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For questions or comments please call LSTC at (925)-449-2500
Copyright © 2001 1
 LS-DYNA – ALE Capabilities
(Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian)
Fluid-Structure
Interaction Modeling
January 07, 2003

Lars Olovsson
Mhamed Souli
Ian Do

Livermore Software Technology Corporation

All Rights Reserved
For questions or comments please call LSTC at (925)-449-2500
Copyright © 2001 2
 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

OUTLINE
I. Introduction
II. Some simple illustrative results
III. Lagrangian, Eulerian and ALE descriptions
IV. Material Deformation Behavior
V. Explaining the *ALE_ commands
VI. Examples
VII. Some Specialized Applications

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

[I] INTRODUCTION

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

[I] Introduction
This tutorial is designed to guide new LS-DYNA users through
examples of how Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) problems can
be set-up using LS-DYNA. Specifically, it aims to explain the
basic commands required to describe certain physical
phenomena. The goal is to enable the new users to understand
“WHAT COMMANDS ARE NEEDED” to get started in
modeling various FSI scenarios. Various examples will illustrate
simple how-to steps to model FSI.

We will start by looking very quickly at some results, then

reviewing the differences among the various computational
methods that can be employed. Next, we will look at the *ALE_
commands, and lastly examples to explain their usages. Step-by-
step construction of simple examples will be presented.

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

[I] Introduction (cont.)

The examples were created by Lars Olovsson and Mhamed Souli,

and Ian Do. Pat Kulzer helps with the presentation lay-out. Mike
Burger helped creating many of the input models. Morten Jensen,
Jim Day, Khanh Bui, Todd Slavik, XinHai, and Lee Bindenman
helped with many suggestions. Philip Ho and Roger Chen
provided support with the post-processing. Dilip Bhalsod created
the airbag model to be supplied as an example of airbag
deployment modeling using Lagrangian-ALE coupling method.
Jason Wang provides information on MPP capability.

ALL DATA ARE FICTITIOUS SHOWN FOR THE PURPOSE OF

ILLUSTRATING THE METHOD. THE USERS MUST BE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR OWN DATA VALUES!

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

[II] SOME ILLUSTRATIVE RESULTS

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

[II] Some Illustrative Results

 Airbag

 Dropping water tank/barrel (ALE mesh moves with a

user-defined coordinate system - 3 nodes)

 Forging

 Purging of fluid from a chamber

 Plate impacting fluid

 Explosion-induced fluid-structure-interaction

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

A Simple Airbag Model Using ALE Coupling

Fluid = Air mesh & Structure = Airbag

Air mesh covering

the space which the
airbag will expand
into.

Backing
platforms

Airbag

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

A Simple Airbag Model Using ALE Coupling

DEPLOYED CONFIGURATION
Inflated
airbag

Blanking out the bag for internal view … 

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

A Simple Airbag Model Using ALE Coupling

INTERNAL GEOMETRY
Airbag internal
support structures
made up of many
shell components.

Priming
Ambient
Fluid
Block
(supplying
pressure as
a function
of time)
located at
airbag Contact among the Lagrangian structures:
opening *CONTACT_TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE
*CONTACT_AIRBAG_SINGLE_SURFACE, etc.
Fluid-Structure-Coupling:
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Airbag Deployment AVI

(double-click on picture below)

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Airbag Deployment AVI

(double-click on picture below)

The red mesh is the

airbag. The blue
color under the
mesh is the volume-
fraction contour of
the fluid being
pumped into the
airbag. Some of this
fluid is relieved out
the vent hole (lower-
left quadrant, near
the end of the
simulation, near red
arrow)

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Airbag Deployment Cross-Section AVI

(double-click on picture below)

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Dropping Of A Fluid Box

PROBLEM SET-UP PART 3: Rigid Box

PART 2: Fluid 2

Fluid Systems
(or Meshes)
PART 1: Fluid 1

PART 4: Shell Structure Platform

Reference NODES =
(Ref. Coor. System)

• A rigid box containing 2 different fluids is dropped and hit a platform.

• The fluid system is assumed to follow the motion of the rigid tank.
• The motion of the rigid tank is defined by the 3 nodes attached to the body of
the tank.
• The consequent motion results in the sloshing of the fluid inside the tank.

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Dropping Of A Tank Containing Fluid(s) - AVI

(double-click on picture below)
Example of ALE mesh motion following a coordinate system defined by
three user-defined nodes

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Drop Test Of An Oil Barrel – 3D Model AVI

(double-click on pictures below)

A similar example in 3D … (mesh moving following a reference body)

Barrel and fluids Barrel Only

barrel void

oil

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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

Punch (moving)
• Both tool pieces, punch and die, are modeled as
Lagrangian rigid shell structures .

Void

Work
• The work piece is modeled as solid ALE material
Piece which is allowed to deform|flow into surrounding
void space.

• The void mesh can overlap with the rigid tool

structures.
Die
(stationary)

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

Result viewed at a cross-section plane: AVI (double-click on picture below)

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Purging Flow Through An Orifice (multi-fluids)

AVI‟s (double-click on pictures below)
Priming Fluid Reservoir Fluid Being Purged
(Initially Pressurized Fluid) (Fluid initially at ambient condition).

Water

Water
Note the
deflection of the
Zero
simplified “valve”
gravity
Air

Priming fluid flow Purging fluid flow

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Lagrangian Plate hitting ALE Multi-Material Fluids

OVERVIEW:
A Lagrangian plate moves with “-y” velocity through air, then hits water.

• The Air and Water are defined as ALE PID 3 = Steel Plate

Multi-Materials (tracking the interface

of the two material within each
PID 1 = Air
element).
• The Steel Plate is defined as Lagrangian.
• The Lagrangian body/mesh can overlap
the ALE/fluid meshes.
• The ALE-Multi-Material meshes have
PID 2 = Water
merged nodes on their shared
boundaries.

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Lagrangian Plate hitting ALE Multi-Material Fluids

AVI (double-click on picture below)

Air

Water

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Explosion-In-Fluid Effects on Steel Structure

MODEL SETUP (length in cm):

[3] 1

• Surfaces [1], [2] and [3] are

constrained with rigid
Steel boundaries.
Structure
13
• Surface [4] is covered by the
[2] [4] steel structure which will
Water
deform under the pressure
Explosive load caused by the explosive.

1 • Smoothing is done on the

0.5
ALE mesh.
[1]
0.5
14

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Explosion-In-Fluid Effects on Steel Structure

WITH *ALE_SMOOTHING (mesh smoothing); AVI (double-click on picture below)

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Explosion-In-Fluid Effects on Steel Structure

WITHOUT *ALE_SMOOTHING; AVI (double-click on picture below)

Livermore Software Technology Corporation Merged Nodes on boundary

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

[III] LAGRANGIAN, EULERIAN AND ALE

APPROACHES

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

[III] Lagrangian, Eulerian & ALE

Methods of Computation

1) Pure Lagrangian.

2) ALE formulation with 1 material in each element.

3) Eulerian formulation.

4) ALE formulation with multi-materials in an element.

(Translating/ Rotating/ Expanding mesh systems.)

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ELEMENT FORMULATIONS REVIEW

There are many ways to model the same physical process. The different
methods may depend on different element formulations. Some
clarification of the computational approach taken by each element
formulation is presented. For fluid modeling, we will focus on the 3D
fluid element. Hence, the *SECTION_SOLID command, specifically, the
parameter “ELFORM” is discussed.
ELFORM:
1 = Constant stress solid (pure Lagrangian formulation).
5 = 1-point ALE (single material in each cell).
6 = 1-point Eulerian (single material).
7 = 1-point Eulerian Ambient element.
11 = 1-point ALE multi-material element  most important
12 = 1-point ALE single-material-and-void.

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ELEMENT FORMULATIONS REVIEW

Element Formulations and Applications:
Let us consider a 2D example, a solid piece of metal is moved and then
deformed as shown below. Three formulations may be used: (1)
Lagrangian, (2) Eulerian, (3) ALE (Arbitraty-Lagrangian-Eulerian).
Lagrangian mesh translation
Material deformation

 (1)
Eulerian mesh
(fixed in space)

 (2)

 (3)
ALE mesh translation ALE mesh
Solid material Void or air (moving)
t- dt t+

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ELEMENT FORMULATIONS REVIEW

In the following, consider 1 time step (referring to the previous figures):
(1) Lagrangian:
The nodes of the mesh are attached to the imaginary material “points”.
These nodes move and deform with the material. This is shown in (1)
above.
(2) Eulerian:
Consider 2 overlapping meshes, one is a background mesh which is fixed
in space, and the other is attached to the material which “flows” through
the former fixed mesh. This may be visualized in 2 steps:
First, the material is deformed in a Lagrangian step just like the
Lagrangian formulation.
Then, the element state variables in the “Lagrangian elements” (red) are
mapped or advected or rezoned or distributed back onto the fixed
(background) reference Eulerian mesh (aqua).

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ELEMENT FORMULATIONS REVIEW

(3) ALE:
Consider 2 overlapping meshes, one is a background mesh which can
moves arbitrarily in space, and the other is attached to the material
which “flows” through the former moving mesh. This may be visualized
in 2 steps. First, the material is deformed in a Lagrangian step just like
the Lagrangian formulation. Then, the element state variables in the
“Lagrangian elements” (red) are remapped or advected or distributed back
onto the moving (background) reference ALE mesh (green).
t+ Eulerian

The main difference between

pure Eulerian vs. ALE
method is different amounts of
Material motion ALE
material being advected
through the meshes due to the
reference mesh positions.

ALE mesh motion

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ELEMENT FORMULATIONS REVIEW

Some Notes on MULTI-MATERIAL Eulerian or ALE Applications:
• For material to flow from one region or part of the mesh to another, we
must have the common nodes on the boundaries of connecting ALE
parts be “merged”. This means they share the same node ID‟s.
Must provide the “space” for material to flow into!

Part 1 Part 2
• The Courant criteria restricts the transmission of material (or
information) within 1 element per dt  implications:
- If the mesh moves in the same direction as the material motion
resulting in less amount of material advected out of 1 element per dt
(thus is more stable and larger dt can be taken), and vice versa.
- The density change in 1 element per dt is restricted, typically, to less
than the current density magnitude. The users should have an
intuitive “feel” for the dynamics of the model, i.e. how fast things move.

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ELEMENT FORMULATIONS REVIEW

Some Notes on MULTI-MATERIAL Eulerian or ALE COUPLING:
• Lagrangian part hits Lagrangian parts  CONTACT
Lagrangian part hits Eulerian or ALE parts  COUPLING
The code searches for the INTERSECTIONS between the Lagrangian
parts & Eulerian (or ALE) parts  If an intersection is detected inside
an Eulerian element  It marks the Lagrangian-Eulerian common
coupling points (NQUAD) on this interface at t-  It tracks the
independent motion of the 2 materials over dt  Then compute the
penetration distance  The coupling forces are computed based on this
penetration and re-distributed back onto both meshes.
Lagrangian shell segment
Eulerian
material Coupling point
Fluid-solid X X
Interface
X X
Eulerian Moving shell segment
mesh
Penetration  coupling force

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ELEMENT FORMULATIONS REVIEW

Some Notes on MULTI-MATERIAL Eulerian or ALE Applications:
• We will refer to an Eulerian or ALE part as “ALE” in general since
Eulerian is just a special ALE case where the mesh velocity is zero.
• In ALE terminology, the user should distinguish between a “*PART ID”
and an “ALE-Multi-Material-Group ID” (AMMGID) for the Eulerian
or ALE entities:
- A PART usually refers to a mesh entity defined at time zero.
- An AMMGID refers to a region containing a (fluid) material. For
multi-material, the card *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP allows the
interface tracking among the many (fluid) materials. This card is
discussed in more details later.
A PART/mesh may contain a single material at time zero, but later may
contain other materials as the fluids are moving in and out across
the meshes/PART.

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ELEMENT FORMULATIONS REVIEW

• Recall how the COUPLING between Lagrangian mesh and Eulerian
mesh occur as shown previously, we see that their meshes must overlap
with each other. This is so that their intersections may be detected and
their interactions can only be resulting from these intersections. For
example, consider the configuration below for concept illustration.

PID1=EUL=air

PID3=LAG=steel ball COUPLING:

Langrangian meshes
overlapping with
PID4=LAG=aluminum box Eulerian or ALE
meshes.
PID2=EUL=water

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(1) Pure Lagrangian Formulation

*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
1 1

Element formulation 1 = Constant-stress solid

NOTE:
* The mesh deforms with the material.
* Pure Lagrangian method has no mesh
(1 material occupies 1 whole mesh)
smoothing.
* Only 1 material in each element.
* The mesh bunches up near the impact
surface.
Advantage:
Free surface is followed automatically.
Disadvantage:
Not accurate at large deformation.
Cannot create new surfaces (damaged).
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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

(1) Pure Lagrangian Taylor Bar Impact

(double-click on picture below)

Severely distorted elements near impact surface.

