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DDB Lec 1

This document introduces distributed database systems (DDBSs). It defines a DDBS as a collection of logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer network and managed by a distributed database management system (DDBMS). The key is integrating databases and computer networks to achieve distributed computing while maintaining data integration and control. DDBSs promise transparent data management, improved reliability through distributed transactions, better performance, and easier system expansion. Design issues include transparency, flexibility, reliability, performance, and scalability.

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Akram Taha
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90 views

DDB Lec 1

This document introduces distributed database systems (DDBSs). It defines a DDBS as a collection of logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer network and managed by a distributed database management system (DDBMS). The key is integrating databases and computer networks to achieve distributed computing while maintaining data integration and control. DDBSs promise transparent data management, improved reliability through distributed transactions, better performance, and easier system expansion. Design issues include transparency, flexibility, reliability, performance, and scalability.

Uploaded by

Akram Taha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

Introduction

Chapter 1

Introduction
Outline
v What is a distributed database system?
v Promises of DDBSs
v Complicating Factors
v Problem Areas
•Description
From File System to DBMS •Store
•Manipula-
tion
•Control
Program 1 Program 1
Deposit/ Deposit/
Withdraw Withdraw
File 1: current
D
Program 2 Program 2
accounts B
Transfer Transfer
M Bank
File 2: saving Database
Program 3 accounts Program 3
S
Print stmt File 3: Print stmt
customers
Program 4 Program 4
Customer Customer
Information Information
Example
v Multinational manufacturing company:
w head quarters in New York
w manufacturing plants in Chicago and Montreal
w warehouses in Phoenix and Edmonton
w R&D facilities in San Francisco
v Data and Information:
w employee records (working location)
w projects (R&D)
w engineering data (manufacturing plants, R&D)
w inventory (manufacturing, warehouse)
Features

v Data are distributed over sites (e.g. employee,


inventory).
v Queries (e.g. “get employees who are younger
than 45”) involve more than one site.
Distributed Database System Technology

Database Computer
Technology Networks
integration distributed computing

Distributed
Database System
v The key is integration, not centralization
v Distributed database technology attempts to achieve integration
without centralization.
DDBS = Database + Network
v Distributed database system technology is the union
of what appear to be opposed approaches to data
processing
w DDBS = database + network
w Database integrates operational data of an enterprise to
provide a centralized and controlled access to that data.
w Computer network promotes a work mode that goes
against all centralization efforts and facilitates distributed
computing.
Distributed Computing
v A distributed computing system consists of
w a number of autonomous processing elements (not
necessarily homogeneous), which
– are interconnected by a computer network;
– cooperate in performing their assigned tasks.

v What is distributed?
w Processing Logic
w Function
w Data All these are necessary and
w Control important for distributed
database technology.
What is a Distributed Database
System?
v A distributed database (DDB) is a collection of
multiple, logically interrelated databases, distributed
over a computer network
w i.e., storing data on multiple computers (nodes) over the
network
v A distributed database management system
(DDBMS) is the software that
w manages the DDB;
w provides an access mechanism that makes this distribution
transparent to the users.
v Distributed database system (DDBS):
w DDBS = DDB + DDBMS
What is not a DDBS?
v A timesharing computing system
v A loosely or tightly coupled multiprocessor system
v A database system which resides at one of the
nodes of a network of computers
w This is a centralized database on a network node
Centralized DBMS on a Network
Site 4
Site 1
Site 2
Communication Network

Site 3
Site 6
Site 5

v Data resides only at one node.


v Database management is the same as in a
centralized DBMS.
v Remote processing, single-server- multiple-clients
Distributed DBMS Environment

Site 4
Site 1
Site 2
Communication Network

Site 3
Site 6
Site 5
Applications of DDBMS
v Manufacturing – especially multi-plant manufacturing
v Military command and control
v Airlines
v Hotel chains
v Any organization which has a decentralized
organization structure
Reasons for Data Distribution
v Several factors leading to the development of DDBS
w Distributed nature of some database applications
w Increased reliability and availability
w Allowing data sharing while maintaining some measure of
local control
w Improved performance
Implicit Assumptions
v Data stored at a number of sites.
w Each site has processing power
v Processors at different sites are interconnected by a
computer network
v Distributed database is a database, not a collection
of files
w Data logically related as exhibited in the users’ access
patterns (e.g., relational data model)
v DDBMS is a fully-fledged DBMS
w Not remote file systems
Design Issues of Distributed Systems
v Must be transparent
v Provide flexibility
v Be reliable
w Design should not require the simultaneous functioning of a substantial
number of critical components
w More redundancy, greater availability, and greater inconsistency
w Fault tolerance, the ability to mask failures from the user
v Good performance
w Important (the rest are useless without this)
w Balance number of messages and grain size of distributed
computations
v Scalable
w A maximum for developing distributed systems
w Avoid centralized components, tables, and algorithms
w Only decentralized algorithms should be used
Characteristics of Decentralized
Algorithms
v No machine has complete information about the
state of the system.
v Machines make decisions based only on locally
available information.
v Failure of one machine does not ruin the algorithm.
Promises of DDBSs
v Transparent management of distributed,
fragmented, and replicated data
v Improved reliability and availability through
distributed transactions
v Improved performance
v Easier and more economical system expansion

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