode maistieam of
nie, hese ae usualy he source of ers execton de to
Uhembeing sig.
[Braet
C Python Modules Cal
FAIR tiple modules can be imported within your code.
To extend our example, use
‘import random
import math
for I in ranges):
‘printrandom.randint(ay
print (nath:pi)
Boa ee
25)
‘The modules contain the extra code needed to
achieve a certain result within your own code, as
‘we've previously experimented with, For example:
‘import random
Brings inthe code from the Random Number Generator module,
‘You can then use tis module to create something tke:
for i in range(10):
pprint(random.randint(1, 25))
Bom
Ee
The results astring of random numbers followed
by the value of Pas pulled from the Math
‘module using the priat{math function. You can aso pullin
certain functions From a module by using the from and impart
commands, suchas:
from random import randint
for i in ranges):
printCrandint(l, 25))
Bam rae
This ode when sadn erected il platen
Sup random numbers from 1 to 25. Youcan play around
witha code ta dply more ors and oma geno ler
‘ange. Fr eamole
‘moore rendon
for i in rongeC2s):
‘PrintCrandom.randint2, 100))
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Trish crate ore steaminesaproachto
GA Programming, You can also use Import module*,
wich limport eve ing deed win the named modal
However is often regarded as waste of resources but it works
ronetheles. Finally, modules canbe imported as alases:
‘import nath’asim
printcm.pid
OF course, adding comments helps to tell others what's going on
[a aaa cares ss
“Me Compt Cong Manual =D Getting Started Python)
Python Errors
eee orn erent cm ers
Python declares it’s not able to continue due to something being missed out, wrong or
ee ene eC cai iae earn cachet ee caic
DEBUGGING
Errors in code are called bugs and are perfectly normal. They can often be easily rectified witha little patience. The important
thing is to keep looking, experimenting and testing, Eventually your code will be bug Free.
Codeisrtaefuidasthewriten word,no matter i Thankful Python elu when comes to
Sues how goad the programming language is. Python is. EE displaying errar messages. When you receive an
certainly easier than mostlanguages bt even tis prone tosome error ined text from the IDLE Shel til define the error itself
“annoying bugs. The most common are typos by the user and whilst along with the ine number where the erorhas occurred, Whist in
easytofindin simple dozertine code, maginehaving todebug _the IDLE Edltor this is alittle daunting for lots of code; text editors
rmult-thousand tne code. help by including tne numbering
The most common of erosisthe typo as weve Syntaxerorsare probably the second most
Siare mentioned. The typos are often at the command Suz ‘common errors you'll come across as @ programmer,
lev metiping te prin commandfor example. However they aso Evenifthe splin correc, che atl emmand te rong
‘occur when you have numerous variables, all of which have lengthy In Python 3 ths often occurs when Python 2 syntaxes are applied
ames. The best advice sto simply gathrough the cade and check The most annoying ofthese isthe pine Function in Python 3 We use
your spelling print words") whereas Python? uss print “words”.
"oe 8 Otin m ie at oh eg Be Yr
se rae or “ee fr train es tres age onan fr ice tortie. (_ Python Errors Gal
Pesky brackets are also @nuisancein programming
‘errs, especially when you have something like
Bea
printcbatanced_checkCinout@))
Remember tat for every there must be an equal numberof
Tier oe
Anexcellent way to checkyour code step-by-step
Isto use Python Tuto’ Visualize web page, found
it. Simply
at wunwpythontutarcomisualize htmisimod
paste your cade into the editor and click the Visualse Execution
button torunthe code lne-by:ne. Thishelpsto clear bugs and
any misunderstandings
‘There are thousands of online Python resources,
code snippets and lengthy discussions across Forums
cenhow best to achieve something, Whist 99 per cent ofits goad
code, doit always be lured into copying and pasting randam cade
Into your ector. More often than not, won't work andthe worst
pats that you haven't learnt anything
Baa
Indes re a nasty pat of Python programming
Sup that a lot of beginners fall foul of. Recall the IF loop
fram the Condor and oops section, where he lon means
everyting indented allowing the statement tobe excited 8
longas true? Missing he indent orhaving too mucha iden,
willomeback with ane
wnbampubtiationscom
Ee
Planning makes For good code. Whilst litle old
school t's @ good habit to plan what your code
vl do before sitting down totypeitout.List the variables that will
be used and the modules too;then write autasrip¢For any user
Interaction o outputs.
Purely out of interes, the word debugging in
computing terms comes From Admiral Grace
Hopper, wha back nthe 40 was working on a monolithic Harvard
Markl lectromechanical computer. According to legend Hopper
Found a moth tuck n a relay, thus stopping the system from
working. Removal ofthe moth was hence called debugging
“Me Compt Cong Manual ED Getting Started Python)
Combining What
You Know So Far
Wee eau une cement omuce ena)
we've looked at so far, and apply it to writing a piece of code. This code can then be used
Eee ON aes lcd cd toe ee
PLAYING WITH PI
For this example we're going to create a program that will calculate the value of Pi toa set number of decimal places, as.
described by the user. It combines much of what we've learnt, and alittle more.
Start by opening Python and rating a New Fein
oe the Editor. First we need to get hold of an equation
that can accrately cleat thou rendering the computer’
CPU cseless for several minutes. The recommended caleation
\sedinsuch cremstances ite Choco Ago, yoo
Canfind mere information above eatenvwikipedia. oak?
Chudrovshy.sigorthm,
You conse the chido Algor to ete
STEP 2 your own Python script based on the calculation.
Begin paring some rmporae modules and unions win
themoddes
from decimal import Decimal, getcontext
‘import math
This uses the decimal and getcontext Functions from the Decimal
‘madule, both oF which deal with large decimal place numbers and
naturally the Math module.
Now youcaninserttheiclaaton aigorithn
SES art of the code, This isa version of the
Chudnovsky Algorithm:
ef cale(n):
‘t= Decinal(o)
pi = Decinal(o)
ddeno = Decimal)
k=
for k in range(n):
+ = (ecimal(-1)**410*(nath. Factorial
(Decimal (6)*1))*(13591409 +545140134°K)
‘deno = math. factorial (3*k)*Cnath.
Factorial(k)**Decinal(3))*(640320°*(3%))
pi += Decimal t)/Decinal(aeno)
pi = pi * Decimal (12)/Decimal (640320"*Decinal(1.5))
pi = I/pi
return str(pi)
Te preiusstep defines the lesthat mate
ue) up the algorithm and creates the string that will
venta dena the vel of P, acorn the nowy
brothers lgortim. You hve no doubt already surmised tat
woud be handy to actualy utp thevalve oft te szeen To
recy thay cane
printCcalec1))
You cansave andexecte the cde at ont
SE?6 ‘you like. The output will print the value of Pi to 27
Cecil pcs 3. 1459263359973«207668452591 hist petty
impressive on sown, you van some zr trato co ssthe
(ser artoow many places shoddbe calcite
‘You can inser aninputtine before the Pcacuation
Sug Def command. it needs to be an integer, as it will
there deauttoa sting. We can callitnumberfaigit and use
the gtcontex Function
runberofdigits = intCinputC*pleose enter the
number of decimal place to calculate Pi to: “))
getcontext().prec = numberofdigtts You can execute the code now and asks the user
Sieh ‘how many decimal places they want to calculate Pi
to, ovtputing the resutin the DLE Shel Try th 1000 paces
but dot go too high or ese your computer wil be locked upin
calculating Fi
Partof programming sbeho Ts
Sue able to modify code, making
itmore presentable. Let's include an element
that times how long it takes our computer to
calculate the Pi decimal places and present
the information ina diferent colour For this,
crop into the commandline and import the
Colorama module (RP users already have
it installed)
pip! install colorana
Tofinish our code, we needte intaise the
Sue Colorama module and start the time Function at
the polnt where the calculation starts, and when it finishes, The end
results coloured ink displaying how tong the process took (nthe
inal or commandline}
From decimal. import Decimal, getcontext
‘import math
import time
import colorana
fron colorana inport Fore
colorana.init©
runberofdigits = intCinputC“please enter the nunber
Of decimal places to calculate Pi to: “))
getcontext©.prec ~ nunberofdigits
start_tine = tine.timeQ
GeF catecn)!
( Combining What You Know So Far
Bea to import the Colorama module
(which wil outpuc text in efferent colours) along
which dictates the foreground, nk, colour)
and the Time module to stata virtual stopwatch to see how long
‘ur ealeulations take:
import time
import colorana
from colorana import Fore
= Decimat¢a)
pi = Decinal(@)
deno = Decimal (0)
k=0
for k in range(n):
£ = (ecinal(-1)**k)*(nath.
Factorial Decimal (6)*k))*(135914094545140134"K)
eno = math. factorial 3*)*(rath.
Factorial (k)**Decimal(3))*(640320°"(3*K))
i += Decimal Ct)/Decimal Cdeno)
pi = pi * Decimal (iz)/
Decimal 640320**Decimal(1.5))
pi = Vpi
return str¢pi)
printceatec1))
rintcFore.RED + “\nTine taken:”, tine.time() =
start_time) PEE au mAs
CEOS Ru ere
Do eae Cae Cue
Ne eae nr Ri aL ca
you can create lists, tuples, dictionaries and
ee us Meme eT)
Deu reac)
Ene me es
We take a look at how you can use date and
time Functions, write to files in your system
Bo eaten tice curt
that will take your coding skills to new
levels and open more doors for you.
icy
Tuples
Pera
Splitting and Joining Strings
eee ee
Pree
Cnr
Writing to Files
Soe
Python Graphics
eae iene Lists
Lists are one of the most common types of data structures you will comes across in
Python. A list is simply a collection of items, or data if you prefer, that can be accessed as
a whole, or individually if wanted.
WORKING WITH LISTS.
Lists are extremely handy in Python. list can be strings, integers and also variables. You can even include Functions i ists,
‘and lists within lst.