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(2) Single Material ALE Formulation with Smoothing

*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
1 5

Element formulation 5 = 1-point ALE solid

ALE mesh-smoothing activated  *CONTROL_ALE

NOTE:
(1 material occupies 1 whole mesh,just
* The mesh deforms with the material.
like Lagrangian except it allows for
mesh smoothing) * ALE method allows mesh smoothing.
* Only 1 material in each element.
Advantage:
Free surface is followed automatically.
Less element error for large deformation.
Disadvantage:
Limited to relatively simple geometry.
Cannot create new surfaces (damaged).

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(2) Single Material ALE Formulation with Smoothing

(double-click on picture below)

Smoothed out mesh near impact surface.

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

(3) Eulerian Formulation with Single Material

(1 material occupies 1 whole mesh) *SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
a) 1 6

Element formulation 6 (or 7) = 1-point 3D Eulerian element

Advection activated  *CONTROL_ALE

b)
NOTE:
* The mesh is spatially fixed (no mesh smoothing).
* The material (fluid) flows through the mesh.
c) * Only 1 material / element.
Advantage:
Efficient for very large element deformation (flow).
Can create new free surfaces automatically.
d) Disadvantage:
Fixed Eulerian mesh  simple geometry & BC‟s.
Difficulty in tracking thin material interfaces.

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(3) Eulerian Formulation with Single Material

(double-click on picture below)

Eulerian
mesh

Prescribed
in-flow
BC
Prescribed
out-flow
(Free BC)

No-outflow BC for the nodes

on the channel side walls
(zero normal velocity).

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(4) ALE Formulation with Single Material + Void

Physical Material 1 Void
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
1 12

Element formulation 12 = 1-point

integration 3D-element with 1 material
and void
(1 mesh for the “physical” material & 1 mesh
Merged nodes on material-mesh and void-mesh boundaries. for the void  these 2 meshes share merged
nodes on their common boundaries)

Advection activated  *CONTROL_ALE

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(5) Multi-Material ALE Formulation (fixed mesh)

Material 1 Material 2 *SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
1 11

Element formulation 11 = ALE multi-material

(1 mesh for each “physical” material  all multi-
material meshes share merged nodes on their
common boundaries to allow for the material flows
between them.)

Merged nodes on mat-1-mat-2 mesh boundaries.

NOTE:
* Material flows through mesh.
* Multi-material/element.

Advection activated  *CONTROL_ALE

To track multi-material interfaces  use

*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP

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(5) Multi-Material ALE Formulation (fixed mesh)

(double-click on picture below)

• The material flows through a fixed mesh.

• Each element is allowed to contain a mixture of different materials.

Material 1 Material 2

Outflow BC. Outflow BC.

No-outflow BC.

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(5) Multi-Material ALE formulation

(double-click on picture below)

• The material flows through a fixed mesh.

• Each element is allowed to contain one or more materials.

Mesh
Motion
Allowed

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(5) Multi-Material ALE formulation

Element Stress Calculation
The composite stress,  , is the volume fraction weighted average of
*

the individual material group stresses, 

k k  [1, nmat ].
nmat nmat i  Material Volume Fractions

 *  k k  k 1
k 1 k 1
3 , 3
3 different materials

2 , 2
1 , 1

(sk is calculated assuming the whole

element is occupied by material “k”)
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(5) Multi-Material ALE formulation

Element Stress Calculation

The internal force vector is based on the composite stress tensor.

internal element force

fi    | reduced integration | 
e t * e
B dV
Ve

B V t * e
(1 , 2 , 3 ) ( 0 , 0 , 0 )

derivatives of element volume

shape functions
composite stress vector

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[IV] MATERIAL DEFORMATION

BEHAVIOR:
EQUATION OF STATE
&
CONSTITUTIVE MODELS
(CAUTION: all material data in this section are fictitious!)

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MATERIAL DEFORMATON BEHAVIOR

Material deformation is typically partitioned into 2 components: (1) a
volume-preserving and (2) a volumetric components. In the former,
deformations occur without changing the volume of the material. In the
latter material volumetric deformations occur. The total stress tensor may
be partitioned into 2 components: deviatoric stresses and pressure.
 ij   ij   kk ij where  kk   11   22   33  3  P and
 ij   ij   kk  ij  kk  11   22   33  3   
where
A Constitutive Model (CM) relates  ij to  ij .
A Equation of State (EOS) relates P to   .
This is true whenever we use both the CM & EOS to describe a material.
Some sample models will be considered as illustrations in the following.
MANDATORY: You must have correct physical data for the materials to
expect any decent solution to your model! Arbitrary data may result in
program crashing with unknown reasons!
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“FLUID-LIKE” MATERIAL MODEL  *MAT_NULL

*MAT_NULL CM may be used for material with fluid-like deformation
characteristics (air, water, etc.). Used by itself, this gives the viscous stress
in the material. (The viscous stress is deviatoric in character.)
 v ij   ij    ij
Used with an EOS, this gives the deviatoric stress component and the
EOS provides the pressure component. Together they combine to give the
total stress in the material. 1
 
 ij   ij   kk  ij     ij  P ij
ij  Deviatoric strain rate (1/s) 3
  Mu = Dynamic viscosity (Pa*s)
Some dummy sample input cards (users are always responsible for their own data!)
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RHO0 PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR  Air (kg-m-s-K)
1 1.1800 -1.0 1.7456E-5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RHO0 PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR  Water (kg-m-s-K)
1 998.21 -10.0 0.8684E-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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“FLUID-LIKE” MATERIAL MODEL  *MAT_NULL

The cut-off pressure, PCUT parameter in the *MAT_NULL card is used
as a dilitation pressure limit (negative pressure) to reset the pressure in an
element. This can actually be a very important variable. Material
behavior in compression may be tested, but that in dilitation is very
difficult to obtain! How much dilitation pressure does it take to cause a
chunk of water to break apart (spalling)? The actual number is most of
the time unknown! We can only make some educated guesses  a small
negative value comparing to atmospheric pressure in many cases (air &
water, etc.).

The dynamic viscosity, mu (  ), is sometimes helpful in stabilizing the

numerical computation of the material deformation.

The “rule of thumb” is “always build a model that best approximates

your physical system”.

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MATERIAL MODELS: JOHNSON-COOK (1983)

Flow stress is a function of strain rate, plastic strain and Temperature.
 y   y  p , , T 
 
 y  A  B   p   1  C  ln   1  T
n *
 
* m

Plastic Strain Hardening Rate dependent Thermal Softening

Where {A, B, n} and {C} and {m} are material parameters.


 
* where
0  p = Equivalent plastic strain.
e 
T  T0 
*
= Normalized plastic strain rate.
Cp
 0
= 1/s
T  T0
T 
*
* T = Homologous temperature.
Tmelt  T0
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MATERIAL MODELS: JOHNSON-COOK (1983)

Johnson-Cook model allows material to fail when its damage parameter,
D=1

D
Equivalent plastic strain increment

f Equivalent fracture strain

And f is defined as

f

  D1  D2e ( D3 * )
1 D ln( )1 D T 
4
*
5
*

where
P Pressure
 *

 eff Effective stress

D accounts for (1) loading, (2) strain rate and (3) thermal effects in
the failure of the material.

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“VOID-LIKE” MATERIAL MODEL  *MAT_VACUUM

*MAT_VACUUM is a new material model which may be used for void-
like material. Mainly it allows void to be used with ALE multi-material
element formulation (ELFORM=11). It provides convenient usage in the
case if volume filling of a container where the void material may be
modeled directly.
*MAT_VACUUM
$ MID RHO0  Air (kg-m-s-K)
1 1.1800

Purpose:
Define vacuum in multi-material Eulerian element grids.
MID - Material ID
RHO0 - Ghost density
This density is not a real density. It is only used to avoid numerical
problems (zero mass) if external forces are applied to nodes belonging to
vacuum element.

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EQUATION OF STATE

Each Equation Of State (EOS) relates the pressure (P) to the specific
volume (vols), and temperature (T) of a material at a physical state, i.e.
P = P(vols,T).
P  Pcold  PThermal  A( )  B( )  eipv0
At any physical state, the vols identifies the compression state, and T
identifies the thermal state of the material.

Since by definition:
A specific_volume = vols = volume/mass
A density = rho = mass/volume = 1/vols = 1/specific_volume.
A specific internal_energy = ei = Cv*T ~ energy/mass.
An EOS can also written as P = P(rho, ei) = P(rho,T)

Be EXTRA CAREFUL with compression VS. dilitation behaviors of any

material in your applications! They are not the same for many materials!

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EQUATION OF STATE: IDEAL GAS

The perfect gas EOS can be given in many forms. A few are shown here
just for clarity and also provide a check for the unit system used.
[1] Generally, the ideal gas EOS may be written as
N 3
 m2  
m ~ PV  nRu T ~ mole  J  o
 mole  K o  K ~ J  
   
where Ru is the universal gas constant = 8.3144 J/(mole*Ko). A gas
constant specific to a material can be defined as
Ru M  M n  Molecular mass of a species ~ kg/mole
R where
M R  Material-specific gas constant (per-mass unit)
In an alternate form, divide both sides of the above equation by mass
 N  m   mole    o
 
3
V n J J
 m 2   kg  ~ P M  M RuT ~  kg   mole  K o  K ~ kg
     
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EQUATION OF STATE: IDEAL GAS

[2] Now rewrite it
 J  o
P  R T ~  o
K ~  
J
where   specific volume
 kg  K  kg
Recalling the relations among CP & Cv & g & R are
R C p  Cv
R  C p  Cv    g  1  R  g  1Cv
Cv Cv
Rewriting (CP & Cv & R all have per-mass unit in this form) e
P  g  1  g  1 CvT  P  g  1 CvT  g  1
CvT M ei
 V V
[3] In the form used
P  g  1
CvT 0 
 g  1
eipv0
by LS-DYNA
 0  vrelative

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EQUATION OF STATE: IDEAL GAS

[4] Alternately from *MAT_NULL

  0 0
P  R T  C p  Cv  0 T ~ 2
N where vr  
 vr  m  vr
LS-DYNA provides at least 2 methods of defining an EOS for an ideal gas.
For example, the following definition will initialize the gas to 1 atm (or
101,325 Pascal). compute initial pressure from these values  see above equation
*EOS_IDEAL_GAS
$ EOSID Cp Cv C1 C2 T0 Vr0
2 719.0 1006.0 0.0 0.0 298.00 1.0
$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0 = Air
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
$ EOSID C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.400 0.400 0.0
$ EIPV0 V0
253312.5 1.0

NOTE! The initial pressure of a material is often critical to its transient behavior. A
user must use the equations to compute the appropriate eipv0 & V0 – always!
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EQUATION OF STATE: IDEAL GAS

*EOS_IDEAL_GAS
$ EOSID Cp Cv C1 C2 T0 Vr0
2 719.0 1006.0 0.0 0.0 298.00 1.0

Purpose: Modeling an Ideal Gas EOS.

ID - EOS ID
CV & Cp - Gas specific heat capacities.
C1 & C2 - T dependent coefficients of the heat capacities.
T0 - Initial temperature
V0 - Initial relative volume
Note:
If used together with *BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS, the prescribed
internal energy curve is to be replace by a temperature curve.

P  Pcold  PThermal  A( )  B( )  eipv0

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EQUATION OF STATE: LINEAR-POLYNOMIAL MODEL

• General Form: P  Pcold  PThermal  A( )  B( )  eipv0
  
P  C0  C1  C2  2  C3  3  C4  C5   C6  2 eipv0 
• Perfect Gas can be modeled by letting
C0  C1  C2  C3  C6  0 AND C4  C5  g  1
where
P  g  1(1   )eipv0
vr = relative volume.
eipv0 = internal energy/reference volume.
 0 1 e = internal energy/mass.
(1   )    Note that for perfect gas, P0 can be defined
 0   rel by setting appropriate eipv0, and vr OR by

P  g  1 eipv0  g  1e
setting C0 but NOT BOTH!
0
0  1 0   d
Definitions:      1 and    1  
 0 rel  
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EQUATION OF STATE: LINEAR-POLYNOMIAL MODEL

Example of how to calculate a pressure (initial) condition for air:
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
$ EOSID C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.400 0.400 0.0
$ EIPV0 V0
253312.5 1.0

We can define pressure by defining 2 parameters:

[1] Internal energy per unit reference volume = eipv0  0e  0CV  T
 0
[2] Relative volume =  rel  
0 
P  g  1
1
Then pressure is calculated by eipv0
 rel
2 curves of eipv0 t ,  rel t  are used in the *BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS
card to calculate the pressure, P(t), in the elements which belong to a
specified PID. This is shown in the airbag model shown in later example.
Note: Specifying C0 is not recommended when dealing with perfect gas or
any equation requiring the use of “absolute P” (instead of gage P)!
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EQUATION OF STATE: JWL for detonation products

• General Form:
    R1V     R2V   eV 0
P  A1  e  B 1  e 
 R1   R2  
For many high explosives (HE) a common EOS formulation is the
Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) EOS. It has 5 adjustable parameters. It can
represent well many experiments (explosive cylinder test). This test uses
a cylinder of copper filled with an HE, which is then initiated, and the
expansion is recorded. The obtained expansion profile can be then used
to calibrate the EOS model.

