Adaptive Equalizer PDF
Adaptive Equalizer PDF
Prepared by
Deepa.T, Asst.Prof. /TCE
INTRODUCTION TO EQUALIZATION
Equalization is a technique used to combat inter
symbol interference(ISI).
An Equalizer within a receiver compensates for
the average range of expected channel amplitude
and delay characteristics.
Equalizers must be adaptive as the channel is
generally unknown and time varying.
ISI has been recognized as the major obstacle to
high speed data transmission over mobile radio
channels.
Equalizers
• Equalizers are used to overcome the
negative effects of the channel. In
general, equalization is partitioned
into two broad categories;
1. Maximum likelihood sequence
estimation (MLSE) which entails
making measurement of channel
impulse response and then
providing a means for adjusting the
receiver to the transmission
environment.
(Example: Viterbi equalization)
2. Equalization with filters, uses filters
to compansate the distorted pulses.
The general channel and equalizer
pair is shown in Figure.2.
Depending on the time nature
• These type of equalizers can be grouped as preset or
adaptive equalizers.
• Preset equalizers assume that the channel is time invariant
and try to find H(f) and design equalizer depending on H(f).
The examples of these ADAPTIVE EQUALIZERS are zero
forcing equalizer, minimum mean square error equalizer,
and desicion feedback equalizer.
• Adaptive equalizers assume channel is time varying channel
and try to design equalizer filter whose filter coefficients
are varying in time according to the change of channel, and
try to eliminate ISI and additive noise at each time. The
implicit assumption of adaptive equalizers is that the
channel is varying slowly.
Block diagram of Adaptive
equalizer
As the mobile fading channels are random and time varying,
equalizers must track the time varying characteristics of the
mobile channel, and thus are called adaptive equalizers.
Working principles of adaptive equalizers
The working principles of adaptive equalizers are in the following:
• The received signal is applied to receive filter. In here, receive filter
is not matched filter. Because we do not know the channel impulse
response. The receive filter in here is just a low‐pass filter that
rejects all out of band noise.
• The output of the receiver filter is sampled at the symbol rate or
twice the symbol rate.
• Sampled signal is applied to adaptive transversal filter equalizer.
Transversal filters are actually FIR discrete time filters.
• The object is to adapt the coefficients to minimize the noise and
intersymbol interference (depending on the type of equalizer) at
the output.
• The adaptation of the equalizer is driven by an error signal.
Operation mode of adaptive
equalizers
• There are two modes that adaptive equalizers work;
1. Decision Directed Mode: This means that the receiver decisions
are used to generate the error signal.
2. Decision directed equalizer adjustment is effective in tracking slow
variations in the channel response.
• However, this approach is not effective during initial acqusition .
• Training Mode: To make equalizer suitable in the initial acqusition
duration, a training signal is needed.In this mode of operation, the
transmitter generates a data symbol sequence known to the
receiver. The receiver therefore, substitutes this known training
signal in place of the slicer output. Once an agreed time has
elapsed, the slicer output is substituted and the actual data
transmission begins.
Operating modes of adaptive
equalizer
1) Training mode
2) Tracking Mode
Training mode Tracking mode
• Initially, a known, fixed length • When the data of the users
training sequence is sent by are received, the adaptive
the transmitter so that the algorithm of the equalizer
receiver’s equalizer may tracks the changing channel.
average to a proper setting. As a result of this, the adaptive
The training sequence is a equalizer continuously
pseudo random signal or a changes the filter
fixed, prescribed bit pattern. characteristics over time.
Immediately following the Equalizers are widely used in
training sequence, the user TDMA Systems.
data is sent.
training sequence(Contd..)
The training sequence is designed to permit
an equalizer at the receiver to acquire the
proper filter coefficients in the worst
possible channel conditions. Therefore when
the training sequence is finished. Therefore
filter coefficients are near their optimal
values for reception of user data. An
adaptive equalizer at the receiver uses a
recursive algorithm to evaluate the channel
and estimate filter coefficients to
compensate for the channel.