5 Atstisa sequence of ata values ced ters You You canaso access oindxthelstitemin abst by
ar create the name of your list followed by an equals ued using the minus sign before the item number [-1],
sign, then square brackets and the tems separatedby commas; _orthe second to last item with f2] and so on Trying to reference an
note that strings use quotes: item thatisnt inthe is, suchas [10] wll retun an error:
numbers = [1, 4, 7, 21, 98, 156] runbers[=1]
inythical_creatures ~ ["Unicorn”, “Balrog”, snythical_creatures[-4]
“Varpire™, “Dragon”, “Minotaur”}
SEE orcsoccrncircimsonctcas ERE hrgssntoto nace seyevonsevee
Seceereteeererseceseruece, — EEED Sscectownttrsoans ore
Geamuehilicnssyadtlocliyi tien winston
Forexample: uberst139
numbers
Will output the 4 and 7, being iter numbers 1and 2.Note thatthe
‘ocalluptheentie contents of the Uist. Feturned values dont include the second index postion as you
rumbers(3]
Tocallthe third from zero item inthe st 21 inthis case)
‘would numbers[:3]to retuin 4,7 and 21),
sos ates ne 1 You can update items within an existing list, remove
items and evenjoinlststogether For example, to
Join two tists you can use:
everything = nunbers + mythicalcreatures
‘Then view the combined lst with
everything
You canview hatcanbe done wth sts by enering
Sia Gir(list) into the Shell. The output is the available
Functions, for example, insert and poo are used to add and remove
items at certain postions. To inser the number 62 atitem index &
numbers insert (4, 62)
Toremoveit:
runbers.popC4)
PRP roms an be added toa ist by entering:
runberssnunbers+[201]
OcForstrings
ythical_creatres-aythical_creaturest{"Grifffr"]
(rby using the append function
nythical creatures. append(“Nessie”)
umber .append(278)
Pe ae acer wont tin
‘You alto use thet function to break string down
uae) into its components. For example:
Vistc“pavier)
‘xeaks the name David into
toanew st
ane=List(*David Hayward”)
14, 7,6. This can then be passed
rane
ege=[44]
user = nane + age
user
Removal ofitems can be donein two ways. The First
isbythe item number:
‘del nunbers(7]
‘Alternatively, by item name:
mythical creatures. renoveC"Nessie”)
Eee dt
wnbampubtiationscom
Based on that, you can create a program to store
someone'sname and age as alist:
rane=input(“What"s your name? “)
UnaneslistCname)
‘age=intCinputC*How old are you: “))
Lage=Lage]
user = Inane + lage
“The combined name and age ist called user, which canbe called
byentering ser int the Shell Experiment and see what you can do, > Working with Data
Tuples
Tuples are very much identical to lists. However, where lists can be updated, deleted or
changed in some way, a tuple remains a constant. This is called immutable and they're
perfect For storing fixed data items.
THE IMMUTABLE TUPLE
Reasons For having tuples vary depending on what the program is intended to do. Normally, a tuple is reserved for something
special but they're also used for example, in an adventure game, where non-playing character names are stored.
5 ‘tuple createdthe some woyasatst bt nth You can create groupedtuples int its tat conan
ar instance you use curved brackets instead of square ue ‘multiple sets of data. For instance, here is a tuple
brackets. For example: called NPC (Non-Flayable Characters) containing the character name
months=C*Jonuary"ssFebruary”s"March"sisAprivey _ 2ndthelecombat rating for an adventure game
"May", “June") NPC=EC*Conan”, 100), (*Belit”, 80),
rnonths Valeria”, 957]
ed
Stag a a ry
“Be oh tre oe
SE occ winisinctesuranaronec tec RRP ‘arc noteyscnveacesctos
EGD eccscmsmeces BEAD eee cee
range,ie. indexed according ta their position NPC[O), You can also index the
mmonths{0) indvial tuples within the NPC st:
— Neca] (1
However, any attempt at deleting or adding tothe tupewillesult wil splay 100
in an erorin the Shell
ows Manalseres-Volume 17 From the norm. You would expect the 95 combatting ofthe
‘character Valeria to be NPC[a[5], but t's rot. ts actuals:
nect2]t1)
Its wath noting that when referencing mule
Sia5 tuples within a list, the indexing is slightly different
Now unpack the tuple into two
corresponding variables:
(rane, conbat_rating)=NPC
‘You can now check the values by entering name and combatting
Bea
wa
2
20
aa
‘which as you can imagine, getsalitle confusing when you've got 3
lotoFtuple data to deal with
PRP This means of couse thatthe indexing Follows thus:
Remember, swthlists, youcan also index tuples
uae) using negative numbers which count backwards |
from the endo the data lt. For our example, using the tuple wth
multe data ems, you would erence the Valea characte wth
Nect2]¢-0
Tuples though use a Feature called unpacking,
BED irene tates stored withinatupte se
‘assigned variables First create the tuple with twoitems (name and
‘combat rating)
‘NPc=C*Conan”, 100)
wnbampubtiationscom
‘You an use the maxand min Functions findthe
Suit highest and lowest values of a tuple composed of
numbers For example:
runbers=(10.3, 23, 45.2, 109.3, 6.1, 56.7, 99)
“The numbers canbe integers and lost. To output the highest and
lowes ue:
primtCnaxCnunbers))
print CniinCnunbers))
“Me Compt Cong Manual > Working with Data
Dictionaries
Lists are extremely useful but dictionaries in Python are by Far the more technical way
of dealing with data items. They can be tricky to get to grips with at first but you'll soon
PeeSCer acl Metra s
5
KEY PAIRS
‘A dictionary is tke a lst but instead each data item comes asa pair, these are known as Key and Value. The Key part must be
‘unique and can either be a number or string whereas the Value can be any data tem you like.
5 Letssay you wanttoceateaphoneookin Python. ‘swith its and tuples, you can checte contents
ar ‘You would create the dictionary name and enter ued of a dictionary by giving the dictionary a name:
the dataincutybracets epmratngthe ley analy clon _phonebod nts example tii spate as ems youve
Key:Value. For example: enteredin similar fashion toa lst, which youre no doubt familar
swith by now,
Phonebooke{“Enma”: 1234, “Daniel”: 3456,
“Hannah”: 6789}
SE orcwinvesiscnesoiso sg RBBB ‘ncbrre vnasccersy sau
| ster 2 esaaaiee oeaeceeeseeigiema °° + cieteaeseaa tects
resevenbstiseramensiicnanircke’ panenaeur torturer one
Sigenracminescourseseetee, mmoknansie
snavoies: phonebook “Hannah”
Phonebook2={"“David"; “0987 654 321}
ows Manalseres-Volume 17 valueiters tke
phonebook[*“David"] = “0987 654 321”
phonebook
‘Adding toa dictionary seasy too. You can include
‘anew data item entry by adding the new key and
Nest youneedto dfethe ser inputs nd
SIEES variables: one For the person’s name, the other
forthe phone number ets eep simp avid ngthy
Python code)
rramesinputC“Enter name
runber=intCinput"Enter phone nunber: “))
‘You canals remove ems fram a dcionay by
SMePe issuing the del command followed by the item's
key; the value will be removed as well, since both work as a pair of
dataitems:
‘del. phonebook{“David"]
fat ems Ho tis 38)
phonebook[nane] = number
Taking this te farthehow about cresting a
Serv piece of code that will ask the user For the dictionary
key and vale items? Greate anew Ecitor instance and start by
coding ina new, bank dictionary
phonebook={}
wnbampubtiationscom
Now hen ousave detects the code, Python
Suerdo will ask for 2 name and a number, it will then insert
those etter Into the phonebook dona, whihyou can est
entering the hl
phonebook
pPhonebook[“David"]
Ifthe number needs to contain spaces you need to makeit.astring,
soremove the int part ofthe input
“Me Compt Cong Manual Bg
Splitting and
Joining Strings
eR one Tu aun ster gue
DR esc
come across long sets of strings. A useful skill to learn in Python programming is being
able to split those long strings For better readability.
STRING THEORIES
‘You've already looked at some list functions, using .insert, remove, and pop but there are also Functions that can be applied
tostrings.
“The main tool inthe string Function arsenals pl
USD wists iyou'reasie to salt apart. astng o ata,
based on the argument within the brackets. Fr example here'sa
string with three items, each separated by a space
‘text="Daniel Hannah Emma”
Now let's turn the string into alist and spitthe
contentaccordinaly:
names=text.split(* *)
‘Then enter the name of the new lst, names, to see the three tems.
Note thatthe text split part has the brackets,
quotes then a space followed by closing quotes
and brackets. The spaceisthe separator, indicating that each Uist
Item entry is separated by a space. Likewise, Sv (Comma Separated
‘Value content has comma, so you'd use
‘text="January, February, March, April May, June”
nonths=text. split,"
rnonths
FER tre 055ystem( functionis what allows interaction
with external programs; you can even call up
previous Python programs using this method, You wll obviously
need to know the full path and program filename for itto work
successfully, However, you can use the following
import 0s
‘s.systenC‘start chrome “hetps://mw. youtube. con/
feed/music””)
For Step 5's example we used Windows, to show
that the OS module works roughly the same across
allplatforms.Inthat case, we opened YouTube's music Feed page, so
itis therefore possibie to apen specc pages
import 0s
‘os. system(chromitn-bronser “http://
bbanpubLications.com/”?)
Note in the previous step’s example the use oF
single and double-quotes. The single quotes encase
the entire command and launching Chromium, whereas the double
‘quotes open the specified page. You can even use variables to call,
multiple tabs inthe same browser:
import os
‘o=C‘chromiun-browsen “http://
btnpubLications.con/”?)
bb=C‘chromiun-bronser “http://m.google.co.uk”?)
os.systen(a + b)
The abit to manipulate decries, folders
Sie you prefer, is one of the OS module's best Features.
For example, to create anew directory you can use:
‘import os
os.mkdirC*NEW")
This creates a new directory within the Current Working Directory,
named according tothe objectin the mdi Function
You can also renarne any directories youve created
byentering:
import: os
os.renameC*NEW", “OLD")
Toddlete them:
import os
os.rndir¢*OLD")
Another module that goes together with O5is
Shut You can use the shutil module together
with 05 and time to create atime-stamped backup directory, and
copy files into it
‘import os, shutil, time
root_src_dir = r?/hone/pi/Documents*
root_dst_dir = ‘/hone/pi/backup/” + time.asctime()
for sre-dir, dirs, files in os.walkCroot_sre_dir):
dst_dir = src_dir.replace(root_sre_dir, root_
dst_dir, 1D
if not os.path.exists(dst_dir):
os.makedirs(dst_dir)
for file_ in files:
srefile = os.path.Join(src_dir, file)
dst ile = os.path.Join(dst_dir, file)
Lf 0s.path.exists(ast_file):
0s.renoveCdst_fle)
shutil.copy(srefile, dst.dir)
print(‘sssssssesBackup completecceececeee)
wnbampubtiationscom
“Me Compt Cong Manual WHAT IS
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We have everything for all of your needs. Just open https://avxlive.icu <> Using Modules
Random Module
RANDOM NUMBERS,
“There are numerous Functions within the Random module, which when applied can create some interesting and very useful
Python programs.
“ustasvith other moeies you ned to import
Sue random before you can use any of the Functions
‘were going to look atin this tutorial Les begin by simply printing a
random number fom 1 t0
import randort
printCrandoaiint(@,5))
Inour example
Sue the number four
was returned However ent
the pnt union few mere
tines andi wl ply dierent
integer vals from eset of
numbers gen, zt ve. The
overalefet though peeudo-
fandom adequateforthe
average programme to en
ther eo
For a bigger set of numbers, including floating
point values, youcan extend the range by using the
‘multilication sign
import random
printCrandoe.randem() *100)
Will cisplaya floating point number between 0 and 100, tothe tune
oF around fifteen decimal points
FAIR However, the Random module icv used exclusively
For numbers. Youcan useit to selectan entry froma
Ist rom random, and thelist can contain anything
‘import random
random.choice(L*Conan”, “Belit™D)
This will dsplay one of the names of our adventurers at random,
hich sa areat addition toa text adventure game.