1 2 
A, B, R , R ,  Material property parameters.
eV 0  Internal Energy/Initial_Volume

 Specific_Volume = Volume/Mass
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EQUATION OF STATE: MIE-GRÜNEISEN MODEL

• General Form:
P  Pc  PT  A( )  B( )  eV 0
Cold part ~ Elastic interaction between atoms at 0K° isotherm.
Thermal part ~ Kinetic contribution due to molecular motion.
• For Compression ( = -1 > 0):
 0C02  2  2  g 0   g 0  a  2 
A(  )  2
 2 3 
21  S1  1  S 2  S3 2
   1   1 
B(  )  g 0  a 
0  1
• For Tension ( = -1 < 0): where       1
  0  rel
A(  )   0C0 
2
   d
and     1  0 
B(  )  g 0  a   
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EQUATION OF STATE: MIE-GRÜNEISEN MODEL

Where
C0 = the bulk sound speed.

S1, S2, S3 = coefficients of the us-up curve.

 up   up 
2

us  C0  S1u p  S 2  u p  S3   u p
 us   us 
For many materials, LINEAR us - up curve is quite adequate.

The initial or boundary condition for pressure can be set by substituting

all material data input into the EOS.

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EQUATION OF STATE: MIE-GRÜNEISEN MODEL

For example, a definition for water might look like this

$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
2 998.21 -10.0 0.8684E-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMA0 A EIPV0
2 1.647E3 1.921 -0.096 0.0 0.350 0.0 2.895E+5
$ VR0
1.0

The eipv0 value may be computed from a known P (in this case it is 1 atm
or ~101325 Pascals)  Assuming further that the relative volume or
density of water is not changed very much from its reference value 
VR0 ~ 1.0  Putting all known data for water and these known
information back into the Mie-Gruneisen EOS and compute eipv0!

Whether the initial P is important or not depending on the users‟

application range and scenario.

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[IV] EXPLAINING COMMANDS RELATED TO

FLUID-STRUCTURE-INTERACTION
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH

*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
*SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST

*CONTROL_ALE
*EOS_IDEAL_GAS
*MAT_VACUUM

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ALE: Multi-Material Interfaces Tracking

*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
SID STYPE

SID Set ID STYPE Set type: 0=Part_Set, 1=Part

Consider a structure containing 3 containers containing 2 different physical materials
(fluids 1, 2). The containers are made of the same, say, metal. Assume that these
containers explode and spilling the fluids. *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
(AMMGID) defines the appropriate material grouping for treating multi-material
elements & interface tracking.
Physical Mat 3 Physical Mat 3 Physical Mat 3
(part 44) (part 55) (part 66)

Physical Mat 4
(part 77)

Distinguish between
“physical material Physical Mat 1 Physical Mat 2 Physical Mat 2
#’s” & “Part ID #’s” ! (part 11) (part 22) (part 33)

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ALE: Multi-Material Interfaces Tracking

APPROACH #1: Maintaining the interfaces for each part ID.
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
11 1 AMMGID=1
22 1 AMMGID=2
33 1 AMMGID=3
44 1 AMMGID=4
55 1 AMMGID=5
66 1 AMMGID=6
77 1 AMMGID=7

Then, the interface of each part (11-77) will be tracked. This is,
however, expensive due to the additional interface tracking
computations, and not necessarily more accurate. As the same physical
fluid , say fluid 2 from parts 2 and 3, flow into the same element, they
behave as a single material. Thus tracking their interfaces may not be
necessary.
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ALE: Multi-Material Interfaces Tracking

APROACH #2: If we group the physical materials together.
*SET_PART
1
11
*SET_PART
2
22 33
*SET_PART
3
44 55 66
*SET_PART
4
77
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
1 0 AMMGSID=1
2 0 AMMGSID=2
3 0 AMMGSID=3
4 0 AMMGSID=4
Then, the interfaces of the 4 physical materials will be tracked.
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ALE: Multi-Material Interfaces Tracking

NOTE:
• It is important to distinguish between the material ID or part ID from
the “physical” material: the former is used for identification purpose
and the latter is used in the physical computation.
• The same physical fluids coming from different part ID‟s into an
empty element will “coagulate” and have no physical interfaces.
However, the same physical solids coming from different part ID‟s into
an empty element will not mix and will have interfaces. The
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP command should be used based
on the physics of the problem.
• For example, if we want to model multiple solid particles of the same
physical material, which collide with each other (powder compaction),
we want to maintain the interfaces among the solid particles. Thus,
APPROACH #1 in the previous slide should be used in this case.

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ALE: Mesh Translation/Rotation/Expansion control

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
SID STYPE PRTYPE PRID BCTRAN BCEXP BCROT ICOORD
XC YC ZC EXPLIM DELAY

SID Set ID
STYPE Set type (0=Part_Set, 1=Part, 2=Node_Set, 3=Segment_Set).
PRTYPE Reference system type (More details on next slide ).
PRID ID of switch list, node group or curve group.
BCTRAN Mesh translational constraints. 0=free 7=fixed x&y&z
1=fixed x 2=fixed y
BCEXP Mesh expansion constraints. 3=fixed z 4=fixed x&y
BCROT Mesh rotational constraints. 5=fixed y&z 6=fixed z&x
ICOORD Flag for the definition of the center of mesh expansion and rotation
0: center of gravity 1: at coordinate (XC,YC,ZC)
XC
YC Coordinate defining center of mesh expansion and rotation.
ZC
EXPLIM Limit ratio for mesh expansion or shrinkage.
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ALE: Mesh Translation/Rotation/Expansion control

0 Eulerian.
1 Lagrangian.
PRTYPE
2 Classical or normal ALE mesh smoothing
(see *CONTROL_ALE and *ALE_SMOOTHING).
3 Prescribed motion following load curves
(see *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE).
4 Automatic mesh motion following mass weighted average velocity in ALE mesh.
5 Automatic mesh motion following coordinate system defined by three user-defined nodes
(see *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE).
6 Time-Switching control among different reference system types (Eulerian, ALE, etc.)
(see *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH).
7 Automatic mesh expansion in order to enclose up to twelve user defined nodes
(see *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE).
8 Delayed-ALE to control how much the mesh is to be moved during the remap step 
This option requires the definition of the 5th parameter in the 2nd card (called DELAY%).

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ALE: Mesh Translation/Rotation/Expansion control

PRTYPE = 8 = DELAYED-ALE (this is still experimental!)
For pure Eulerian method, the nodes of the deformed mesh (Lagrangian) always get remapped all
the way back to the original Eulerian mesh position  i.e. no delay in mesh remapping! 
DELAY is the fraction of mesh motion to be remapped to the original Eulerian mesh per dt.
DELAY =1= Pure Eulerian. DELAY =0= Pure Lagrangian.
Remapping distance
Xmeshnew = XmeshLagrangian - DELAY *d
Eulerian = DELAY =1.0  Xmeshnew = XmeshLagrangian - 1.00*d
ALE = DELAY =0.2  Xmeshnew = XmeshLagrangian - 0.20*d
Lagrangian = DELAY =0.0 Xmeshnew = XmeshLagrangian - 0.00*d
d2
2
d  min( vmax t , D * DELAY ) XEuler
3 XLagrangian

1
4

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
$ SID STYPE PRTYPE PRID BCTRAN BCEXP BCROT ICOORD
8
$ XC YC ZC EXPLIM DELAY
0.20

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(5) Multi-Material ALE Formulation (varying mesh)

Material 1 Material 2 Control interfaces tracking
between material groups

*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP

PART 2 PART 1 *SET_PART

1 Magnitude of mesh expansion
PSID 1
1 2

$ ASSIGN REF SYS TYPE TO SETID=1; SETTYPE=0=PSID; PRTYPE=4=REFSYSTYP=mesh_ave_v

$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
$ SID STYPE PRTYP PRID BCTRAN BCEXP BCROT ICOORD
1 0 4 0 3 6 7 0
$ XC YC ZC EXPLIM
0 0 0 1.3

BCTRAN=3=No mesh
PRTYP=4=Auto mesh
translation in z-dir
motion following Ave
mass
BCEXP=6=No mesh BCROT=7=No mesh
expansion in z&x dir rotation

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ALE: Mesh Translation Control

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE
NSID
NID1 NID2 NID3 NID4 NID5 NID6 NID7 NID8
NID9 NID10 NID11 NID12

ID Node_Set ID To define a Node-Group that controls the

NID1… NID12 User specified nodes motion of an ALE mesh (to be used with
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP )

For PRTYPE=5 the ALE mesh is forced to follow the motion of a coordinate
system, which is defined by three nodes (NID1,NID2,NID3). These nodes are
located at, x1, x2, x3, respectively. The axes of the coordinate system are defined as:

x 2  x1 x  (x3  x1 )
x  z  y  z  x
| x 2  x1 | | x  (x3  x1 ) |

For PRTYPE=7, the ALE mesh is forced to move and expand, so as to enclose up
to twelve user defined nodes (NID1…NID12).

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ALE: Reference System Moves with 3-nodes

ALE mesh motion following a coordinate system defined by 3 use-defined nodes

node #5 part 2 node #6 x 2  x1

x 
(Pt. 1) x (Pt. 2) | x 2  x1 |

x  ( x 3  x1 )
y z 
| x  ( x 3  x1 ) |
node #7 (z’ is an axis pointing into-paper)
(Pt. 3)
y   z   x
part 1

PRTYPE=5: SID follows 3-nodes

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
1 0 5 1 PRID=1: System-Node-Group number
*SET_PART_LIST
1  PSID 1 contains PID 1 & 2
1 2
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE
1 NSID of the 3-nodes ref. System which
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ALE: Mesh Translation Control

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE
$ CURVESID
$ LCID1 LCID2 LCID3 LCID4 LCID5 LCID6 LCID7 LCID8
$ LCID9 LCID10 LCID11 LCID12

ID Curve set ID
LC1 = f1
. To prescribe the motion of an ALE mesh
. Load curve ID’s
.
LC12=f12 (used with *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP)

The velocity of a node at coordinate (x1, y2, z3) is defined as:

Translation Rotation

 x   f1   f 2 f3 f4  x 
      
 y    f5    f6 f7 f8   y 

 z  f  f f12   
   9   10 f11  z 
f1(t) is the value of load curve LC1 at time t, etc.
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ALE: Mesh Translation Control

Example of prescribed ALE mesh motion following a set of pre-defined load curves
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
$ SID STYPE PRTYP PRID
part 5 1 0 3 1
(bird) $ XC YC ZC EXPLIM
part 4 0 0 0 0
(void) initial *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE
$ CURVESID
velocity 1
$ LCID1 LCID2 LCID3 LCID4 LCID5
1 0 0 0 2

*SET_PART_LIST
1
4 5
*DEFINE_CURVE
1 curve ID for f1=Vx
0.0, 5.0
0.15, 5.0
0.16, 0.0
5.0, 0.0
 x   f1  0 0 0  x  *DEFINE_CURVE
      y  2 curve ID for f5 =Vy
 
   5  
 
y f 0 0 0 0.0, -1.0

 z   0  0 0 0  z  0.15,-1.0
       0.16, 0.0
5.0, 0.0
After time=0.15  no motion
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ALE: Mesh Translation Control

Example of prescribed ALE mesh motion following a set of pre-defined load curves
a) b) Vy
Vx

After time=0.15  no mesh motion

c) d)

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ALE: Mesh Translation Control

Example of prescribed ALE mesh motion following a set of pre-defined load curves

Double-Click on
the picture …

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ALE: Reference System Time-Switching Control

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH
SWITCH_ID
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
SYSTYPE1 SYSTYPE2 SYSTYPE3 SYSTYPE4 SYSTYPE5 SYSTYPE6 SYSTYPE7 SYSTYPE8
NDCURVID1 NDCURVID2 NDCURVID3 NDCURVID4 NDCURVID5 NDCURVID6 NDCURVID7 NDCURVID8

ID Switch list ID At time T1 the reference system type is

T1 switched from PRTYPE1 to PRTYPE2
. etc. (Please see
. Times for switching
. reference system type *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP for
T7
information about the different reference
TYPE1
. system types, i.e. PRTYPE parameter.)
. Reference system types
.
TYPE8
ID1
. Time0 Time1 Time2
. ID of node or curve group
. (PRTYPE=3,5 or 7)
ID8 PRTYPE1 PRTYPE2

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ALE: SwitchingMotion of Reference System

(a) Moves with Average Mass Flow & (b) Fixed Mesh

part 4
(void) initial
velocity PRTYPE=6 
Reference System is switched from
part 5 one type to another according to a
(bird) time table provided by the load
curve PRID.