Block Diagram of Adaptive Equalizer
A Generic Adaptive Equalizer
Transversal filter with N delay elements, N+1 taps, and N+1 tunable
complex weights .These weights are updated continuously by an
adaptive algorithm.
Algorithm for Adaptive
Equalization
•Performance measures for an algorithm
¾Rate of convergence
¾Misadjustment
¾Computational complexity
¾Numerical properties
•Factors dominate the choice of an equalization structure and its
algorithm
¾The cost of computing platform
¾The power budget
¾The radio propagation characteristics
Algorithm for Adaptive
Equalization
•The speed of the mobile unit determines the channel fading rate
and the
Dopper spread, which is related to the coherent time of the
channel
directly
•The choice of algorithm, and its corresponding rate of convergence,
depends on the channel data rate and coherent time
•The number of taps used in the equalizer design depends on the
maximum
expected time delay spread of the channel
•The circuit complexity and processing time increases with the
number of
taps and delay elements
Algorithm for Adaptive
Equalization
•Three classic equalizer algorithms : zero forcing (ZF), least mean
squares
(LMS), and recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms
•Summary of algorithms (see Table 1)
Conclusion
• Summary
– Linear equalizers: suffer from noise enhancement
– DFE: Error propagation
– MLSE
• Optimal method
• Viterbi equalizer implements MLSE with much lower
complexity
17
Summary of algorithms
Table 1 Comparison of various algorithms for adaptive equalization
Adaptive decision feedback
equalizer
Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalizer
• A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is a nonlinear
equalizer that uses previous detector decisions to
eliminate the ISI on pulses that are currently being
demodulated.
• The basic idea of a DFE is that if the values of the
symbols previously detected are known (past decisions
are assumed to be correct), then the ISI contributed by
these symbols can be canceled out eactly the output of
the forward filter by subtracting past symbols values
with appropriate weighting. In
Block diagram of Adaptive DFE
Adaptive decision feedback
equalizer(Contd..)
If we look at Fig. 18, we see that the estimated signal sequence
becomes,
{ci}s are coefficients of the precursor equalizer,
{di} are coefficients of the postcursor equalizer.
N is the number of precursor equalizer coefficients and M is the number of postcursor
equalizer coefficients.
Adaptive DFE algorithm is similar to stochastic gradient algorithm, with the important
difference that the input to the causal portion of the filter is the decisions rather than
the output of the precursor equalizer filter.
This difference will obviously change the desired tap coefficients as well as reduce the
noise enhancement due to equalization.
Adaptive decision feedback
equalizer(Contd..)
References
• Wireless Communications
‐ Theodore S. Rappaport.
• Mobile Communication Engineers Theory and application
– William C.Y.Lee.
• Cox, D.C., “Antenna Diversity Performance in Mitigating the effects of Portable
Radiotelephone Orientation and Multipath Propagation,”
IEEE Transactions on Communications,vol.62, No.9, pp.2695‐2712, November 1983.
• Jakes, W. C., “ A Comparison of specific space Diversity Technique for Reduction of Fast
Fading in UHF Mobile Radio Systems,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. VT‐20, No.4, pp.81‐93, November 1971.
• Lemieux, J. F., Tanany, M., and Hafez, H.M., “ Experimental Evaluation of
Space/Frequency/Polarization Diversity in the Indoor Wireless Channel,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 40, No.3, pp.569‐574, August 1993.
References
• Rappaport, T.S., and Hawbaker, D.A, “Wide band Microwave Propagation
Parameters Using Circular Frequency Reuse Efficiency for the Reverse Channel
,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 40, No.2, pp.231‐242,
February 1992.
• Vaughan , R., “ Polarization Diversity in Mobile Communications,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 39, No.3, pp.177‐186, August
1990.
• Kozono , S., “ Base Station Polarization Diversity Reception for Mobile Radio,”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. VT‐33, No.4, pp.301‐306,
November 1985.
• Lee, W.C.Y, “ Polarization Diversity System for Mobile Radio,”
IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 20, pp.912‐922, October 1972.