“Valerio”,
You ca extend the previous example somewhat by
having random choice) select From alist of mixed
‘atiablesForinstance
‘mort random
Ist=["David", 44, “BOM Publications”, 3245.23,
“Pi”, True, 3.16, “Python”]
‘d=tandom. choi ceCist)
print (rnd) Interestingly, you can also use a function within the
Random module to shuffethe items inthe is, thus
aiding a litle more randomness into the equation:
random. shuffleCLst)
printCist)
‘This way you can keep shuffling the lst before displaying arandom
item From it.
{sing shu you can create an ently random
BED rvers For example, within s given ange
import random
Tste[CU] for I in rangec20)]
rendon, shuffleCLst)
printcist)
ep shufing the lst and you cn haves diferent selection of
ie from 01020 every bine
‘ue uo ag gn wen we
(Random Module <>
Let's use an example piece of code which ipsa
SUES virtual coin ten thousand times and counts how
‘many times iewilland on heads or tals
output={‘*Heads":0, “Tails”:0}
coinslistCoutput keys)
for i in range(10000):
‘output[random.choiceCcoin)}+=1
printC'Heads:”, output[“Heads”])
print(Tails:”, output[*Tails"])
ist
Here'san interesting pece of code. Using a text
fle containing 466 thousand words, you can pluck
user generated number of words fom the ile (text Mle found at:
vewanithub,com/dwyVengish-words
‘import random
print(s>>>s>s>>>Random Nord Finderccexexec<<")
Print(*\nUsing a 466K English word text file I can
ick any words at random.\n")
nds-intCinputC*\nHion many words shall T
choose? *))
inith_open(*/home/pi/Downloads/words.txt™,
rt") asf:
words = f.readlines©)
BALD 2ncein steps using thestart stop sep oon
‘import random
for i in rangeC10):
printCrandon.randrangeCo, 200, 7))
Results wll vary but you get the generalidea asto how it works.
wnbampubtiationscom
You can also select random number froma iven
words = [n.rstrip( for w in words]
print ")
for w in random.sampleCwords, wds):
printGn)
prints
“Me Compt Cong Manual <> Using Modules
Tkinter Module
GETTING GUI
“Tkinter is easy to use but there's lot more you can do with it. Let's stat by seeing how it works and getting some code into it.
Before long you will discover just how powerful this module realy is.
‘Tkintoris usually built into Python 3. However, Fits
available when youenter: import. tkinter, then
youneedto pip install tkinter from the command promot,
Wie can starto import modules ifferentl than before, to save on
typing and by importing altheir contents:
import tkinter as tk
Fron tkinter import *
‘The ideal approach isto add maintoop0 into the
code to control the Tkinter event loop, but well
{get to that soon, You've just created a Tknter widget and there are
several more we can play around with
btneButton()
ben.pack(
btn["text”]="Hello everyone!”
The ist tine Focuses onthe newly created window. Click back into
the Shall and continue the other ines
It’s not recornmended to import everything From 8
‘madule using the asterisk butt wont da any harm
normally. Lets begin by creating abasic GUI window, enter:
windsTkKO
‘This creates smal, basic window. There's not much else todo at
this poine but click the Xin the corner to cose the window.
Bee
FEAR You cen combine the above into a New Fle
‘import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import *
btneButtonc)
btn.pack(
btn[“text*]-"Hello everyonel*
‘Then add some button interactions:
def click:
print*You just clicked me!”)
benl[comand”J=click Tkinter Module <>
Save and execute the code rom Step Sanda
SEP window appears with Hello everyone!’ inside. IF you
dlckthe Helo everyone! burton the Shell output the ex
Just clicked met, ’ssimple bt shows you what can be achieved
vith afew line of code,
You can asa depiay both textand maces wrthin
sd a Tkinter window, However, only GIF, PGM or PPM
formats aresuppotted. Sond an mage and convert before ing
the cade, Here's an example using the BoM Publishing ogo
fron tkinter import *
root = TKO,
logo = PhotolnageCfile="/hane/pi/Donnloads/B0M_
ogo.aif")
wl = Label(root, root. titleC*B0M Publications”),
‘mage=1ogo).pack¢side="right")
content = “""" From its hunble beginnings in 2004,
tthe BOM brand quickly grew from a single publication
produced by a tean of just two to one of the biggest
anes in global. bookazine publishing, for two sinple
reasons. Our passion and comitnent to deliver the
very best product each ond every volune. While
‘the conpany has grown with a portfolio of over 250
publications delivered by our international. staff,
‘the foundation that it has been butlt upon rentains
‘the sane, which is why me believe BOM isn’t just
‘the frst ‘choice it’s the only choice for the smart
w2 = LabelCroot,,
justify-LEFT,
ade = 10,
‘textecontent).pack(sides" Left")
root maintocp(
The previous code is
quite weighty, mostly
ue tothe content
variable holding apart
of 8DMis About page
From the company
website. You cn
‘buiously change the
content, te roottitle
and theimage to suit
your needs,
wnbampubtiationscom
RAID vou con create radio buttons to. Try:
From tkinter import *
root = Tk,
v= Intvarc)
Lobel (root, root.titleC“Options”), text=”*"Choose
@ preferred Language:”””,
Gustify = LEFT, padx = 20).pack()
RadiobuttonCroot,
‘text="Python”,
Radiobutton(root,
text="Cr",
pod = 20,
voriable-v,
value=2).packConchor=it)
‘maintoop©
Yu canals create check boxes, with buttons and
cutputto the Salt
from tkinter import *
root = Tk
def var.statesc)
printC*Warrior: %d,\nMage: Xd” % Cvart.get©,
var2.getO))
Label root, root.titleC“Adventure Gane”),
texta">o>>2>>>0>Your adventure rolecceccécece").
grid(ron0, stickyoN)
Vari = TatVarC)
Checkbuttoncroot, text="Narrioe”, varicblesvart).
aridcron=1, sticky=M
Var = TntvarC)
CheckouttonCreot, text="Mage", variablesvar2).
grid¢rom2, sticky="
Buttoncroot, texte’Quit? , comanderoot destroy).
aridcrom3, ‘sticky=", pady=4)
Buttoncroot, text=’Shon’, comandevar-states).
gridcrom3, ‘sticky=£, pady=4)
‘maintoop
‘The code From Step 9 introduced some new
‘geometry elements nto Tkinter. Note the
and W arguments. These describe the locations ofthe
‘heck boxes and buttons (North, East, South and West) The row
argument places them on separate rows, Have a play around and
see what you get.
“Me Compt Cong Manual <> Using Modules
Pygame Module
PYGAMING
Pygame isn’t an inherent module to Python but those using the Raspberry Pi will already have it installed. Everyone else wil
‘need to use: pip install pygame from the command prompt.
Naturally you need to load up the Pygame modules
Into memory before you'e able to utlse them,
‘Once that’s done Pygame requies the user to inialise itpriorto|
any ofthe Functions being use:
import pygane
pygane.initO
‘gamewindow=pygane. display.set.nodeC(800, 600))
pygone.display.set_coption(“Adventure Gane”)
es ceate a simple game ready window, and give
itatitle
You can see that after the ist lines entered, you need to click back
he IDLE Shellto continue entering code; als, you can change
the title oF the window to anything you tke,
Sadly you catclse the ney crested Pygame
Size window without closing the Python IDLE Shell,
vic tery practical For thisreason, you nee to warkin the
tor New > Fl) and crete TveFase whe oor
import pygane
from pygane. locals import *
pygane. init)
‘gamewindow-pygane..di splay. set_node((800, 600))
Pygane.display.set_coption(*Adventure Gane”)
runniing=True
while running:
for event in pygane.event.cetC:
if event..type==QUIT:
running-False
Pygane.quitC)
lee Famat Bun Optons wndows ep (. Pygame Module <>
ifthe Pygame window til wont
SES close don't worry, it’s just a
escrepancy between the ILE (which wnt
with Tinker andthe Pygeme module you
runyour code via the command lin, loses
perfectly wll
PRTIED Youre coing toshitethe code around abit now, ‘imgepygane image. load(*/hone/pi/DownLoads/
running the main Pygame code withina while loos; spritel.png?)
itmakes neater and easier to Follow, We've downloaded a graphic
to use and we need to set some parameters for pygame: a
ganenindon.blitCing, Gxy))
import pygane
Pygane.inttC
—— ‘gamenindow.flL¢nhite)
while running: spriteCx,y).
‘ganewindon=pygane.di splay set _mode((800,600)) EEE
pygane.display.set_caption(*Adventuire Game") for event in pygame.event .get():
black=(0,2,0) ‘if event. type==pygane.QUIT:
white=(255,255,255) runniingsFalse
PRMD e's vicky gothrough the code changes. We've downloaded image called spritet.png andallocatedit to the
defined two colours, lack and white together variable mg; and also defined asprie function andthe Blt function
with theierespective RGB colour val
Next we've loaded the will allow us to eventually move the image,
(6000-15)
gamerinden. 411988)
Prams di2ploy updatec)
tmerindomygme. display. et mode( (200, 600))
Brame aiaplayront-captionc-sarentsre cone)
Eleetsie-o°0) for eyent in pygae event. get
“Shspyeame nage lad" /hone/pi/Somnlende/=pritet.one"> 7
enindeBLSeCing. (4.99)
wnbampubtiationscom ‘The Complete Cong Manual <> Using Modules )
)
‘Now we can change the cade around again tis
BLD tne containing s movement option wthinthe while
loop, and adding the variables needed to mavethe spite around
the screen:
inport pygane
from pygone.locals import *
pygane init)
runningsTrue
_gamerindompygane di splay. set-mode(C800, 600))
Pygane.display.set_coption( “Adventure Gane”)
black=(0,0.0)
vwhite=(255, 255,255)
‘mg-pygane: inage. Load(“/home/pi/Downloads/
spritel. png”)
def sprite(x,y):
‘ganewindon.b1itCing, (x,y))
x=¢600"0.45)
y-¢6a0"0.8)
xchange=0
imgspeed=0
white running:
for event in pygane.event .get():
‘if event. type-QUIT:
runningsFalse
‘if event type == pygane. KEYDOMN:
‘if event. key==pygane.K LEFT:
xchange=-5
elif event.key==pygame.K_RIGHT:
xchange=5
‘if event .type=-pygame. KEYUP:
‘if event. keysepygane.K_LEFT or event
key==pygame. K RIGHT:
xchanges
x += xchonge
‘gamewindow.flUGnhite)
spriteCx,y)
pygane. display. update)
ygane.quit)
Copy the code down and using the let and rightarrow keyson the keyboard you can move your spite across the bottom of
the screen, Now, looks lke you have the makings oF a classic arcade 20 scroller inthe works (. Pygame Module <>
“You can nowimplement afew ations andutise
Sua! ‘some previous tutorial code, The new elements are
the Subpraces module, of nich one eeton allows stolen
second Pythons rom wit another and were gongtocretes
NewFle called pygamebst
import pygane
inport time
‘import subprocess
Pygane. init)
screen = pygae display. set_node((800, 250))
clock = pygane. tine.Clock()
font = pygane. font.Font Using Modules
Create Your Own Modules
BUILDING MODULES
Modules are Python files, containing code, that you save using a py extension. These are then imported into Python using the
‘now Familiar import command.