Example of switching between reference system types:

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP PRID Translate Expand Rotate
1 0 6 1234 0 0 7

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH
1234
0.1 0.15 0.25 0.30 10.0 Time
4 0 4 0 4 System Mesh motion following
type Average mass flow
(PRTYPE=4)
*SET_PART_LIST
1 Eulerian description of motion: fixed mesh
4 5 (PRTYPE=0)
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ALE: SwitchingMotion of Reference System

(a) Moves with Average Mass Flow & (b) Fixed Mesh

Double-Click on
the picture …

PRTYPE=0 PRTYPE=0
PRTYPE=4 PRTYPE=4 PRTYPE=4

t
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
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*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
SLAVE MASTER SSTYPE MSTYPE NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORM ISEGNORM XDAMP
Cq HMIN HMAX ILEAK ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR

This is the main command to couple the Lagrangian structures (SLAVE)

to Eulerian or ALE structures (MASTER). Currently Lagrangian shell,
beam and solid elements can be coupled. A collection of shells can be
grouped into a Segment_Set and the SGSID can be used in the coupling.
Currently three (3) cards are required.
SLAVE

MASTER

x
Quadrature x

Points

Slave Segment interacting with Master Element

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Penalty-Based Coupling Formulation

• The penalty based algorithm tracks the relative displacement between fluid and the
structure.
• Nodal forces, proportional to the magnitude of the relative displacements, are
applied forcing the fluid(s) and structure(s) to provide the interactions.
• The method conserves energy but it is not as stable as the constraint-based method.
coupling starts later
Quadrature
• Coupling Point •
• • • •
mark a material
point in the fluid •
•
• • • •
fluid element
• •
Lagrangian
structure we trace the material point, ,
and apply a coupling force
proportional to d.
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*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
SLAVE MASTER SSTYPE MSTYPE NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORM ISEGNORM XDAMP
Cq HMIN HMAX ILEAK ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR

CARD 1:
SLAVE Slave ID.
MASTER Master ID.
SSTYP Slave ID type : 0=PSID; 1=PID; 2=SGSID.
MSTYP Master ID type : 0=PSID; 1=PID.
NQUAD Number of quadrature coupling points on a Lagrangian segment.
CTYPE Coupling type:
1: Constrained acceleration
2: Constrained acceleration and velocity (default)
3: Constrained acceleration and velocity normal direction only.
4: Penalty coupling for Lagrangian shell & solid elements.
5: Penalty coupling for Lagrangian solid elements, with erosion.
DIREC=1 6: Special penalty coupling for airbag application (new, less robust).

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*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
SLAVE MASTER SSTYPE MSTYPE NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORM ISEGNORM XDAMP
Cq HMIN HMAX ILEAK ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR

CARD 1 (cont.):

DIREC Coupling direction choice:

1: Coupling in normal direction - in compression & tension (default).
2: Coupling in normal direction - in compression only (robust).
3: Coupling in all directions.

MCOUP Multi-material groups coupling:

=0: Coupling with all material groups  ILEAK is turned off.
=1: Coupling with material with highest density only (more robust).
<0: If this is a negative integer (example: –112) then an
AMMSID =112 will contain the master fluid(s) to be coupled to.
This SET-ID AMMSID is defined by a
*SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST card.

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*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
SLAVE MASTER SSTYPE MSTYPE NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORM ISEGNORM XDAMP
Cq HMIN HMAX ILEAK ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR

CARD 2:
START Time to start coupling.
END Time to end coupling.
PFAC Penalty factor (for CTYPE=4, 5, 6), default=0.1.
If this is a possitive integer  it is the % of estimated critical stiffness.
If this is a negative integer (example: –112) then 112 is a load curve
of P VS. penetration_depth is given (LCID=112) for coupling force
calculation: abscissa=x= penetration_depth, ordinate=y=maximum
pressure on Lagrangian segments.
FRIC Coefficient of friction (for DIREC=2 only).
FRCMIN Minimum volume fraction of a fluid in an element to start coupling
(MCOUP=1 only, 0.3 may be a good value, default is 0.5).

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*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
SLAVE MASTER SSTYPE MSTYPE NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORM ISEGNORM XDAMP
Cq HMIN HMAX ILEAK ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR

CARD 2 (cont.):
NORM Shell element and segment normal vector flag:
0: Use right-hand rule to find surface normal vector (default).
1: Use left-hand rule to find surface normal vector .

Shell Shell motion Shell

Shell motion
 Fluid & shell  Fluid & shell
Fluid will interact Fluid will not interact 
void
void Use NORM=1 here to flip vector.
Shell normal vector

ISEGNORM Coupling direction flag: =0= interpolation based on nodal normals;

=1=interpolation of coupling direction based on segment normals.

XDAMP Coupling damping frequency in terms of % of critical system

frequency(testing phase).
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*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
SLAVE MASTER SSTYPE MSTYPE NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORM ISEGNORM XDAMP
Cq HMIN HMAX ILEAK ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR

CARD 3:

CQ Equivalent heat transfer coefficient.

HMIN Minimum air gap in heat transfer.
HMAX Maximum air gap in heat transfer.
ILEAK Coupling leakage control flag. 0: Off (default).
1: Leakage control is turned off if volfrac > FRCMIN+0.1 (FRCMIN=0.3)
2: Leakage control is turned off if volfrac > FRCMIN+0.3 (FRCMIN=0.3)
PLEAK How much to additionally stretch the coupling “spring” to prevent leakage.
(% of coupling distance to fluid surface from the end of coupling “springs”,
0 < PLEAK < 0.2).
LCPOR Load curve ID for porous flow through coupling segment:
abscissa=x=coupling-P, ordinate=y=porous_fluid_velocity.
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*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
SLAVE MASTER SSTYPE MSTYPE NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORM ISEGNORM XDAMP
Cq HMIN HMAX ILEAK ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR

CARD 3 (notes):
CQ, HMIN, HMAX are defined for a heat transfer interface between the Eulerian
master part(s) and the Lagrangian slave part(s) assuming there is a gap at their
intereface. This is a preliminary means for heat transfer ”coupling” effect.

h Lagrangian
TL
Eulerian TE
T
q  Cq
h
LCPOR: The coupling pressure is defined as
Fcoupling
Pcoupling  ( Pin  Pout ) 
Areacoupling
where Pin and Pout are the pressures inside and outside of the coupling segment.

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*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
SLAVE MASTER SSTYPE MSTYPE NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORM ISEGNORM XDAMP
Cq HMIN HMAX ILEAK ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR

SOME TIPS:
• NQUAD is defined based on the relative mesh sizes between the Lagrangian &
Eulerian meshes. Use NQUAD=3 per Eulerian element.
• CTYPE=4 works with Lagrangian shell and solid; CTYPE=5 to couple with
Lagrangian solid with erosion; CTYPE=6 for airbag only (DIREC=1).
• Most robust: DIREC=2  coupling in compression only.
• For a start, use default values for PFAC and FRIC  they can be “tweaked”
later in data validation phase.
• FRACMIN is the minimum fluid volume fraction in an element when the
coupling interaction between the fluid and the structure is turned on. The lower
it is, the earlier it is turned on.
• Always check the normal vectors of the slave shell elements to make sure that all
their normal vectors point into the interacting fluid. Otherwise, turn NORM=1.
• When turning on leakage control: ILEAK=1, use FRCMIN=0.3.
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ALE: GROUPING PHYSICAL MATERIAL

*SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
AMMGSID
AMMGID1 AMMGID2 AMMGID3 AMMGID4 . . .

AMMGSID ALE MULTI-MATERIAL GROUP SET ID (integer)

AMMGID# ALE MULTI-MATERIAL GROUP ID #
These AMMGID#’s are defined by the
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP card 
NOT JUST PART ID!

This card allows for the selection of particular ALE-Multi-Material(s) as master

material(s) to be used in the coupling.

AMMGSID is a positive integer  [-AMMGSID] = negative integer is used in

MCOUP in the 1st card of the *CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
card.
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ALE: GROUPING PHYSICAL MATERIAL

Example: Consider a fuel tank sloshing example …
*SET_PART_LIST PIDs
PSID 10
11 32 43
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
11 1  AMMGID=1 = gas inside a tank
32 1  AMMGID=2 = gasoline inside a tank (liquid)
43 1  AMMGID=3 = air outside a tank
*SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST
$ AMMGSID
12
$ AMMGID1 AMMGID2 AMMGID3 AMMGID4 AMMGID5 AMMGID6 AMMGID7 AMMGID8
1 2
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SLVSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYP DIR MCOUP
9 10 0 0 4 4 2 -12
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRCMN NORM
0 0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0
$ CQ HMIN HMAX ILEAK PLEAK LCPOR
0 0 0 1 0 0

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ALE: GROUPING PHYSICAL MATERIAL

Example: Consider a fuel tank sloshing example …

Where PID 11 & 32 are the gas & liquid inside the tank, respectively, and PID 43
is the air outside the tank.

PID‟s 11, 32, 43 are AMMGID‟s 1, 2, 3, respectively.

In the coupling card, the “MASTER” SETID is PSID 10. This PSID includes the
geometrical space of all 3 parts. It tells LS-DYNA to search for coupling in all of
these mesh spaces.
The MCOUP is set to “–12” where 12 is the ALE-multi-material-SETID
(AMMSID) which includes the 1st and 2nd ALE_multi-material-ID‟s (AMMGID)
only. This tells LS-DYNA to consider coupling only to those materials excluding
the 3rd AMMGID which is the air outside.

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ALE: GROUPING PHYSICAL MATERIAL

*CONTROL_ALE
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
START END AAFAC VFAC VLIM PRIT EBC PAMBIENT EBCXNSID

Modification:
The obsolete VLIMIT (card 2, colume 5) is replaced by PRIT. PRIT is a flag for
pressure equilibrium iterations in mixed multi-material elements. By default, all
materials inside a multi-material cell are (per definition) exposed to the same
volumetric strain rates. This can create problems when mixing materials with very
different bulk stiffnesses.
Setting PRIT=1, the code switches from equal volumetric strain rates to equal
pressure. That is, with PRIT=1 all materials inside an element are assumed to have
the same pressure.
PRIT - Pressure iteration flag
Eq.0 - Not activated (uniform volumetric strain rate inside multi-material
elements)
Eq.1 - Activated (uniform pressure inside multi-material elements)

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ALE: GROUPING PHYSICAL MATERIAL

*CONTROL_ALE
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
START END AAFAC VFAC VLIM PRIT EBC PAMBIENT EBCXNSID

Addition:
The PAMBIENT parameter has been added to define the nominal PAMBIENT
PAMBIENT – Ambient Pressure value (Pascal, psi, etc.)
The effect of PAMBIENT is taken out of the total stress tensor  ˆ ij   ij  PAMBIENT   ij
The model is integrated in time  ˆ  ij  ˆ  ij
Then the PAMBIENT is added back to the updated stresses    ij  ˆ  ij  PAMBIENT   ij
This takes out the dynamic effects due to PAMBIENT .
EBC = Global Eulerian BC‟s: 0=off; 1=on with stick; 2=on with slip BC.
If EBC<0  when the nodal normals of the adjacent segments have angles
larger than the specified acos(abs(-EBC)) then the node BC is applied.
EBCXNSID = NSID containing nodes to be excluded from the EBC Eulerian BC‟s.

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ALE: GROUPING PHYSICAL MATERIAL

* INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION
$ EID VF1 VF2 VF3 VF4 VF5 VF6 VF7

This card defines initial volume fractions of different materials in multi-

material ALE element formulation. It used to allow only 2 AMMGID
(ALE multi-material group ID) 

Addition:
The number of VF-columns are extended from 2 to 7. Thus, we now can
handle more than 3 multi-material groups.

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[VI] EXAMPLES

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Illustrative Examples

In the following, the overall LS-DYNA modeling steps will be

given in details in the first few examples. Subsequently, we will
focus on the input definitions which control and/or affect the fluid
structure interactions (FSI) processes.

Note:
• The following examples are not meant to be (1) numerically accurate,
(2) comparable to each other.
• They are used only to illustrate the steps in FSI model constructions.
• Some may have non-physical material properties (adjusted to make the
computations faster.)
• The goal is only to convey the methodology used.

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The approach taken here asks the following questions:

1. What is the physical problem we are trying to simulate?
2. What are the LS-DYNA commands which can be used to
describe this physical system?
We may divide the input file into the following sections:
Define the basic geometry of the system.
Define/organize the parts which build up the total model.
Define the material properties that control deformations.
Define the initial & boundary conditions.
If dealing with multi-materials (multi-fluids), define the ALE
characteristics of the subsystems involved – Think of this as
the rules for treating the ALE|Eulerian material systems.
Define the interaction constraints among the interacting
fluids (ALE or Eulerian, master parts) and structures
(Lagrangian, slave parts).

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Modeling Procedure LS-DYNA Commands

Set up the control parameters for Execution & Computation options
(*CONTROL_).
Set up the control parameters for Output options (*DATABASE_).
Set up the Basic Geometry – This is a Pre-Processor function (*NODE,
*ELEMENT_SOLID, *ELEMENT_SHELL, etc.) .
Organize the Components of the model for interactions:
Define a *PART with its corresponding *SECTION_ properties,
Constitutive, EOS, and Hourglass models, etc.
Define the *SECTION_ properties (element formulation, etc.) .
Define the material behavior associated with each part using *MAT_.
Organize the parts into part-sets (*SET_PART  PSID) ; nodes into
node-sets (*SET_NODE  NSID); segments into segment-sets
(*SET_SEGMENT  SGSID), etc., as necessary for interaction
constraint definitions.

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Modeling Procedure  LS-DYNA Commands

 Define Initial (IC), Boundary (BC) & Load conditions ( *INITIAL_,
*BOUNDARY_, *LOAD_, etc.).
 Define interaction constraints or *CONTACT_ among Lagrangian
parts.
 Define interaction constraints among the Master|ALE|Eulerian|Fluid
and Slave|Lagrangian|Structure parts. This is done with the command
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID.
 Define ALE controls for the various set-IDs: PID|PSDI|SGSID|NSID …
These controls can include: [1] multi-material mixing in an ALE element
(*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP); [2] SID|mesh motion &
expansion (*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_); and [3] SID|mesh
smoothing (*ALE_SMOOTHING).
 Define user-input forcing functions or load curve definitions (LCID), as
necessary (*DEFINE_CURVE) for the above commands.

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Some Abbreviations

SID = Set ID
NSID = Node set ID
PID = Part ID
PSID = Part set ID
SGSID = Segment set ID
SHSID = Shell element set ID
SOSID = Solid element set ID
STP = Standard Temperature & Pressure ~(298K, 1 atm)

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Fluid-Structure-Interaction Modeling
Capabilities under Development
 Improving methods for minimizing “leakages” due to the (1) FSI and
(2) advection methods.
 Material temperatures & phase states tracking throughout the whole
calculation. This is necessary for modeling thermally sensitive
materials and processes (injection molding, welding processes, etc.).
 Consistent energy calculations for thermally dependent processes.
 Adding material-interface contour plotting capability into LSPOST.
 Adding parameter contour plotting capability (superimposed on top of
material plotting.)
 Non-Newtonian flow modeling capability.
 Improve dt calculation procedure to enhance robustness.
 Improve advection method to prevent negative advection volumes.

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Lagrangian Model
Lagrangian Projectile hitting Lagrangian target

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Pure Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Step 1: Understanding the physics of the problem
Fixed
• The projectile is modeled as a deformable
Lagrangian solid structure moving at constant
velocity striking the target.
• The target is modeled as a deformable shell
Projectile
structure (also Lagrangian) with its 2 ends fixed.
• Since both structures are Lagrangian, the impact
is governed by the *CONTACT_ algorithms in
LS-DYNA.
• The meshes follow and deform with the materials.
Target

Relating the physical set-up of the problem to

LS-DYNA KEYWORD commands … 

Fixed

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Step 2: Define the basic geometry of the problem Fixed end-nodes

Basic geometry definitions & nodal boundary conditions are *ELEMENT_SHELL

typically defined by commands such as:
*ELEMENT_SOLID
*NODE ~ NODE #,
nodal coordinate (x,y,z),
nodal motion constraints
(translational & rotational).
*ELEMENT_SOLID ~ ELEMENT #,
the PART # this element belongs
to, the node #‟s of the nodes make
up this element.
The target inner
*ELEMENT_SHELL ~ ELEMENT #, nodes may be
constrained to move
the PART # this element belongs in certain direction
to, the node #‟s of the nodes make only
up this element.
Fixed end-nodes

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Step 3: Define characteristics of basic geometrical components Fixed end-nodes

Organize the components in this model (projectile and target)

into part(s) by the *PART command.
Each part is associated with an element formulation (types of PART 1
solid or shell elements, etc.) defined by the commands SECTION 1

*SECTION_SOLID or *SECTION_SHELL. Generally one can

use:
*SECTION_SHELL Defines a SECTION ID, shell element formulation
type, integration options, and other parameters
required for shell element calculation.
*SECTION_SOLID Defines a SECTION ID, solid element formulation
type, smoothing weight factors & times, and ALE
advection vector.
*PART Defines a PART ID associated with a SECTION
PART 2
ID, its material and/or equation of state models, SECTION 2
hourglass ID, gravitational initialization, mesh
adaptivity, and thermal material ID. Fixed end-nodes

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Step 4: Define material deformation behaviors Fixed end-nodes

*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
Each PART is assigned a Material or Constitutive
Model (CM) and/or an Equation of State (EOS) model *MAT_NULL
by the *MAT_ & *EOS_ commands such as: *EOS_GRUNEISEN

*MAT_NULL ~ CM model for the projectile.

*EOS_GRUNEISEN ~ EOS model for the projectile

(required by *MAT_NULL ).

*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC ~ CM for the target

(no EOS model required for this CM).

Fixed end-nodes
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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Step 5: Define the initial and|or boundary conditions. Fixed end-nodes

INITIAL CONDITION:

*INITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE
The initial velocity of any PART can be defined by
the commands:

*INITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE which imposes a

velocity on each NODE

or

*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION which
imposes a velocity on each PART (created by the
*PART command), PART_SET (created by
*SET_PART), or NODE_SET (created by
*SET_NODE).

Fixed end-nodes
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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Step 6: Define parts-interaction behavior Fixed end-nodes

Impact/contact of Lagrangian bodies is governed by

CONTACT algorithm via the commands:

*CONTROL_CONTACT ~ which controls default global

CONTACT parameters;

and

*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE ~ which defines a

method for detecting and resolving the CONTACT between
the two Lagrangian parts.
NOTE:
*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE is generally used when a
collection of surfaces (or segments) come into contact nearly parallel
with another set of surfaces.
*CONTROL_CONTACT
*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE

Fixed end-nodes
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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

COMMAND SUMMARY: INTERACTIONS
Projectile = Lagrangian SOLID  CONTACT  Target = Lagrangian SHELL

[2] Define PART 2=target [5] = Define material properties:

*SECTION_SHELL *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
*PART *MAT_NULL
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
[3] Define IC‟s
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE

[1] = Basic geometry definitions + BC‟s:

*NODE (anchor 2 ends of target)
*ELEMENT_SOLID
*ELEMENT_SHELL

Reasonable trend but

Severe element distortion

[2] = Define PART 1 [4] = Structure Interactions - LAGRANGIAN:

*SECTION_SOLID *CONTROL_CONTACT
*PART *CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

RESULTS (double-click on picture below):
OK for small deformation, but can lead to highly distorted elements and thus inaccurate result.

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Details of the actual input commands …
Basic headings for LS-DYNA input deck (please consult the LS-DYNA user‟s
manual):

Comment symbol = “$”: LSDYNA ignores anything following a “$” at column 1.

Specifies that this input deck is of “*KEYWORD” format

$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
Bird hitting steel plate (birdlag.k)
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specifies the title of this model (input filename, unit system,…)

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Set up the CONTROL parameters for Execution & Computation options.

(Only some typical CONTROL options are shown here. For more details,
please consult the user‟s manual).
ENDTIM = Stopping time

Time or cycle number $-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

to stop calculation *CONTROL_TERMINATION
$ ENDTIM ENDCYC DTMIN ENDENG ENDMAS
2.5000E-3 0 0.0000000 0 0.0000000
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Controls for energy *CONTROL_ENERGY
Dissipation option $ HGEN RWEN SLNTEN RYLEN
1 2 1 1
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*CONTROL_SHELL
Controls for computing $ WRPANG ITRIST IRNXX ISTUPD THEORY BWC MITER PROJ
0.5000000 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shell response $-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Energy control options:

HGEN ~ Hourglass
RWEN ~ Rigid-Wall
SLNTEN~ Sliding-Interface
RYLEN ~ Rayleigh
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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Set up the CONTROL parameters for Output Options

(please consult the user‟s manual for more details):

Specifies the time increment, DT, for the complete binary output

$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
$ DT LCDT
5.0000E-5 0
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3THDT
$ DT LCDT
1.0000001
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specifies dt for the history output

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Define Basic Geometry, Nodes + Boundary Conditions and Elements :
Translational Rotational
Nodal ID Nodal Coordinate
Constraint Constraint

$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*NODE
$ NID X Y Z TRANSC ROTC
1 1.000000015E-01 1.000000015E-01 0.000000000E+00 3 0
2 1.125000045E-01 1.000000015E-01 0.000000000E+00 3 0
...
PART ID = 1 211 2.010000050E-01 2.875000238E-01 1.250000019E-02 3 4
212 2.010000050E-01 3.000000119E-01 1.250000019E-02 7 7
*ELEMENT_SOLID
Define for each solid $ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
ELEMENT its ID, its 1 1 1 2 11 10 82 83 92 91
associated PART, and 2 1 2 3 12 11 83 84 93 92
its 8 node numbers (N1- ...
63 1 70 71 80 79 151 152 161 160
N8).
64 1 71 72 81 80 152 153 162 161
*ELEMENT_SHELL
Define for each shell $ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4
ELEMENT its ID, its 1 2 163 188 189 164
associated PART, and 2 2 164 189 190 165
its 4 node numbers (N1- ... PART ID = 2
23 2 185 210 211 186
N4). 24 2 186 211 212 187
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ELEMENT ID #‟s

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Define SECTIONs, PARTs, PART_LISTs, NODE_LISTs, etc.:
First, define SECTION $-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
properties (using *SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
*SECTION_SOLID or 1 1
*SECTION_SHELL). $ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
•Element formulation $
•Smoothing options *SECTION_SHELL
(and in case of a SHELL, $ SECID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP SETYP
2 0 0.0000000 3.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
•Shear factor $ TH1 TH2 TH3 TH4 NLOC
•Shell thicknesses 0.0100000 0.0100000 0.0100000 0.0100000 0.0000000
etc.) $
*PART
BIRD = SOLID ELM, ELFORM=1=CONST-STRESS-ELM
Second, define each PART with $ PID SID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT THERMID
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
*PART:
*PART
•The associated *SECTION ID BLADE = SHELL ELM, ELFORM=2=DEFLT=BELYT-TSAY
•CM & EOS models 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
•Hourglass options, etc. $-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lastly, to treat multiple PARTs or SEGMENTs as an entity the GROUPING commands may be used:
*SET_PART groups one or more PARTs (or PID‟s) under one PART_SET ID (or PSID);
*SET_SEGMENT groups one or more SEGMENTs (or surfaces, SGID‟s) under one SEGMENT_SET ID (or SGSID);

These PID, PSID, or SGSID, etc. can be used to define their interactions later.

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Define Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions:

In this case, all the nodes on the projectile body is given an initial translational
velocity. Each node can be given a unique velocity.

*INITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE
$ NID VX VY VZ VRX VRY VRZ
1 150.00000 0.0000000 0.0000000
2 150.00000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$...
211 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
212 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000

Translational Velocity Rotational Velocity

(radian/unit-time)
Nodal ID
NOTE:
we can also use another command to give
an initial velocity to a PID or PSID or
NSID:
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Define a Lagrangian CONTACT option between any 2 contacting ENTITIES:
Lagrangian CONTACT card is required. Lagrangian Shell
Without this card the 2 PARTS will not be able to “see” each Element as target
other, and the projectile will just fly right through the target. MSID = Master entity ID
(Projectile, Solid, Lagr.)
SSTYPE = Slave Set types:
Lagrangian 0=SGSID 1=SHSID MSTYPE = Master Set types:
Solid 2=PSID 3=PID 0=SGSID 1=SHSID
Element as 2=PSID 3=PID
4=NSID 5=single-surf
projectile
6=exempted PSID

$ CONTACT CARDS: FIRST 3 CARDS ARE MANDATORY. IF NOT USED, MUST LEAVE A BLANK LINE.
*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
$ SSID MSID SSTYP MSTYP SBOXID MBOXID SPR MPR
2 1 3 3 0 0 0 0
$ FS FD DC VC VDC PENCHK BT DT
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ SFS SFM SST MST SFST SFMT FSF VSF

$ The blank line above is required for card # 3 for this type of contact.