Lets start by creating a set of basic Mathematics
functions. Mutiply a number by two, three and
square or aise a number to an exponent (power). Create a New Fle
in the IDLEand enter
def timestwox):
return x * 2
def timesthreec):
return x * 3
def squareCx):
return x * x
oF poner(xy: or
return xy
Now ye ging to tak the uncon dtiitons
Sige ‘out of the program and into a separate file.
Hghighthe funcion defntion and choose Edt» Ct Choos Fle
Naw Fie ad use > Paste nthe new window You now have
ta separate ls one hehe uncon defines, he other wth
theuncin cal
Under the above code, enter functions to
callthe code
print Ctimestwo(2))
print Ctimesthree(3))
Print CsquareC4))
print Cpower(S,3))
Save the program as basic math.py and execute it to getthe re
If you now try and execute the basic math.oy code
again the errorName€rror:name'timestwo! is
rot defined’ wil be csplayed. This is cue tote code no longer
having accesst the Function definitions
eturnto
Suae the newly
ceeatd window containing
the function dfntion, and
Clk Fle» Save A. Name this
minimathpy ane sve in te
same locaton asthe original
basic math py program. Now
dle the mnimathpy window
tothebasc math py window
teeopen. (Create Your Own Modules <>
PRIM backto the basic math py window: atthe top ofthe ERIIMPM rinaly, you can now create arange of istatements
code enter:
todetermine what todo withthe number and
frommininatiinpontes ublsethe newly created function definitions
Af choice == ‘1":
printCtimestwoCnunl))
elif choice = °2":
printCtimesthree(rumt))
elif choice == '3":
print(square(numt))
elif choice = “47:
vnun2 = intCinputC“Enter second univer
printCpowerCnum, nun2))
else:
printC*Invalid input”)
“Tis willimport the Function definitions asa module. Press F5to
save and execute the program to seein action,
aD)
‘You can now use the code further to make the
BMD roca tte more vance, vtisng the ney
Created movie ots ful Include some user nteracton Stary
Creating abasic menu the user can choose fom
printc*Select operation. \n")
printc"1-Tines by tv")
print(2.Times by Three”)
print("3. Square”) iF choice a= °y
print(es,Poner of) Pim
choice = input("\nEnter choice (1/2/3/4):") any
PEPER No we can add the user input to gee the number
the code will work on:
rum = intCinputC*\nEnter numbers)
Thiswlsave the user enterednumber asthe vrble nn, .
Note thator the st avaale options, the Power
Siero of choice, we've added a second variable, num2,
"Wispasesa second number trough the Funiondeintion caled
SSS SSS ower Save and evectethe program tose kinacon
choice = input("\nEnter choice (1/2/3/4):")
int = Snecinputcrvnenter rab
wmbanpatonsm ———— Index
4
|
Say Hello ,
Wo) Gora Na
i ay ]
.
: uC ut eu)
Perens een)
DCR UR Lut ce
Cem ee as
SMS A UUM co kana
is created using C++. Being able to
Cree eat ech
world for you, in terms of desirable
professional skills and the ability to
Cee Seu eee
eee Nut
Pete ec)
Ca ue ee
games and much more. It's used in a
Or AcurCeie ice eeCt intestate
SC aie eR)
the space industry.
eC Ser
‘equipment and software needed to get
Peru ache eta a ee
Ee eeu
wh
Ema)
How to Set Up C++ in Windows.
Coed Leeann
jow to Set Up C++ in Linux
Ceres oer BD se soo-
Why C++?
eae enc mene
Pa raniee a Cuetec keene en or ence ket
original C language ands a general purpose object-oriented (OOP) environment.
CEVERYTHING
Due to how complex the language can be, and its power and performance, C++ is often used to develop games, programs,
‘device drivers and even entire operating systems.
Dating backto 1979, the start ofthe golden era of home
‘camputing, C4, or rather C with Classes, was the brainchild of
Danish computer scientist jare Stroustrup while working on his
PhO thesis. Stroustrup’ plan wasto further the orginal language,
‘hich was widely used since the early seventies.
C++ proved to be popular among the developers ofthe 80s,
since twas a much easier environment togetto arips with ang
‘more importantly, was 99% compatible with the orginal C
language. This meant that itcould be used beyond the mainstream
Gene mea aera
computing labs and by regular people who didn’thave accesso the
mainffames and large computing datacentres.
(C++ impact inthe digital word is immense, Many o the programs,
applications, games and even operating systems are coded using
C++. For example al of Adobe's major applications, suchas.
Photoshop, InDesign and so on, ae developed in C+. You wil Find
that the browser you sur the Internet with s written n C+, a5
‘wells Windows 10, Microsoft Office and the backbone to Google's
search engine, Apple's macOS is written largely in C++ (with some
BG #include
2 | using namespace std;
2 void main()
A |D{char ch;
5 || cout<<"snter a charater to check it is vowel or not";
6 cin>>ch;
7 switch (ch)
aio (
9 case'a case'A'
10 cout< New >
Empty ile, This creates anew, blank window for you to type,
FEED nthe new window, enter the Following:
#include
Int rain
{
7Avy first. C++ program
Std::cout << “Hello World!\n":
¥
"Notice how CodeBlocks auto-insets the braces and speech quotes
‘The program starts and another message appears
Sey informing you that Code::8locks is currently not
the default application For Ce fies. You have two options, to leave
everything as its or allow CodeBlocks to associate allC++ ile
types. Again, we would recommend you opt forthe lst choice, to
associate CodesBlocks with every supported Fle ype
ITD liccFle» Save as and save the code witha
AppStore. nthe Search boxenter Xcode and then turns into ‘Install App. Enter your Apple ID
press Return. There willbe mary suagestions filing the AppStore and Xcode begins to download and install. It may take some time
‘window but t'sthe Fst option, Xcode thet youneed toclickon, depending onthe speed of your internet connection,
zaase
Take a moment to browse through the app's When the installation is complete, clickon the Open
Information, including the compatibility to ensure button to launch Xcode. Click agree to the cence
youhave the correct version of macOS, Xcode requires macoS, termsand enter your password to allow Xcode to make changes.
10.12. or laterto install and work tothe system. whenyou've done tat, Xcode bins to install
additional components.
sos ates ne 1 (How to Set Up C++ on a Mac ec”
\uith everything now installed, including the
additonal components, Xcode launches, displaying
the version number along with three choices and any recent projects
that you've worked an; although for afresh install ths shows blank.
a
Welcome to Xcade
Start by cen on Create New Xcode Projects
SITES) ‘opens a template window From which to choose the
platform youre developing code For Clik the mac tab, hen the
Command Line Tool option andl Nexto conto.
PSTTSEDD ili the various fields but ensure thatthe
Language option atthe bottom is set to C+, Simply
choose from the dropdown lt. When you've filled in the Feds,
‘and made sure that Cvs i the chosen language, cick onthe Next
button to continue
wubampubiatonscam
‘The next step asks where to create a it Repository
for all your Future code. Choose alocation on your
"Mac, ora network location, and cick the Create button, When
you've done all that, you can start to code The left-hand pane
etal the Fes usedin the C++ program you're cocing.Clckon the
rmaincpp file inthe list
You cansee tat Xcode as automaticaly
Sie completed a basic Hello World program for you.
“he diferences here are that theint rain Function now contains
‘multiple functions and the layout issightly different. Thisisjust
cade utilising the content thats available to your Mac.
\henyouant to unthe code, clon Prodi >
SuzEH0 Run. You may be asked to enable Developer Mode
onthe Mic thisis to athorae Xcode to petformfuncons without
reading your password every session. When the program executes,
the outputs displayed atthe bottom ofthe Xcode window.
cong cad a EP Say Hello to C++
How to Set Up C++
in Linux
Peer eri enn
components preinstalled, such as a compiler. The text editors are also excellent
for entering code into, including colour coding, There's also tons of extra software
available to help you out.
LINUX++
We're going tobe using afresh installation o Linux Min for this particular ttoral. There's a coding on Linux section later in
the book
‘The first step with ensuring Linuxis ready for your EEp ‘Amazingly, that’ it Everything is allready For you
LD or ccsciscnecktnesytemandsotware re — Maal 2 sar coding, eres how to get your fs. crs
upto date. pena Terminoland enter sudo apt-get: Update! program upand runing in Linux Mintthe main texters ed
8 sudo apt-get upgrade Press etum and enteryour {anbe launched by clicking on the Menu and ping Hed nto the
pessvort. These commends updetes the entesjtem and ary Searchbar lek on te Tet Estrbutonin the ighshand pane to
installed sofware open Xed
File Edit View Search Terminal Help
PEPER ost Linux distros come preinstaled with al the ERFAM in xed, or anyother text editor you may be usin,
necessary components to start coding in Cet tenter the lines of code that make up your C++ Hello
However is always worth checking tosee if everything is present, Weld program. To remind you, its
sostilluitin the Terminal, enter: sudo apt-get install
build-essential. and press Return, fyouhavethe right
components, nothing installed butiFyoure mssingsome then int main
they reinstalled bythe command. 7
/ANy first C++ program
std::cout << “Hello World!\n";
#include
Rat cea ERS aortas
EE sorts manuaseres-vtune 17 BRTTSED Wren youve entered your code, click le > Save As
and choose afolder where you want to save your
program. Name the fleas helloworld pp, or ary other name just as
long asithas.cpp as the extension lick Save to continue
ERTL 1: ist thing you can see is that xec has
automatically recognised this as aC Fle since the
Fle extension is now set to.cpp. The colour coding is present inthe
code and if you open up the fle manager you canals see thatthe
Fle'siconhas C++ stamped on it.
BETISERD With your code now saved, drop into the Terminal
again. You need to navigate tothe location of
the Cr Fle youve just saved. Our example isin the Documents
Folder, so we can naigate toi by entering: ed Documents.
Remember, the Linux Terminals case senstve, so any capitals must
be entered correctly.
(How to Set Up C++ in Linux
BPI before you canexecute the C++ fle youneed to
compile. In Linux i's common to use g++, an open
source C++ compiler and as youre naw inthe same folder a5 the
Cé+file goto the Terminal enter: ge+ helLoworld.cpp and
ress return,
davideomi
Fle £6 View Search Terminal Help
Sear
FIR there wil bea briet pause as the code is complied
by r+ and providing there ae no mistakes or
erorsin the code you ae retuinedtto the command promt. The
compiling oF the code has created a new fle. you enter Us into the
Tesminal you can see that alongside your C++ files a.out
S davide
Fle Edt View Search Terminal Help
~/oocunents $ ts
SCAT}
fou
PERITD the south isthe compied C++ code. Torunthe
code enter: «/a.out and pres Return. The words
Hello World? appears cn the screen. However, aout very friendly.