SSID = Slave entity ID SBOXID = include only SLAVE nodes & segments w/i specified box
(Target, Shell, Lagr.) MBOXID = include only MASTER segments w/i specified box

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Lagrangian Model: Projectile Hitting Target

Define the MATERIAL deformation response properties
Consitutive & EOS models
Young Poisson‟s
Material ID Pcutoff  0.0 Viscosity Modulus Ratio
Density

$ PROJECTILE
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
1 1000.0000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
These MATID‟s and $
EOSID‟s are used in $TARGET Young Poisson‟s Yield Tangent Hardening
the *PART command *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC Modulus Ratio Stress Modulus Param
to associate the $ MID RO E PR SIGY ETAN BETA
2 7830.0000 2.070E+11 0.3000000 5.00000+8 2.07000+7 0.0000000
material model #‟s to $ SRC SRP FS VP
each PART. 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$
Note: $ PROJECTILE
Some CM does not *EOS_GRUNEISEN  (to be discussed later)
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMA0 A E0
require an associated 1 1500.0000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
EOS model. $ V0
0.0000000
*HOURGLASS
Define hourglass & bulk $ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
viscosity properties 1 2 0.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.0000000

HG control option HG coef Viscosity coef‟s HG coef‟s for shell

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Eulerian Model
ALE Projectile hitting Lagrangian target

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Eulerian projectile hitting Lagrangian target

Another Impact Model • The projectile is modeled as a deformable
Eulerian solid structure moving at constant
Fixed end-nodes
velocity striking the target.
• The target is modeled as deformable Lagrangian
shell structure with its 2 ends fixed.
• Eulerian projectile hitting Lagrangian target is
treated by COUPLING algorithms in LS-DYNA.

Features different from previous pure-Lagrange example:

• The PARTs are constructed in a different way:
PART 1=VOID & PART 2=Projectile: 1-MAT+VOID
PART 3=TARGET=Shell Element Structure
• An Eulerian mesh containing the projectile and overlaps
with the target Lagrangian mesh.
• COUPLING mechanism (not CONTACT) handles the
Fixed end-nodes interaction between the 2 impacting objects.

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Eulerian projectile hitting Lagrangian target

ELFORM=12=1-PT-1MAT+Void ELFORM=0=Belytschko-Tsay shell
PART CONSTRUCTION PART 1 (solid) PART 3 (shell)
SECTION 1 SECTION 3
• Create PID 1, the overall
computational domain.
• Delete the space occupied
The 2 PARTs must by PID 2 (projectile) from
share the same (also it, getting PID 1 mesh.
so called merged) • Create PID 2.
nodes on all their • Merge these 2 parts so
boundary surfaces they share the same nodes
on their common
Merged Nodes
boundary surfaces.
• Create the target, PID 3.

• Assign the same

ELFORM, MATID &
EOSID to both parts 1 & 2
(properties of the
PART 2 (solid) projectile).
SECTION 2 • Turn PID 1 into void using
ELFORM=12=1-PT-1MAT+Void the command
*INITIAL_VOID_PART.
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GEOMETRY DEFINITIONS:
Basic geometry definitions & nodal boundary conditions are typically defined by
commands such as: Target=PID 3=Lagrangian SHELL
overlaps solid mesh (hidden)
Basic geometry definitions + BC‟s:
*ELEMENT_SHELL
*NODE (anchor 2 ends of target)
*ELEMENT_SOLID
*ELEMENT_SHELL

Void=PID 1
Solid (ALE) element
ELFORM=12=1-PT-1-MAT+Void
*ELEMENT_SOLID

Projectile=PID 2
Solid (ALE) element
ELFORM=12=1-PT-1-MAT+Void
*ELEMENT_SOLID

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MODEL ORGANIZATION:
Define each PART in the model.
Grouping PARTs (PID) into PART_SET (PSID):
PSID 1:{PID 3}  CONSTRAIN-COUPLING  PSID 2:{PID 1 & PID 2}
PART 1=Void=ALE Solid
*SECTION_SOLID
*PART

PART 3=Target
GROUPING PARTS *SECTION_SHELL
*SET_PART_LIST *PART
PSID 2: Parts 1 & 2

PART 2=ALE Projectile GROUPING PARTS

*SECTION_SOLID *SET_PART_LIST
*PART PSID 1: {PID 3}

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INITIAL CONDITIONS:
• Initially in *PART, PID 1 has MATID=2 & EOSID=2, the properties of PID 2 (projectile).
To turn PID 1 into VOID, use the *INITIAL_VOID_PART command.
• To give the PID 2 its initial velocity, use *INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION

PART 1 = Void
*INITIAL_VOID

PART 2=Projectile
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION

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DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR: (Similar to previous example)
*MAT_NULL ~ CM model for the projectile.
*EOS_GRUNEISEN ~ EOS model for the projectile (required by *MAT_NULL ).
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC ~ CM for the target (no EOS model required).

PARTS-INTERACTION BEHAVIOR:
PART 3=Target
Interaction of ALE VS. Lagrangian bodies is governed Lagrangian
SLAVE
by COUPLING algorithm via the commands:

*CONTROL_ALE ~ controls default ALE & Eulerian

parameters for advection and
smoothing.
& PART 1=Void
ALE
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID ~ MASTER
Couple a Lagrangian mesh (slave) of shells|solid|beams
to the material points of an Eulerian (master) flow.

PART 2=Projectile
ALE
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COMMAND SUMMARY: INTERACTIONS
Projectile = ALE SOLIDS  COUPLING  Target = Lagrangian SHELL
[1] Basic geometry definitions + BC‟s: [6] Define material properties:
*NODE (anchor 2 ends of target) *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
*ELEMENT_SOLID *MAT_NULL
*ELEMENT_SHELL *EOS_GRUNEISEN
[2] Define PART 1=Void=ALE Solid
*SECTION_SOLID
*PART (Master)

[2] Define PART 2 =Projectile=ALE Solid

*SECTION_SOLID
*PART (Master)
[2] Define PART 3=target=Lagr. Shell
*SECTION_SHELL
[3] Organize model:
*PART (Slave)
*SET_PART_LIST defines PSID 1: {PART 3}
*SET_PART_LIST defines PSID 2: {PARTs 1 & 2}

[4] BC‟s & constraints:

*INITIAL_VOID
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION

[5] Fluid-Structure Interactions ALE VS. LAGRANGIAN

PSID 2: {PARTs 1 & 2} PSID 1: {PART 3}
*CONTROL_ALE
Master Slave
*CONSTRAINT_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID

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Eulerian projectile hitting Lagrangian target

RESULTS: INTERACTIONS
Projectile = ALE SOLIDS  COUPLING  Target = Lagrangian SHELL

Double-click on
the picture 

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NOTES ON RESULTS: INTERACTIONS
Projectile = ALE SOLIDS  COUPLING  Target = Lagrangian SHELL
Eulerian projectile (“flowing” through the Eulerian mesh):
Its shape is tracked by the volume fraction (vf) of the material in an element.
The edge contour variation reflects the vf magnitude & depends on the mesh resolution.
To get good interface  use higher mesh resolution.

NO OUTFLOW AT BOUNDARIES
The motion constraints set with the *NODE command does not
allow any outflow out of the Eulerian void mesh in this case.
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Eulerian projectile hitting Lagrangian target

BASIC GEOMETRY: Nodes + Boundary Conditions and Elements …

Translational Rotational
Nodal ID Nodal coordinate Constraint Constraint

*NODE
$ NID X Y Z TRANSC ROTC
1 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 7 0
PART 1=Void ...
1300 2.250000089E-01 3.000000119E-01 1.250000019E-02 7 7
$
*ELEMENT_SOLID SOLID: 8 node numbers
PART 2=Projectile $ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
1 1 1 2 10 9 65 66 74 73
...
Each SOLID ELM: 259 2 580 581 597 596 588 589 661 660
Its associated PART, ...
576 1 1193 1194 1201 1200 1242 1243 1250 1249
Its 8 nodes. $
SHELL: 4 node numbers
*ELEMENT_SHELL
Each SHELL ELM: $ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4
1 3 1251 1276 1277 1252
Its associated PART, ...
Its 4 nodes. 24 3 1274 1299 1300 1275

PART 3=Target
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MODEL ORGANIZATION: SECTIONs, PARTs, PART_LISTs, etc.
For solid: ELFORM=12=1-PT-INTEG-1MAT+VOID
For shell: ELFORM=0=Default=2=Belytschko-Tsay
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE *SECTION_SOLID_ALE
$ SID ELFORM AET Void
or *SECTION_SHELL 1 12
define: Element 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE Projectile
formulation, smoothing 2 12
options (and in case of 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*SECTION_SHELL Target
SHELL, shear factor, shell
$ SECID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP SETYP
thicknesses, etc.) 3 0 0.0000000 3.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ TH1 TH2 TH3 TH4 NLOC
0.0100000 0.0100000 0.0100000 0.0100000 0.0000000
*PART
*PART defines: VOID = SOLID ELM, ALE MULMAT
Its *SECTION ID, $ PID SID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT THERMID
1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0
MATID, EOSID, Hour- *PART
Glass-ID, Gravity, Mesh PROJECTILE = SOLID ELM, ALE MULMAT, MATSER
2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
Adapivity, Thermal *PART
MATID. TARGET = SHELL ELM, LAGR MAT, SLAVE
3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
*SET_PART_LIST
*SET_PART_LIST defines: $ SID DA1 DA2 DA3 DA4
PSID‟s, each contains 1 or 1
PSID 1 contains PID 3
3
more PID‟s. *SET_PART_LIST
PSID‟s can be used 2
PSID 2 contains PID 1&2
1 2

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INITIAL & BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
Initialize-by-PART: Initialize-by-PART:
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION *INITIAL_VOID_PART makes
gives PID 2 (projectile) its initial velocity. PID 1 “VOID” initially.

$ MAKE PART 1 VOID

*INITIAL_VOID_PART
$ PSID/PID
1
$-----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ GIVE PROJECTILE, PART 2, ITS INITIAL VEL Velocity
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
$PSID|PID|NSID SETYP OMEGA VX VY VZ
2 2 0 150. 0 0
$ XC YC ZC NX NY NZ PHASE

$ Keep *INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION card #2 BLANK

1=PSID
2=PID
3=NSID Angular Velocity about rotation axis is defined on the 2 nd card:
{Xc,Yc,Zc} = a coordinate on the rotational axis
{Nx,Ny,Nz} = directional cosines of the rotational axis
PHASE = 0: apply velocity immediately
= 1: apply velocity after dynamic relaxation

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Eulerian projectile hitting Lagrangian target

INTERACTION COUPLING: for any 2 interacting PARTs or PART_LISTs :
Default Continuum Treatment: ALE smoothing Coupling| type:
weight fators 1=constr accel.;
1=Lagr; 2=Eul;
2=accel&vel;
3=ALE; 4=Eul Ambient START= coupling start time
3=2-normal only;
(mesh not moving) 4=penalty w/ shell END= coupling end time
Advection method: PFAC= penalty factor (CTYPE=4)
5= penalty w/ solid
# cycles/advection 4=donor-cell + HIS FRIC= coef. of friction (DIREC=2)

*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 4-1.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
1 2 0 0 0 4 0 0
$ START END PFAC FRIC

CTYPE=4 only
MASTER set id = MSID couple w/:
Master_Set_TYPe: Quadrature Coupling rule:
(Projectile, Solid, Lagr.) 0=all mat groups;
0=PSID, 1=PID 0=@nodes; n=nXn; -n=both
1= higher rho mat

SLAVE set id = SSID Slave_Set_TYPe: CTYPE=4 only - Coupling dir:

(Target, Shell, Lagr.) 0=PSID, 1=PID, 2=SGSID 1=normal compres+tension;
2=normal compression only;
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ALE Model (Target has 1 free-end, moving mesh)

ALE Projectile hitting Lagrangian target

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ALE projectile hitting Lagrangian target (moving mesh)

OVERVIEW: The projectile is modeled as an ALE object surrounded by the ALE void
space. The ALE mesh (containing the projectile & void but does not cover the whole
computational domain ) is to move with the projectile‟s average velocity.

*INITIAL_VOID=PID 1 INTERACTION
• Group the 3D solid elements of PART 1 (void) & PART 2
(projectile) into a PSID 1 (or PART_SET 1) .
• Let PSID 1 (an ALE system) interact with PART 3 (or PID 3, a
Lagrangian structure).
INITIAL VELOCITY
• Group a set of NODES including both PIDs 1 & 2 into a
PART 1 PART 2 NODE_SET (NSID 95).
PSID 1
• In the initial condition, give this NODE_SET an initial
NSID 95 velocity.
(Note: Only nodes with nonzero mass can move with the prescribed
PID 3 velocity. So for the void nodes to move we need additional constraint 
below)
ALE MESH MOTION
• Define PSID 1 as an *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
for to allow for the ALE mesh to move with the projectile.