Toname it something else post-compiling, you can recomeale with
94+ heLloworld.cpp 0 helLoworld. Ths creates an output
Fle called hellowodld which can be run with: ZheLLowor ld,
File Edit View Search Terminal Help Other C++ IDEs to Install
IF you want to try a different approach to working with your C++ code, then there are
plenty of options available to you. Windows is the most prolific platform for C++ IDEs
but there are plenty for Mac and Linux users too.
DEVELOPING C++
Here are ten great C++ IDEs that are worth looking into. You can install one or all oF them Ifyou lke, but Find the one that
‘works best For you.
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“download the latest version. you're stuck clckthe Need Help ink download and instal at www.codelite.org/
For more information.
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‘Windows, Mac, Linuxand even the Raspberry i You can find tat ynamicand static libraries. Find aut more at wwwanetbeans.org/
warwadacore.com/donnilosd Features/cppyindexhtml. (. Other C++ IDEs to Install ei”
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saunaseer ns feels Ieoures some of emote advanced esturesyou
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‘see whatt can do fr you.
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rez wea create C++ applications For desktop and CielNenisvetel? towrite C++ code for desktop and
mobile erwiconments. comes with acode ector and integrated web applications acrosal the major platforms, There's an advanced
tools fo testing and debugging, as well as deploying to you chosen tes ely, inzegrated debugger and a configurable workbench to
Platform. Rs not free butthere's atrial period on offer before help you create your code. I's avalable for Windows, Mac and Linux
Feajuring purchasing: www.qtio/at-featurestibraries-apistools- and sree to download and use: www.monodevelop.com/.
andide/.
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your own code, produce an output to
the screen and store and retrieve data.
Building a good foundation is key to
mastering C+ and learning how to
structure your C++ code will help you
Further down the line,
Sern Seeeoe iLL)
Structure of a C++ Program
Cote catcy
etree?
Peed
Cee
Cir
on) ) C++ Fundamentals)
114
Your First C++ Program
We're going to be working exclusively in Windows with Coed::Blocks For this C++
Pec eey ee ta ee eee eeu M etn aime es
into a larger coding world.
HELLO, WORLD!
Its traditional in programming forthe First code to be entered to output the words ‘Hello, Worl to the screen. Interestingly,
this dates back to 1968 using a language called BCPL.
FETED’ mentioned, we're usina windows 10 andthe PED 2% che moment t doesnt look like much, and
latest version of Code:Blocks forthe rest ofthe C++
itmakes even les sense, but well get to that
codein thisbook Begin by launching Code:Slocks. When open, click _ in due couse, Now dick on File> Save Fle As. Create ar find 2
con Fle> New > Empty File or press ClileShifteN on the Keyboard. suitable ecaton on your hard crve and in the FileName bo, call
: ithelloworld.epp. Clckthe Save as type box and select C/C++ ies.
Clckthe Save Butta,
PRPISED Now you can see ablank screen, with the tab PRPIPD You censee that Code:Blockshas now changed
labelled “Untitled, and the number one inthe top the colour coding, recognising thatthe fle isnow
left of the main Code:Blocs window. Beginty clicking in the main C++ cade, Ths means that cade can be auto-elacted from the
‘window, so the cursor isnext tothe number one, and entering CCodesalocks repository Delete the finlude lin and
—— reenterit You cansee the auto-elect boxes appearing. Z
(Your First C++ Program ci
BRTEEM 2urcsclection of commandsis extremelyhandy and BRNMIMBM ote again the colour coding change. Press Return at
‘cuts out potential mistyping Press Returnto get to the end ofthe previous step'stne, andthen enter:
line 3, then enter
int naino
Notethere’s no space between the brackets
Std cout << “Hello, world!\n";
FPR cnn restlne blowin min. enter acu bracket: PRIMM ust as bere, CodeBlocks autocompletesthe
code you're entering, neucng pacing aosing
4 ‘speech mark as soon as you enter the First. Don’t forget the
‘Ths canbe done by pressing Shftandthekeytotherightof onan semicolon athe endo! then: hs one ofthe mos important
English UK keyboard layout elements to.aC++ program and weiltellyou why inthe next
—————— section. For now, move the cursor down tothe closing curly bracket
peimveiaai +o opm
[ae ieeia gitar
BETTER otice thet CodeBlocks has automatically created BMI That's allyou need todo forthe moment. it may
a corresponding closing curly bracket a couple of ‘ot look teribly amazing but C++is best absorbed
lines below, inking the pais wellasasightindent. hiss dueto in small chunks. Dont execute the code atthe mament 2s you need,
the structure of Css andie where the meat of the cade sentered, to look at how a Cs+ programs structured fst; then you an build
Now enter: and run the code. For now, click on Save, the single floppy disc icon,
My fest C+ program
serait recone CEE ) C++ Fundamentals)
Structure of a
ee os eli
ero aera rec aie mance
as small as a semicolon, and your entire program will Fail to be compiled and executed.
Many a professional programmer has fallen foul of sloppy structure.
#INCLUDE
LLeatning the basics of programming, you begin to understand the structure of a program. The commands may be different
From one language to the next, but you will start to see how the code works
#INCLUDE Phelloworidcp_X
on
‘The tructure ofa C++ program
C++ wasiovented by Danish Is quite precise, Every C++ code g peat a reece
student Bjame Stroustrup in begins witha dective: include 2
1979, a5 apart of his Ph. ‘©. The directive nstrucsthe 3
thes Inially Cre wascalled C$ preprocessortoincudea a
with lasses, which added section ofthe standard C++
Featurestothe already popular: code. For example: include 5
Cprosramminglanguace, siostream> incivdes the 6
‘while makingit amore instream header to support
ser friendly enuironment input/output operations.
Uhroughanewstructure.
Bjarne Stroustrup, inventor
of cr.
INT MAIN() [Sisthere | *helloworid.cpp _X |
ine main niatesthe
deearaton of Function, which
isa groupof code statements
ner the name moi Al
Ccode begins atthe mala
function regrdes of where it
Jj aslvieswsintrecade
1
#include
int main()
aonen
BRACES
The open brace (cry brackets) something
that you may nothave come across befor,
especialy ifyoute used to Python. The
‘open brace indicates te beginning ofthe
‘main Function and contains all the code that
belongs to that Function,
sos ra Stes- vere 1
include
int main()
oo eene COMMENTS
Lines that begin witha double lash are comments, This means they
‘wont be executed in the code and are ignored bythe comple.
Comments are designed to help you, or anather programmer
looking at your code, explain what's going on. There are two types
‘oF comment: /* covers muitiple ine comments, fa sngle tne. Lines
that begin with adouble lash are comments. Thi means they won't
be executed in the code and
‘are ignored bythe compiler.
Comments are designed
tahelp you, or another
programmer ooking at
your code, explain what's
going on, There are two
types of comment: /* covers
multiple tine comments, //
Singleline
(
STD
‘while std stands For something qute different, in C++ itrmeans
‘Standard. ts part ofthe Standard Namespace in C+, which covers
‘anumber of afferent statements and commands. You can leave the
stdz part out ofthe code butit must be declared atthe start with:
Using namespace std; not both. For example:
=
Inths example we're using cout whichis apartof the Standard
Namespace, ence why its there, asyoute asking C++to ust from
that particuiar namespace, Cout means Character OUTput, which
splays, or print, something to the screen. Fwe leave std out we
have to declare it atthe stat ofthe code, as mentioned previous
Finclude
‘using namespace std;
Ant main ()
Ee
cout,
wubampubiatonscam
¢ Structure of a C++ Program ci
The two chevrons used here are insertion operators This means
that whatever follows the chevronsis to be inserted into the
stdscout statement. In this case theyre the words ‘Hello, world,
“ich are to be displayed onthe screen when you compile and
execute the code,
OUTPUTS
Leading on, the “Hello, worl” part is what we want toappear en
the screen when the cade executed. You can enter whatever you
lke, a long asi’ inside the quotation marks. The brackets aren
needed but some comple insist on them. The \n pat indicates 2
rewrline isto be inserted.
My first
cout << "Hello, world!\n"
4+ program
;AND}
Finally you can see that ines within a Furetion code block (except
comments) end with a semicolon. This marks the end ofthe
statement and ll statements in C++ must have one atthe end or
the compiler Failsto build the code, The very last ine has the cesing
brace to indicate the end of the main Function.
Vincluae
lasing namespace st:
ant main()
cout << Mente, world!\a"7
teconieecoont CE ) C++ Fundamentals
Compile and Execute
ire minicom et enka
structure of one. Let's actually get things moving and compile and execute, or run if
Neen et ies eeu eee aa ccs
18
GREETINGS FROM C++
Compiling and executing C++ code From Code:Blocks is extraordinarily easy; just a matter of clicking an icon and seeing the
result. Here's how i's done,
BETTER) Oven CodeBlocks ifyou havent already, and
loadup the previously saved Hella Word code you
created. Eneure that there are no vaible errors, such as missing
semicolons at the end of the std:cout ine.
PEPIED Scart by clicking onthe Build icon the yellow cog.
[this point your code has now been run through
the CodeBlocks compiler and checked For any errors. Youcansee
the resuits of the Bulle by looking to the bottom window pane. Any
messages regarding the qualty ofthe code are displayed here.
Buidlog | F Build messages x |) CppCheck/Ve
in "no project" (compiler: unknown) ===
5), 0 warning(s) (0 minute(s), 0 second(s))
IF your cade's ooking similar tothe one in our
screerahat, then look to the ment bar along the top
der the Fortran entryin the topmost menu you can
see a group of icons:a yellow cog, green pay button and acoa/play
button together. These are Build, Aun, Bull and Run Functions
ofthe scree.
g Fortran wxSmith Tools
(Sr een
cic++
BRPIID Nove cickon the Runicon, the green play button.
‘command tne box appears on your screen
splaying the words Hello, word, Fllowed by the time ts taken
toexecute the code, and asking you pres akey to continue. Well
cone, you just compiled and executed your Fist C+ program, ( Compile and Execute QPS
Pressngany key nthe commandline boxcloses Create deliberate erorinthe
Sua retuming you to Code::Blocks. Let's alter the code Sue semicolon from the cout line, so it reads:
ihtly, Under the include in, enter:
cout << “Hello, world!\n"
using namespace std;
Starthere X| *helloworld.cpp x
Then delete the st: part ofthe Cout ine; tke so:
cout << “Hello, norld\n";
2 using namespace std;
a
4 _ int main()
T ficinie corer sot
$e meron p
Te te mis 7 1) cont << "e110, worta!\n"
: at 5
7 1] cout se meine, wound ar 8
: 10
Inorderto apply the new changes tothe code, ou Now ickthe Buldand Runicon again to al the
ted crap, bull and un toni. This ne changesto the cage. Thine Code-lecsrefses
however, youcan spl cickthe Bule/Ranicon, the contined”toexecite the cde, due tothe eroryou putin. nthe Log pane at
yelow cog andareen ply bton the bottom ofthe seen you are normed ofthe ero nth et
Expected before token in
cating the missing semicolon
BETTER staswementionedinthe previous pages, you BRIMBINM replace the semicolon and under the coutine
don't need to ave std:cout If you already declare enter a newline to your code:
sing namespace ste a the beginning of the code. We could have
easly icked the Buin ian to begin with buti’s wath going
through the available options You can aso see that by building and The \nsimply adds anew line under the last ine of outputted text.
running the le has been saved. ‘Bull and Run the code, to display your handiwork,
cout << “And greetings from C++!\n"; ) C++ Fundamentals.)
Using Comments
Coen Cee ue emer n rg
combine to make a game, application or even an entire operating system, in actual Fact
Oe Naeem estan cece
120
THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMENTING
Comments inside code re basically human readable descriptions
that detail what the code is doing at that particular point. They don
sound especially important but code without commentsis one oF
the mary frustrating areas of programming, regardless of whether
youre aprofessional or just stating aut
In short, all code should be commentedtin such a manner as to
effectively describe the purpose of line, section, or individual
elements. You should getinto the habit of commenting as muchas
possible, by imagining that someone who daesnit know arything|
about programming can pick up your cade and understand what its
{going todo simply by reading your comments
Ina professional envranment, comments are vital ta the success
ofthe code and ultimately, the company. an organisation, many
programmers workin teams alongside engineers, other developers,
hardware analysts and so on. IFyou're apart ofthe team that’s
‘writing @ bespoke piece of software forthe company then your
comments help save alot of time should something go wrong, and
another team member has to pick up and follow the trailto pinpoint
the sue.
Place yourse'n the shoes oF someone whose jb itis tofind ot
‘what's wrong with a program. The program has in excess of 00,000,
lines of code, spread across several ifferent
madules. You can soon appreciate the
reed foralitle help fom the original
programmers nthe form oF good
comment.
The best comments ae always concise and
link the code logically, detailing what
happens when the program
hits this ine or section
YYoudor’tneedto
comment on every
line. Something
along the lines of
ifxe-0 doesnt
requiceyouto
comment that ifx
equals zero then
«do something
that's goingto
be obvious tothe
reader. However, Fx
equalling zeros something that drastically changes the program for
the user such as, they've run outoflves, then it certainly needsto|
‘commented on.
Evenif the code is your own, you should rite comments asf you
were goingto publi share it with others. This way you can return|
tothat code and always understand whatt was you did or where it
was you went wrong or what worked bilan
‘Comments ae gaod practise and once you understand howto adda
comment where needed, you soon dota if it’s second nature C++ COMMENTS
‘Commenting in C++ involves
brief examples but this is how they work.
ESTTE DD Usioa the Helo world code as an example. you can
easly comment on different sections ofthe code
Using the double Forward slash
Uy fest C+ progean
cout << “Hello, world!\n":
Finciae
‘using namespace sti
tnt main
Br
fee eee sitters
Pe
(Using Comments ci
19a double Forward slash /, ora Forward slash and an asterisk, '/*. You've already seen some
Be careful when commenting, especialy with block
comment.’ ery easy to forget to add the dosing
asterisk and forward slash and thus negate any code that fallsnside
the comment block
However youcan ao add comments tthe end
Suere of a line of code, to describe in a better way what's
going on:
cout << “Hello, world!\n"; //This Line outputs the
words ‘Hello, world!”. The \n denotes @ new Line.
Note, you don't have to puta semicolon at the end oF a comment.
Tiss because I's tnein te code that's ignored bythe comple.
PEPE You can comment outseverallines by using the
Forward slash and asterisk
7/7 This comment. can
cover several Lines
without the need to add more slashes */
_Justrememberto finish the black comment withthe oppaste
‘asterisk and Forward slash.
a
wubampubiatonscam
BRTEED Ob vousyyityou try and buld and execute the
code itertors out, complaining of amissing curly
bracket to finish off the black of code. IF you've made the
error afew times, then itcan be time consuming to go back and
recy. Thankfully the colour coding n CodeBlocks helps identity
‘comments from code,
ESTEE "you using black comments, it's good practise
InC¥+ to addan asterikto each new line ofthe
comment block. This alo helps you to remember ta close the
comment biock of before continuing with the code:
7 This coment can
7 cover several lines
* without the need to add more slashes */
reconieecoont IE ) C++ Fundamentals
12
Variables
Variables differ slightly when using C++ as opposed to Python. In Python, you can
simply state that ‘a! equals 10 and a variable is assigned. However, in C++ a variable has
to be declared with its type before it can be used.
THE DECLARATION OF VARIABLES
You can declare a C++ variable by using statements within the code. There are several distinct types of variables you can
declare, Here's how It works,
(Open up new, blank C+ file and enter the usual You can build and run the code bukit won't do
ED oennsces Bee
‘much, other than store the values 1Oand 5 to the
ae integers and b. To output the contents ofthe variables, add
using nanespace std; cout << a;
cout <= "\n?s
int main a rE
: uit << bs ‘ing nenopece a
The cout <<" part as aetar
3 simply placesa new ine
between the outbutof I‘
toands. we
sme masa ()
ee
BETTER Seertsimpleby eating twovariables, and, with BRIMPBB naturally you can declare a new variable, call it
fone having a value of 10 and the other 5. You result and output some simple arithmetic:
use the datatype into declare these variables. within the curly ‘
brackets, enter: ima
result = a +b;
into; cout << result;
— ut ats
— fren cere Insert the above into the code as per the screenshot
bes; BPTI You canassigna value ca variable as soon asyou
declare it. The code youve typed in could ook like
this, nstecs
int @ = 10;
int b= 55
int result = a +b;
cout << results
ED SS crncionteesseine neem
int © C10);
int 8;
hen, fram the C++ 2011 standard, using curly brackets:
int result foxb}s
FED vou can create alot es, which ae variables
that are declared outside any function and used in
within the entire code. What youve used soar are
bles used inside the Function For example
include
using namespace std;
int StartLives = 3;
int main ©
t
stortLives = StortLives = 1;
cout << Start ives;
Variables
he variable States,
able, In game, for ample,
FED the previous se
whichis global
player’ ives 0 up or down depending on how wel or how bad
theyre doing, When the player restarts the game, the StartLives
return tits default tate: 3, Here we've asigned 3 ives, then
subtracted 1 leaving 2 ives lef,
BID the modern c++ compilerisFarmore intelligent
than most programmers give credit. while there
are numerous datatypes you cand you can
fi auto Feature
efor vari
#include
using namespace std;
auto pi = 3.141593;
int rain
{
double area, radius = 1.5;
‘area = pi * radius * radius;
cout << area;
FERED 4 coule of new elements here: Fst, auto won't
work unless you goto Settings > Compiler and
tick the box labeled "Have Ge Follow the C++11 SO Ce* Language
Standard [std=c++1Y. Then, the new datatype, double, which
le-prcision Floating poin value. Enable C=+11,then
bile andrun the code. The result shouldbe 7.05858,
) C++ Fundamentals)
Data Types
Variables, as we've seen, store information that the programmer can then later call up,
and manipulate if required. Variables are simply reserved memory locations that store
RSet ees Ue ea Renae lected
124
THE VALUE OF DATA
“There are many cfferent datatypes avalable forthe programme
In Cre, suchas an integer, floating paint, Boolean, character and so
on.’ widely ccepted that there are seven basic datatypes often
called Primitive Builtin Types: however, you can create your own
datatypes should the need evr arise within your code
“The seven basie datatypes are:
aade Se?)
Gens
Coa
Double Floating Point
Ce
iii
No Value
“These basictypes can also be extended using the Following modifiers:
Long, Short Signed and Unsigned Basically his means the modifiers
can expand the minimum anc maximum range values for each data
type. For example, the nt dat type has a default value range of
2147483648 to 2147483647, fair value, you would agree,
Now ifyou were to use one ofthe modifiers, the range alters
020 4294967295
2147483648 102147403647
32768 to 32767
£065,535,
Signed Shor. nt =-32768 to 32767
147493647 to 2147483647
147483647 to 2147483647
204290967295
Naturally you can get away with using the basic type without the
‘modifier, as there's plenty of range provided wit each data type.
However, is considered good C++ programming practise to use the
modifiers when possible.
There ae issues when using the modifiers though, Double
represents a doublefloating point value, which you can use For
incredibly acurate numbers but those numbers are only accurate
Upto the fifteenth decimal place. There's als the problem when
using nanespace std;
double PI = 3.141592653589793238463;
int rain
{
cout << PIS
y
»
3 | double Pr
5 tnt maint)
6
7 cout << Bs
*
s
0
Build and run the code and as you can see the autputisonly
3.18158, representing cou’ limitations inthis example,
You can alter the code including the aforementioned cout precision
Function, fr greater accuracy. Take precision athe way upto 22
decimal places, with the Following code:
include
using nanespace std;
double PI = 3.141592653589793238463;
int rain
{ cout .precision(22);
cout <« PI;
¥
Stathere | Oatatypescpp
i finciads
using namespace std;
typedef int metres;
Aint waing
t
metres distance;
distance = 15;
cout << “distance in metres is:
<< distance;
This code w
‘Then in the main cade block, there's anew variable caled distance,
vihich isan integer sa you're basically telling the compiler tha
theres another name for int. We assigned the value 15 to distance
and displayed the output: distance in metres is 15.
Iemightsaunda litle confusing ta begin with but the more you use
(C++ and create your own code the easier ie becomes, ) C++ Fundamentals)
Strings
SS Tee es) eed eWeek ce Une Le RAL ees eel DC Bole)
a
could have a universal greeting in your code ‘Welcome’ and assign that asa string to be
called up wherever you like in the program.
STRING THEORY
‘There are different ways in which you can create a string of characters, which historically are all carried over From the original
Clanguage, and are still supported by C++.