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ALE projectile hitting Lagrangian target (moving mesh)

INITIAL VELOCITY & ALE MESH MOTION:
• A NODE_SET containing all nodes in the ALE mesh is defined, NSID
95.
• NSID 95 is given an initial velocity using the command
*INITIAL_VELOCITY.
• Since only nodes with nonzero mass can move with this prescribed
velocity, to specify the ALE mesh movement, we can use the command
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP.
$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
PID 1 $ For ALE mesh motion, create NSID 95: {all nodes in 3D solid elements}
*SET_NODE_LIST_GENERATE
95
NSID 95 1569,3136
$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
*INITIAL_VELOCITY  This give initial vel. To all NODES in set.
$ NSID NSIDEX BOXID  If node has no mass  ignore this vel.
PID 2 95
$ VX VY VZ VXR VYR VZR
5.0 -1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0
$ ASSIGN REF SYS TYPE TO SETID=1; SETTYPE=0=PSID; PRTYPE=4=REFSYSTYP=mesh_ave_v
$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
PSID 1:{PID 1 & 2} *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
$ SID STYPE PRTYP PRID BCTRAN BCEXP BCROT ICOORD
1 0 4 0 3 3 4 0
PSID 3 $ XC YC ZC EXPLIM
0 0 0 1.3 (More details on this later …)

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ALE projectile hitting Lagrangian target (moving mesh)

INTERACTION COUPLING: The fluid-structure-coupling is similar to the last example.

PID 1 FSC:
The ALE-Lagrangian interaction is defined similarly as before …
i.e., via the commands:
*CONTROL_ALE (usually used with ELFORM: 5,6,7,11,12)
*CONSTRAINED _LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
Advection method: Turn off smoothing
4=Donor Cell + HIS
$ For FSC: Create PSID 1: {PID 1(void) & 2(projectile)}
*SET_PART_LIST
1
1,2
PSID 1 $---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
$ DCT=2=EUL; METH=4=donor+HIS
*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 4-1.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 PID 1
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
PID 2 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ SSTYP=1=PID;MSTYP=0=PSID;NQUAD=0=@NODES;CTYPE=4=PENALTY;DIREC=2=COMPRES,1=HI RHO
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
3 1 1 0 0 4 2 1
PID 3 $ START END PFAC FRIC
0.0 0.0 0.1

Penalty Normal
PID PSID
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ALE projectile hitting Lagrangian target (moving mesh)

Some more details of the command *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP …
$ ASSIGN REF SYS TYPE TO SETID=1; SETTYPE=0=PSID; PRTYPE=4=REFSYSTYP=mesh_ave_v
$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
$ SID STYPE PRTYP PRID BCTRAN BCEXP BCROT ICOORD
1 0 4 0 3 3 4 0
$ XC YC ZC EXPLIM
0 0 0 1.3

$*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP: assign ref sys types (LAGR|EUL|ALE) to a *_SET

$ CARD 1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ SID = set id
$ STYPE = SET TYPE: 0=part-set; 1=part; 2=node-set; 3=segment-set
$ PRTYPE= REFERENCE SYSTEM TYPE:
$ 0=Eulerian; 1=Lagrangian; 2=normal ALE smoothing;
$ 3=prescribed motion using load curve: *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE;
$ 4=auto mesh motion follow mass-averaged velocity of the ALE mesh;
PSID 1 $ 5=auto mesh motion following 3-NODES: *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE;
$ 6=switch in time |.| ref sys types: *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH;
$ 7=auto mesh expansion to enclose: *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE;
$ PRID = ID of switch list (node group or curve group (for PRTYPE:3,4,5,6,7)
$ BCTRAN= TRANSLATIONAL constraints (PRTYPE 3,4,5 & 7)
$ 0=none; 1=fix X; 2=fix Y; 3=fix Z;
$ 4=fix XY; 5=fix YZ; 6=fix ZX; 7=fix XYZ
$ BCEXP = mesh EXPANSION constraints (PRTYPE 3,4,5 & 7):similar to BCTRAN
$ BCROT = mesh ROTATIONAL constraints (PRTYPE 3,4,5 & 7): :similar to BCTRAN
$ ICOORD= center of mesh expansion or rotation: 0=CG; 1=@ given xc-yc-zc
$ CARD 2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ XC,YC,ZC = center of mesh expansion or rotation
PSID 3
$ EXPLIM = limiting ratio for mesh expansion: max expan=explim; min=1/explim

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ALE projectile hitting Lagrangian target (moving mesh)

RESULT SNAP SHOTS:
• The mesh moves and compresses in the X-direction proportionally to the X-deformation of
the ALE material (BCTRAN=3=fixed-in-z, thickness direction; BCEXP=3=fixed-in-z)
• It also rotates as this non-symmetrical impact results in the rotation of the projectile
(BCROT=4=allow mesh to rotate-about-z-only).
PRTYPE=4=mesh follows mass-averaged velocity.

Mesh Mesh Mesh

moves compresses rotates

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ALE projectile hitting Lagrangian target (moving mesh)

RESULT AVI (double-click on picture)

NOTE:
Free top and
bottom
boundaries
on the ALE
mesh allows
the “bird”
material to
flow out of
the mesh.

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Lagrangian Plate hitting ALE Multi-Material Fluids

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Lagrangian Plate hitting ALE Multi-Material Fluids

OVERVIEW:
A Lagrangian plate moves with “-y” velocity through air, then hits water.

• The Air and Water are defined as with PID 3 = Lagrangian

Plate
ALE-Multi-Materials. Such
formulation allows the mixing of the two
PID 1 = Air
material within each element.
• The Steel Plate is defined as Lagrangian.
• The Lagrangian mesh can overlap the
ALE mesh.
• The ALE-Multi-Material meshes must
PID 2 = Water
have merged nodes on their shared
boundaries (they share the same nodes).

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Lagrangian Plate hitting ALE Multi-Material Fluids

GEOMETRY DEFINITIONS:
Steel Plate=PART 3 (slave)
Air=PART 1 (master) Solid (Lagrangian) element
Solid (ALE) element ELFORM=1=Constant-Stress
ELFORM=11=1-PT-ALE-MUL-MAT *ELEMENT_SOLID, *PART
*ELEMENT_SOLID, *PART PID 1

PID 1
PID 3

{PID 1 & 2}: a multi-material group

*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
to allow multi-material mixing|interface
tracking in all ALE elements.
PID 2

Water=PART 2 (master)
Solid (ALE) element
ELFORM=11=1-PT-ALE-MUL-MAT
*ELEMENT_SOLID, *PART PID 2

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MODEL ORGANIZATION & INITIAL CONDITION:
Grouping PID 1 & 2 into PSID 1(master)
Grouping all surface segments of PID 3 into SGSID 1(slave) *SET_SEGMENT
SGSID 1
Defining initial velocity for PID 3. All surfaces of PID 3

To give PID 3 its initial velocity use:

*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION

PID 1

*SET_PART_LIST Merged nodes

PSID 1:{PID 1&2} on boundary

PID 2

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RESULTS: (double-click on picture below)

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MODEL ORGANIZATION: SECTIONs, PARTs

$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
$ Air & Water = Section 1
*SECTION_SOLID Air & Water: Eulerian Solid Multi-material
$ SID ELFORM AET
1 11
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ Plate = Section 2
*SECTION_SOLID Projectile = Plate: Lagrangian Solid
2 1
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*PART
FLUID, AIR, SURROUNDING, MASTER, 3D SOLID ELFORM=1PT-INTEG-MUL-MAT ELM
$ PID SID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT THERMID
1 1 1 1
*PART
FLUID, WATER, TARGET, MASTER, 3D SOLID ELFORM=1PT-INTEG-MUL-MAT ELM
2 1 2 2
*PART
PLATE, PROJECTILE, SLAVE, ELFORM=1=3D SOLID LAGRANGIAN FULL-INTEG-S/R ELM
3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0

For solid:
ELFORM=11=1-PT-ALE-MULTI-MAT
ELFORM=1=Default=Constant stress solid elm

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MODEL ORGANIZATION: PART_SET, SEGMENT_SET

$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
$ DEFINE PSID's FOR FS COUPLING
*SET_PART_LIST
$ SID DA1 DA2 DA3 DA4
PSID 1 1
contains $ PID1 PID2 PID3 PID4 PID5 PID6 PID7 PID8
PID 1&2 1 2
$ SEGMENT LIST FOR FSC: DEFINE THE SURFACE ON THE LAGRANGIAN
*SET_SEGMENT
$ SID DA1 DA2 DA3 DA4
SGSID 1 1
contains $ N1 N2 N3 N4 A1 A2 A3 A4
14344 14358 14357 14343
all surface 14358 14372 14371 14357
segments 14345 14359 14358 14344
of PID 3 14359 14373 14372 14358
(Plate) 14346 14360 14359 14345
14360 14374 14373 14359 Surface of the impacting plate:
14347 14361 14360 14346 Each segment is a surface of a 3D solid
14361 14375 14374 14360 elm. Each surface is 4-sided quad
14348 14362 14361 14347
14362 14376 14375 14361
made up by 4 nodes.
14349 14363 14362 14348
14363 14377 14376 14362

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PART INTERACTIONS:
PSID 1:{PID 1 & 2} CONSTRAIN-COUPLING SGSID 1:{PID 3 surfaces}.
*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 2 -1.
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
$ SGSID=1=slave; PSID=1=master=PID 1&2 3X3 Normal Couple w/
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID quadrature Penalty compression higher rho
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
1 1 2 0 3 4 2 1
$ START END PFAC FRIC
0 0 1.0

SGSID 1 PSID 1: Advection method:

(Segment {PID 1&2} Penalty 2=Van Leer + HIS
set ID) MSTYP=0 factor PID 1
SSTYP=2

PSID 1: *CONTROL_ALE SGSID 1

{PID 1&2} *CONSTAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID

PID 2

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MATERIAL CONSTITUTIVE & EOS MODELS:
Use NULL constitutive model & Mie-Gruneisen EOS for Air and Water:
vol/vol0 for vol/vol0 for
Pcutoff  0.0 tension erosion compression erosion
$ AIR: ALT=0M,T=0C:VISC=17.456E-6N*S/M^2; KINVISC=13.942E-6M^2/S,CP=1011J/(KG*K)
$ V_sound (M/S) = 331.5 + 0.6*T_C => @20C V_sound=343.7M/S Young Poisson‟s
*MAT_NULL Density Viscosity Modulus Ratio
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
1 1.2520000 0.0 17.456E-6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
sound speed
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMA0 A E0
1 343.7000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.40 0.0 0.0
$ V0
0.0
$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
$ H2O:T=20C:VISC=1.002E3N*S/M^2;RHO=998.21KG/M^3;CP=4.1818E3J/(KG*K)
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
2 998.21 0.0 1.002E+3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMA0 A E0
2 1.647E3 1.921 -0.096 0.0 0.350 0.0 0.0
$ V0
0.0

More details on the Mie-Gruneisen EOS follows …

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MATERIAL CONSTITUTIVE & EOS MODELS:
Use Johnson-Cook constitutive model & Mie-Gruneisen EOS for Steel Plate.

Min dt for Rate

Shear Young Poisson‟s Effective plastic
Density elm delete effect strain rate
Modulus Modulus Ratio

$ 304 STAINLESS STEEL IMPACTOR (Tensile strength ~ 900.0 MPa) ~ kg-m-s

*MAT_JOHNSON_COOK
$ MID RHO G E PR DTF VP
3 7840.0 80.0E+9 210.0e+9 0.3 0.0 0.0
$ A B n C m Tmelt Troom EPSO
792.19e6 509.51e6 0.26 0.014 1.03 1793.15 298.15 1
specific $ Cp PC spall IT D1 D2 D3 D4
477 -5.2e8 0.0 0.0 -8.0e-1 2.1e00 -5.0e-1 2.0e-3
heat
$ D5
6.1e-1
$---5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0----5----0
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
3 4.570E3 1.49 0.0 0.0 1.930 0.0 0.0
0.0

Failure stress Spall Plastic

or model strain
P_cutoff iteration
option
A, B, n, C, m, D1-D5 are defined in the following …
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EXAMPLE SUMMARY:

• Void space is substituted by “Air” in this simulation,thus necessitate the use of

*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL-GROUP to mix the 2 Eulerian materials, air and
water, in the ALE mesh.

• Interactions between the plate (slave) and the fluids (master) is modeled with a
coupling to the surface-segment-set of the plate instead of its PART NUMBER.

• Real material properties and more sophisticated constitutive models are used in
this example instead of scaled-and-simplified data and models. This increases
computation time significantly.

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SOME RESULTS:
Water interface profile … (Note that the lateral walls do not allow outflow).

Early velocity vector profile showing the shock wave reflection in the water from
the bottom boundary. Note the very fast wave reflection due to high acoustic
velocity in water.