Tocreasngyousse ech factin Ooene ERTIES outs sndnnthe code and ween snes
oe new C++ file and begin with the usual header: Sie ‘onthe screen. While this is perfectly Fine, it's
natasing sing alas which defines cet that an be
represented asa stream of characters and does need to be
terminated tke an array. The code can therefore be represented as:
#include
using namespace std;
a #include
o using namespace std;
¥ int main ©
[Qajorson gsyrece, £
[re e[ial 211 Sedo b>,
‘char greet] = “Welcome”;
cout << greet << \n";
BRTESED 5 e0syt0 confuse string with an array. Here'san BRUNI in c++ there's als a string Function, which works in
aay, which canbe terminated with all character: ‘much the same way. Using the greting code again,
‘include aenemn
Using namespace. stds include
using namespace std;
Ant rain ©
1
‘int Lengths
string greeti = “Hello”;
string greet2 =“, world!";
string greet3 = greeti + greet2;
length = greet3.sizeQ;
cout << “The Length of the combined strings
is: * << Length << “\n"s
}
Uso the avlable operations that ome wth the
BRED oi incon oucon manus theconersofa
string. For example, to remove characters rom sting you coud ue:
#include
using namespace std;
int rain ©
{
string strg “Here is a long sentence in @
string
cout
stra.
cout:
erase (10,5);
<< strg
include
using namespace std;
int wain ©
cacy ajar mara sr
include
include
using namespace std;
int wain ©
float nueber = 134;
cout << “The square root of “ << number <<
is: “<< sqrt(number) << “\n?;
Herewe rested anew float caled number and
Siaru used the sqrtinumber) Function to display the
squire oot 34, te vaio thesaiale, number auld andrun
(C++ Maths
of numbers an be done wi
ED ecustna
#include
include
using namespace std;
int nain ©
float nunber = 12;
cout << number <<“ to the poner of 2 is * <<
onCnunber, 2) << *\n"
cout << number << “ to the poner of 3 is * <<
Poncrunber, 3) << “\n";
‘cout << nunber << “ to the power of .08 is “
<< ponCnunber, @.8) << “\n?;
PID ese we created afloat called number withthe
value oF 12, and the powivarable, power) is where
the calculation happens. OF course you can ealulate powers and
square roots without using variables. For example, pow (12,2)
‘outputs the same value a the Fist cut nen te code,
FERETD he valuc of Pic also stored in the cmath header
Library. tan be called up with the M PI Function.
Enter cout << M_Pfinto the code and you get 3.14158; or you can
se eto calculate:
#include
include
using namespace std;
int rain ©
{
double area, radius = 1.5;
orea = MPI * radius * radius;
cout << area << "\n"; Ree eM
Deuce et na
terete sc d
Se ee esr
eee eee
eee ese ee ies
Deemer enn
DOS cele ureter om
Cee eens
and output are all covered inthe
ieee mis
to understand how a C++ program
Dae sore)
that personal touch with improved user
Petter ON tere
me
——
—_—<—$—$ ) C++ Input/Output)
User Interaction
SS Cc eect ce a nN em
DeSean tea mae Meee AA ERs
RRL Re keoM Me Me MULE Re [kee TL
HELLO, DAVE
You have already used cout, the standard output stream, throughout our code. Now you're going to be using cin, the standard
Input stream, to prompt a user response,
BEER trina that you want the usertoinput into the RARE) The cin command works inthe opposite way from
program needs ta be stored somewhere inthe the cout command. Wehthe First cout ine you're
system memory, soit canbe retrieved and used. Therefere, ary _cutputting "What is your age’ to the screen asincicated with the
input must Fist be declared as variable, sol’sready tobe used by _chevrons. Cin uses opposite Facing chewrons indicating an input. The
the user. Start by creating a blank C++ ile with headers inputs putinto the integer age and called upin the second cout
command, Buld and run the code.
Fineluae
‘using namespace sta
ane main 0)
a ESTEE RD | you're asking a question, you need to store the
input asa string; to ask the user their name, you
would use
i
ESTED) The datatype ofthe variable must alo matchthe using manespace stds
type of inputyou want From the user. For example,
to.aska user their age, you would use an integer tke this: = —
#include > names
{ cout << “\nHello, “ << nane <<“, I hope you're
int ages nell today?\n";
cout << “what is your age: “; +
cin >> age;
=< iam
cout <<"\nYou are“ << age’ << years old.\n"; =
using namespace std;
int rain ©
{
‘int num, num;
cout << “Enter to whole numbers:
cin 95 num >> rund;
cout << “you entered * << num << * and * <<
umd << Nn?
PETE DD Licwise, inputted data can be manipulated once
you have stored ina variable. Fr instance, ask the
ser Fortwo umbers and da same maths an them:
include
using namespace std;
int rain ©
{
float num nu
cout << “Enter tno numbers: \n";
cin >> um >> nun2s
cout << num <<“ +
uml + rund << “\n";
<< numa << * 4
(_ User interaction ci
BRPTD wile cin works wellfor most input tasks, does
ve aliitation, Gn always considers spaces asa
terminator soi's designed for ust single words not multiple words.
However, getline takes cinas the fist argument andthe variable as
the second
#include
using namespace std;
int rain ©
{
string mystr;
cout << “Enter a sentence: \n";
getlineCcin, nystr);
cout << “Your sentence is:
characters tong.\n";
¥
“ ce mystr.size() <<
Sui «with spaces. when you're done the code reads the
number of characters. I you remove the getine line and replace t
with in >> mystr and try again, the result splays the number of
characters upto the Fist space.
FETED DD Cetin is usualy a command that new c++
programmers Faget to include. The terminating
white spaces annoying when you cat igure out why your code
lest working, I shor, it's best touse getine(cin, variable) in Future:
#include
Using nanespace std;
int rain ©
{
string none;
cout << “Enter your full mane: \n";
getlineCcin, name);
cout << *\nHlello, << name << *\a";
eeomecoimnt CT ) C++ Input/Output)
ey
Character Literals
In C++ literalis an object or variable that once defined remains the same throughout
Re eer cm ent ie ere eet ee UN
been using at the end of a cout statement to signify a new line.
ESCAPE SEQUENCE
When used in something like a cout statement, character literals are also called Escape Sequence Codes. They allow you to
Insert quote, an alert, new tine and much more.
FETTER estes new ++ Fileand enter the relevant headers
include
using namespace std;
int rain ©
{
‘cout << “Hello, user. This is how to use
Vrquotes\”.";
You've already experienced the \n character Uteral
placing a newline wherever t's called. The ine: cout
-<"Hello\n” <<"ma Ce4\n" <<"Program\n"; outputs three lines
of text, each starting after the last.
Theres evenacaractr teal hat can rage an
Suz alarm. in Windows 10, it’s the notification sound
that chimes when you use\a. Try this code, and turn up your sound,
#include
Using nanespace std;
int nain ©
{
‘cout << “ALARM! \o"s
iw +] - Character
AHANDY CHART
“There are numerous character literals, or escape sequence codes, to choose from. We therefore thought it would be good For
‘you to have a handy chart available, for those times when you need to insert a code,
ESCAPE SEQUENCE CODE Res
Ba
Single Quote
Peter eetorecen
ce
en
food
So
cl Tab
fertical Tab
fiers
woe Unicode (UTF-8)
Woven Unicode (UTF-16)
UNICODE CHARACTERS (UTF-8)
Unicode choracters ae sym are standard across x
alllatforms. For example, the copyright symbol, that ered
keyboard by entering the Unicode code followed by ALTSX.
2
fies >
copyright symbol enter
ifinclude
using namespace std;
int main ©
{
cout << “\u00A9";
UNICODE
CHARACTER TABLE
list ofthe avaliable Unicode
characters can be found at wwwainicade-
table-com/en/. Hover your mouse over the ) C++ Input/Output »
Defining Constants
Constants are fixed values in your code. They can be any basic data type but as the
Pee eet ia Ua enme nae ela renee Mean e)
FeO ine ene ct em ecco eee Reon
#DEFINE
‘The pre-processors are instructions to the compiler to pre-process the information before it goes ahead and compiles the
code. #include isa pre-processor as s #define.
FATED ¥ou can usethetdefine pe-processorto define ary EATEN Note the capitals for defined constants, t's
constants you want in our code. Start by creating 3 considered good programming practise to define all
new C++ file complete withthe usual headers: constantsin capitals. Here, the assigned values ae 50, 40 and 60, so
lets callthern up:
include
omens sinelovarctortos
a ieee
. teetre LENGTH 50
foci MOTH 48
a define HEIGHT 6
= int main O
= Do] tinclade {
———— cout ce “Length {s:.*
using namespace std;
‘define PI 3.14159
int rain ©
{
‘cout. << “The value of Pi is: * << PI << endl;
Defining Constants ci
Another method of defining aconstantis withthe
const keyword. Use const together with a datatype,
variable and value const type variable = value, Using Pas an example:
include
using namespace std;
int rain
{
‘const double PI = 3.14159;
cout << “The value OF Pi is: “ << PI << endl;
Because yout sing cons within the main blockoF
Siz code, you need to Finish the line with a semicolon.
You canuse eter ang asthe nes and lus dot clash, But
iCsworthmentining that define reqies no memory so youre
Coding to asetomount of memory, tefne your best bet
Const works in much the same way as #define
You can create static integers and even newlines:
#include
using namespace std;
nt rain
1
‘const int LENGTH = 50;
40;
‘const int WIOTH
‘const char NENLIN
‘int area;
‘orea = LENGTH * WIDTH;
cout << “Area is
<< area << NEWLINE;
¥
tecomecoinm nt Ci BED ostxioue)
File Input/Output
eee ie mr comer et cieueaa ent
output Functionality. However, to be able to read and write From a file you need to
el Ere eee) eet
FSTREAMS
“There are two main data types within the fstream library that are used to open file, read from it and write tot; these are
cofstream and ifstream. Here's how they work.
Trefatinkstoceneanewcefieadsore TRAE wevercttedconmens nthesceensetot en
Sue" with the usual headers you need to include the new Sie 2 to help you understand the process. You created
feeambendec a.tringcaled name, tore the ses mputtedname, You ao
Gated text fe ced area th he steam nei and
‘rewile.open tines), asked the user for their name and stored it and
then writen the data to the le,
#include
include
Using nanespace std;
int rain ©
(nciode
finetede
include > age;
“
include windows.
using namespace std;
int rain ©
t
‘string word;
‘ifstrean newfile (*C:\\users\\david\\
Docurent's\\Cirmeria. xt"):
‘cout << "Ctnmeria, by Robert E Howard: \n” <<
end
while Cnewfile >> word)
4
cout << word << endl;
Steep(1008);
return 0;
FED vou can manipulate the while statement to display
aifferene results depending on what code les within
the loop. For example, to reac the poem, Cimmeria, word by word,
youwould ented
include
using namespace std;
int rain
t
string word;
‘ifstrean newfite (*C:\\users\\david\\
Docunent s\\Cinmeria. xt”
‘cout << *Cinmeria, by Robert £ Howard: \n” <<
endl;
while Chewfile >> word)
4
cout << word << endl;
?
return 0;
FEPITD sice20 works io miliseconds, so Sleep(1000)
‘one second, Seep(10000)isten seconds and so
‘on, Combining the sieep Function along with the header it needs)
anda while loop enables you to come up with some interesting
countdown code.
#include
include
using namespace std;
int rain
‘
int a= 10;
while Ca != 0)
4
cout << a << endl;
a=0-1;
Sleep(1000);
2
‘cout << *\nBlast OFFI" << endl:
return 0;
‘The Complete Coding Manual 144
Pie i enn nc et iio
structure is different. A For loop is split into three stages: an initialiser, a condition and an
incremental step. Once set up, the loop repeats itselF until the condition becomes false.
LOOPY LOOPS.
‘The initalise stage of a for loop is executed only once and this sets the point reference for the loop. The condition is evaluated
bythe loop to seeifit's true or False and then the increment is executed. The loop then repeats the second and third stage.
EEE ieate anew Cr4 fle, with the standard headers:
After the loop, you created a compound statement,
In races (curly brackets), that displays the current
value ofthe integer num. Every time the for loop repeats ital, the
second and third stages ofthe loop, tadds 1 untilthe conchtion <30,
Is false. The loop then ends andthe code continues, ending neatly
include
cout << *Namber: << nim << ends ——_
2 using namespace std;
return 0 a
: t
‘//For Loop Begins
ERED Working through the process ofthe for loop begin
bycreating aninteger called num and assigning ta
value of 1, Next, set the condition, n this case num being less than
30. The last stage is where you create the increments; here it’s the
value of num being added by 1,
[' for( ime num = 1; mum < 30; nan = mum 41)
‘BOM Manual Series Vlune 17
for( int @= 10; a != 0; a=0-1)
4
cout << a << endl;
Sleep(1000);
‘cout << *\nBlast OFFI" << endl;
return
k the countdown code, don forget to nc Heresa of aforlaop dling the
Suze the windows.h library, so you can use the Sleep Sue) ‘multiplication tables of a user inputted number
ommand. Build and runthe cade; nthe command console you can Handy fr students
See the numbers 10to1 countdown none second increment, until
it reaches zero and Blast OF! appears t
int nj
cout << “Enter a number to view its tines
table: *;
for Gnt t= 4; i 12; +i) £
cout
using namespace std;
int rain ©
1
um with
The code inside
atleast once, then the conditions
1 _
ESTED) Gesinwithasimpte number
4
‘int num = 35
0
4
cout << “Number: “ << num << endl;
rum = num + 1;
2
while Chum < 305
return 0;
'
EE cots ana seres-volur BETTIE you want code to add up user inputted nu
Lntilthe user enters zero
‘
float nurber, sum = 0.05
cout << “*#¥* Program to execute @ Do.
hile Loop continuously ****" << endl;
cout << “\nknter @ to stop and display the
sum of all the nunbers entered\n” << endl;
cout << “\n-
An << endl;
dot
cout<<"\nPlease enter a nunber:
ciro>nunber;
sun += numbers
:
whileCnunber != 0.0);
coutce? Total. sum of all numbers: “<
Tistestexlined when ou sea number BORER i's going on herr Tobegh an integer ced
tose conan rumss ested on assaned wah eval
1 The statement comes ns andinthiscare we've sittedthe
— Codethat te condison tev, of rum sles thon. then the
7 tose thn the bers shou be ened
if C num < 30)
: corm
cout << "The number is less than 30.” <<
endl:
{COULTEEITVALUSTORNOMDEONSERSESEINMIESSICNALS | PRIM 1
‘using namespace std:
_— int main ()
es ;
EEE) cots stanatseres-votune 17 BSTESED Wren you change the vaueto anything
30, then build and run the code, you can see that
the only line to be outputted to the screen ithe second cout
statement, displaying the current value of rum, This s because the
inital statements false so itignores the code within the braces.
PPFD You can include anif'statement withina do
loop For example:
i
Foat ten;
0
4
cout << "\nEnter the temperature Cor
10000 to exit): * << endl;
cin >> temp;
if Ctenp <= 0)
a
cout << “\nBrrer, it’s really cold!”
<< endl
+
if Cteno > 0.9
cout checks toseethe value of num sles thanthity and isle
using manespace std; = outputs “The number sess than 30 othe consol.
int rain © i
3 4 yom -
; fm STR er Sn hn 8 ch
‘The else companion tof checksf the number
ERED te scconecoetom eitsatemententne ALE ores so ants ther elas To
Gitte ‘uberis greater than 30" tothe console and nally, the codes
a terminated satisfactorily.
‘int num = ihe number is Yess then 30!" ec ena;
‘if C num < 30)
a
cout << "The minber is Less than 30!" << he mates arte tan 361 30)
4
cout << "The nunber is greater than 30}
<< endl
else if (num
4
endl
3
return 0;
30)
cout << “The nunber is exactly 301” <<
FREED te new adcition to the code is what's known 25 8
rested if. else statement This allows you to check
far multiple conditions. in his ase, ifthe user enters arumber less
than 30, greater than 30 r actually 30 sel, cifferent outcome is
presented to them,
ESTED You cn ake thisupanotch and cesteatwoplyes
umber guessing game, Begin by creating the varables
‘int num, guess, tries = 0;
‘cout << ***¥** Two-player number guessing gane
a
‘cout << “\nPlayer One, enter a nunber for
Player Two to guess: “ << endl;
‘cin >> num
cout << string(S0, ‘\n");
The cout stra, Vine erste seen
Su! Player Two doesn't see the entered number. Now
ancrete ado loop footer hile
do
4
cout << “\nPlayer Two, enter your guess: *
cin >> guess;
triest3
Uf (guess > nun)
4
cout << “\nToo High!\n" << endl;
r
else if Cquess < num
{
cout << “\nToo Low!\n™ << endl;
y
else if (guess
{
um)
cout << “Well done! You got it in * <<
tries <<“ guesses!” << endl;
y
¥ while (guess 1= nun)
return 0;
Grab a second player, then
bull andrun the code
Player One enters the
number tobe guessed,
then PlayerTwo can take
asmany quesses.as th
reed to get the right
umber. Want tomake
itharder? Maybe use
‘decimal numbers
Else Statement a
dade
s{ Programming Programming with the FUZE
Sa ca
Ee Chto aca ena
oe eset eeu eect
PORE esas
Ua i
Cac cual
Dee eee Chun ad
students, teachers and enthusiasts to
peer Ee euaruc nc)
Se eu oc
De eee ney
the UK, the FUZE is the perfect
EES Canaan case
Pee eeu eee
education, all presented in a cleverly
designed retro-themed keyboard case.
CT ecu aed
with its own programming language:
4-7 Nome aad
you're able to create simple routines,
games, and complex algorithms
Pree Tac)
Cr crest e
Readiris
See Programming with the FUZE
The FUZE Project is a learning environment that's built around the Raspberry Pi and a custom
programming language based on BASIC. The FUZE Workstation is the hardware side of the project,
incorporating a Raspberry Pi inside a stunning retro-themed case, complete with a full-sized
keyboard, IO board and connectivity. The software side is FUZE BASIC, available for both Windows
and as a boot image for Raspberry Pi models 2 and 3. Introducing the FUZE Project Setting Up the FUZE
Dee ees eee en htc ka ea tanen atc
roe en ea sel ahem ald mee ureh em av el)
the Raspberry Pi 3). Before you begin though, let’s see how to set up the workstation,
LIGHT THE FUZE
Cetting the FUZE up and running sas simples plugging ina standard desktop computer butts always worth running through the process
For those who don'thnow what to do,
1u power up your FUZE, make sure that the or now, use the Ethernet port, LAN cable, forthe
‘connection tothe home network nd ultimately
reariO backel the outside world You can setup the WiFi buts always easier to
‘ards already inserted but cepending on establch a wired connection Fs i ‘Connectthe Ethernet
packaged,
the electronics kt box. cable to reariO backplate ofthe F
wm.
‘monitor arf your exsting manitor (TV) Next, open un the bax containing the mouseand plug
an support more than one HOM
mes witha qualty HDMI
bag and cannect ane end tothe HOM porcon the
ofthe FUZE andthe otherto the rear ofthe mor
itinto one ofthe USB ports onthe rearlO ofthe FUZE Setting Up the FUZE
ining the power pack and plug |Fyou want the W
2 and inalyto the 0
ent desktop presen
tly Programming with the FUZE
Getting Started with
FUZE BASIC
BACK TO BASICS
Let's begin our programming journey with FUZE BASIC, an environment where you can create anything from simple scripts to.complex
‘games with graphics and sounds.
HED \Fyoure using a rkstation, then FU just Eee ‘The retro style int
ingle ckaway. See the secand Fin the bottom ight themes thatyou
panel, the one that's colouredwhiteonared background Clickit,and taste. Thedefautview sthatof a
voulliaundhthe Fu complete witha Céa-syleretrahterface. ferent view presthe Insert ky to ele throu
;oucan alo double clckthe FUZE BASIC V3 icon onthe desktop. Interfaces. Youline doubt recognise some of them, sofindone youtke,
ee
EEEED the screenyou'te looking at ows calledimmediate
Mode; pressing te Enter key wl cursor where
er, then type Hello
‘onthe seen vl display
and the Raspbery Fi (since it'already running ona RP). you can start enter code Tr this
browser to wir Auze.o.uk/download fuze html ang Follow the teverjone and press Enter again, The ou
lownlaad instruction ASIC For Windows andthe tep-by- whatever youve typed int the quotation marks Getting Started with FUZE BASIC
rine 10 + 20 + 30, and pres
The sumofthe numbersyouve aqucklsting to ask for user input. Enter this
enteredwill now be displayed onthe screen, inthiscase the number 4@ cls
60. Try mare numbers and eve different mathematical symbal 2OHnGUS MRCS CURRSPLSTTES
30 print
40 print “Hello *; nf
Enter ron toexecute the code
previous code,
screen [CLS], ther
ingthe inputs the viable n§. The
oni
also capable of toring ver
ea
jookat in asking Foruserin
more depth nthe next tuto Print a line 30 puts bl ne screen, whistthe Print
each line ‘command at line 40 dsplaysthe message Hel Loand the contents of
=e thevarisble nf
Print @
of computing, you ne doubt emember that cading working nthe Program Ector. Te enter the Program Elta ype inthe
came with ine numbers. FUZE BASIC works the same way. WhistsUll__command new to clear any ragrams already storedin memory and
in immediate Mode, eter press the FZ key. As you can see, Program Edt looks significantly
1@ print “Hello” {ferent to immediate Mode
20 goto 10
Now enter run, The word Hello shoulé now cycle down the screen Programming with the FUZE
Coding with FUZE
BASIC - Part 1
LET THERE BE VARIABLES
We've already looked at assigning some vaiablesin the previous tutorial so let's extend that and see what else we can do with them.
Enter the Program Editor, by pressing the F2 key. ED Press F2 to enter Editor mode and cick on New. Now
Within the Program Ector enter te Following, let's expand onthe simple code. Enter the follow
pressing Enter ater each ine: eg
Let x=10 Let ya20
Print x Let 2-30
Now lek on the Save button, along thetop ofthescreenandsave Print x+y +z
the program as Variabes1’Clckthe OK buttontoreturntothe _Saveas'Varables? and Runit. You now have the
Editor and the Run button to execute the code, the screen you've assigned X,Y and Z with num
Printed the total
tof 600n
value
Ereey Dp what ®ve wantedto change the value ofa variable?
Enter thisisting
Let x10
Let xex-1
Print x
feMode TobeginwithX equalled 10 butthe next tine subtracts 1 making it
avn thssimpe code, youve created the variable called X
you'veallocated the value 10 tot. The secand line my prints the
‘urrene value of X—which is oF course, 10.
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