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3D FORGING
Rigid Punch-Die System & ALE Work Piece

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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

OVERVIEW: • The punch (top tool piece) moves down and press
the work piece into the stationary die (bottom tool
piece).
Punch
• Both tool pieces, punch and die, are modeled as
Lagrangian rigid shell structures (we only care for
their surface topologies).
Void
• The work piece is modeled as solid ALE material
Work
Piece which is allowed to deform|flow into surrounding
void space.
• A space with exactly the shape of the work piece is
delete from the initial void mesh. Then the work
piece is inserted into this space. The meshes of the
void and work piece share the same node ID‟s on
Die
(stationary)
their common boundaries (merged nodes).
• The ALE void mesh can overlap with the
Lagrangian rigid tool structures.
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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

*NODE Rigid punch
GEOMETRY: *ELEMENT_SHELL (moving down)

PID 2
Void mesh (static &
overlapping tools)

*NODE
*ELEMENT_SOLID

PID 3

PID 4
Work piece

*NODE
*ELEMENT_SHELL

PID 1
Rigid die (fixed)
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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

ORGANIZE MODEL PART 2: Rigid Shell
*SECTION_SHELL
As the mesh for *PART PID 2
Cross-Section
each part is of Assembly *MAT_RIGID
created,
appropriate PART 3: Work piece
boundary *SECTION_SOLID_ALE
*PART
conditions can be *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
defined for the
boundary nodes of PID 3
the meshes. (This
can be handled in PID 4
the preprocessing PART 4: Void space
step.) *SECTION_SOLID_ALE
*PART
*INITIAL_VOID

Basic geometry defs + BC‟s: PART 1: Rigid Shell

*NODE *SECTION_SHELL
*ELEMENT_SOLID *PART PID 1
*ELEMENT_SHELL *MAT_RIGID

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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

IC‟s & BC‟s :
PID 2
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID
(moving)

*SET_PART_LIST *SET_PART_LIST
2
3 4 PSID=2:parts 3&4

PID 3
*SET_PART_LIST
PID 4 PSID=1:parts 1&2
*SET_PART_LIST
*INITIAL_VOID_PART 1
4 1 2

*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID
(fixed) PSID=1: Lagrangian group.
PID 1
PSID=2: ALE group.
(These will be used for
interactions and
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COUPLING DEFINITIONS:
PID 2

Master
PSID=2:parts 3&4

*CONTROL_ALE PID 3
*CONSTAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
PID 4=void

Slave
PSID=1:parts 1&2

PID 1

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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

Result viewed at a cross-section plane: AVI (double-click on picture below)

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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

SOME RESULTS (viewed at a cross-section plane) :

Some volume-fraction plots of the work-piece showing the forging process.

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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

MODEL DEFINITION: SECTIONs, PARTs
For shell: ELFORM=0=Default=2=Belytschko-Tsay

*PART
Bottom die RIGID SHELL SURFACE (fixed)
$ PID SID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT THERMID
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
*PART
Punch & Die Top punch RIGID SHELL SURFACE (moving down -y)
(Rigid Shell) 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SECID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP SETYP
1 0
$ TH1 TH2 TH3 TH4 NLOC
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
*PART
Work piece at core of 3D solid elm mesh
3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
*PART
Void mesh surrounding the work piece
4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
Work piece & *INITIAL_VOID_PART
void (Solid) 4
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
$ SECID ELFORM AET
2 12
$ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000

For solid: ELFORM=12=1-PT-INTEG-1MAT+VOID

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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

IC‟s & BC‟s : For DOF=4 or 8: Vector ID for motion
defined by *DEFINE_VECTOR
$ Fix the die and give the punch is constant velocity using load curves
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID
Impose nodal $ NID|*PID DOF VAD LCID SF VID DEATH BIRTH
1 2 0 2 1.0
motion (u,v or a) on *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID
a NID,NSID or PID. 2 2 0 1 1.0

VAD=motion type Y-dir motion only Load curve Scale factor for load curve
For nodes:
ID‟s
0=Vel
1=Accel
2=Displacement $ Define the load #1: MOTION FOR THE TOP PUNCH
*DEFINE_CURVE
$ LCID STDR SFO OFFA OFFO DATTYP
For rigid bodies: 1
$ time velocity
0=Vel 0.0 -500.0
2= Displacement 1.0 -500.0
$ Define the load #2: NO MOTION FOR THE BOTTOM DIE
3=Vel-VS-Displ. *DEFINE_CURVE
4=relative Displ. 2
0.0 0.0
1.0 0.0

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3D Forging: Rigid Tools & Deformable Work-Piece

PART INTERACTIONS:
{PID 1 & 2}:PSID 1  CONSTRAIN-COUPLING  PSID 2:{PID 3 & 4}.

Advection method:
4=Donor + HIS
(1st order)

*CONTROL_ALE No-smoothing
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 4 -1.0
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
Normal Couple w/
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID 1 quad pt compression higher rho
Penalty
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
1 2 0 0 1 4 2 1
$ START END PFAC FRIC
0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2

PSID 1 PSID 2:
(PID 1&2) {PID 3&4} Penalty Friction
SSTYP=0 MSTYP=0 factor factor

PSID 2: *CONTROL_ALE PSID 1:

{PID 3&4} *CONSTAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID {PID 3&4}

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PURGING FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE

Fluid VS. Orifice Interaction

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Purging Flow Interaction with Orifice

OVERVIEW: Pre-pressurized • Part 1, top row, consists of ambient elements of
Ambient water type “Pressure-Inflow”. This reservoir inlet
PID 1 water is pre-pressurized to P0 ~ (g1*ev0 ~
3.0E-5 Mbar.
Water
PID 2 @ STP • Part 2 consists of water at STP.
• Part 3 consists of air at STP.
(Flow
Opening) • All 3 parts (PIDs 1, 2 & 3) have element
Lagrangian formulation type 1-Point-ALE-Multi-Material
PID 4 Structure (ELFORM=11).
• Part 4 is a Lagrangian structure deflected by
Air the flowing fluid. It is made of rubber.
PID 3 @ STP
PID 4 mesh overlaps with PID 3 mesh.
Y PID 4 (slave) interacts with all 3 fluid parts
X (No gravity) (master: PIDs 1, 2 & 3).
Z
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Purging Flow Interaction with Orifice

Part 1
GEOMETRY & ORGANIZATION: PID 1 Water Reservoir
All part geometry are defined with Pre-Pressurized
*NODE
*ELEMENT_SOLID
Part 2
(ALE-Multi-Mat=Master) PID 2
STP Water
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
ELFORM=11=1-Pt-ALE-Multi-Mat
AET=4=Ambient elm type (for PID 1
ONLY)
*PART Part 4
PID 4 Lagrangian
(Lagrangian=Slave) Structure
*SECTION_SOLID
ELFORM=0
*PART

PSID 2 contains the 3 fluids PIDs 1, 2 & 3: PID 3 Part 3

STP Air
*SET_PART_LIST
2
1 2 3

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Purging Flow Interaction with Orifice

BC‟s & IC‟s & ALE SYSTEM DEFINITIONS:
The *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
command to turn on the interface tracking
option for multi-materials 1, 2 & 3 in 1 single
PID 1
element.

*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
1 1 PID 2
2 1
3 1

Interface of PID 2 with respect to PID 1

PID 3
Interface of PID 2 with respect to PID 3

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Purging Flow Through An Orifice (multi-fluids)

AVI‟s (double-click on pictures below)
RESULTS: Priming Fluid Reservoir Fluid Being Purged
(Initially Pressurized Fluid) (Fluid initially at ambient condition).

Water

Water

NOTE:
Very coarse
(Zero gravity) mesh is being
used (just for
Air
demonstration
purpose).

Priming fluid flow Purging fluid flow

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Purging Flow Interaction with Orifice

PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR = PID 1:
For solid: ELFORM=11=Multi-Material
*PART
[1] Water - pressurized reservoir: material type # 9 = null material
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
$ SECID ELFORM AET AET=4=Ambient element simulating a reservoir
1 11 4
$ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
.0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000
$ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RHO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
1 0.99820 .0000000 9.982e-9 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMMA A EV0
1 0.165 1.920000 .0000000 .0000000 0.100000 .0000000 3.0000e-4
$ V0
.0000000

The Gruneisen EOS gives P  Pc  PT  A(  )  B(  )  E

The initial pressure is,
P0  g 0e0
Internal Energy
with v/v0=1 =0, and --------------------
Initial Volume
“a”=0 and B( )  g 0  a 
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Purging Flow Interaction with Orifice

FLUID TO BE PURGED = PID 2:
For solid: ELFORM=11=Multi-Material
*PART
[2] Water @ STP: material type # 9 = null material
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
$ SECID ELFORM AET
2 11
$ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
.0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000
$ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RHO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
2 0.9982e00 .0000000 9.982e-9 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMMA A EV0
2 0.165 1.920000 .0000000 .0000000 0.100000 .0000000 0.0
$ V0
.0000000

The initial pressure is P0  0

Typically entered material data.
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Purging Flow Interaction with Orifice

AMBIENT FLUID = PID 3:

*PART
External air receiving the outflow = NULL = mat type #9.
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
$ SECID ELFORM AET
3 11
$ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
.0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000
$ *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL: air c4=c5=g-1=1.4-1=0.4 for air
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RHO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
3 1.293e-3 .0000000 1.850e-10 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
$ EOSID C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
3 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .4000000 .4000000 .0000000
$ EV0 V0
.0000000 .0000000

e 0  0

The initial pressure is P0  g  1 e 0 0  0
0
Typically entered material data.
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Purging Flow Interaction with Orifice

LAGRANGIAN STRUCTURE = PID 4:

*PART
Material Type # 27 (Lagrangian valve)
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM
4 1 For solid: ELFORM=1=Constant stress solid element
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ POLYRUBBER: g-cm-mcrs-K-Mbar;
*MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER
$ MID RHO PR A B REF
$ 4 1.01 0.499 0.13292 0.0263 0.0 Harder (A & B)
4 1.01 0.499 0.013292 0.00263 0.0 Softer
$ SGL SW ST LCID  Defined this 2nd card only if A=B=0

The “valve” Lagrangian structure is modeled using Mooney-Rivlin rubber

material model. This requires 3 parameters:
PR=Poisson ratio and
A & B = coefficients in the strain energy density function.

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Purging Flow Interaction with Orifice

FLUID-STRUCTURE-INTERACTION:
Coupling in normal
Coupling the Lagrangian structure. direction and under
(PID 4) compression only

*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 2 -1.0000 0.0000000 .0000000 0.0000000
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC

*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
4 2 1 0 4 5 2 0
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORMAL

$ Cq Hmin Hmax ILEAK

*SET_PART_LIST
2
1 2 3

The 3 fluids considered here Coupling to

(PSID 2) Lagrangian
SOLID

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METAL CUTTING
(Machining)

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Metal Cutting Model

Fix z Fix x
THE PHYSICAL MODEL &z
Void
• The blade moves left Fix x Work Piece
cutting into the &z
y Base table
material at a
prescribed x
z
(constant) rate. Fix x-y-z

• The work piece is

PID 5 = Cutting blade
“clamped” to the (Lagrangian Slave)
base table. PID 2 = Void
(Eulerian master)
• Only PID 1 & 2
interact with the PID 1 = Metal to be
blade, PID 3 does cut (Eulerian master)
not (thus no need for
coupling to PID 3).
PID 3 = Base table
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Metal Cutting Model

RESULTS: Material contour avi (double-click on the picture below)

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Metal Cutting Model

RESULTS: Effective Stress avi (double-click on the picture below)

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Metal Cutting Model

PART CONSTRUCTION – ALE parts for material being cut and void space:

*PART
fluid part = material to be cut
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
1 12 Element formulation=12= 1 material + void

*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
PID 1 $ MID RO E PR SIGY ETAN FAIL TDEL
1 7.8000-03 2.0700+11 0.3000000 4.0000+08 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ C P LCSS LCSR VP
ELFORM=12
$ EPS1 EPS2 EPS3 EPS4 EPS5 EPS6 EPS7 EPS8
1 material 0.0 1.0 10.0
$ YS1 YS2 YS3 YS4 YS5 YS6 YS7 YS8
+ 5.0E8 8.0E8 8.0E8
void $-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*PART
void part of the 3D elms, providing the space for the cut material to flow
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
PID 2 *SECTION_SOLID_ALE
2 12

*INITIAL_VOID_PART
2 This turns PID 2 into a void part

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Metal Cutting Model

PART CONSTRUCTION – Rigid cutting blade & holding table:
*PART
The base table holding the work piece
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
PID 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID
(table) 3 0
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ TM=translational mass *PART_INERTIA applies only to part with *MAT_RIGID
*PART_INERTIA
Rigid cutting blade moving at prescribed velocity
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
5 5 3 0 0 0 0 0
$ XC YC ZC TM IRCS
0. 0. 0. 1.e-7 0
$ IXX IXY IXZ IYY IYZ IZZ Moment of Inertia
1. 0. 0. 1. 0. 1.
$ VTX VTY VTZ VRX VRY VRZ Inertial Velocity
PID 5 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
*SECTION_SHELL
(moving 5 0
1.e-2,1.e-2,1.e-2,1.e-2 Shell thickness
cutting *MAT_RIGID
blade) $ MID RO E PR N COUPLE M
3 1.0000-02 2.0000+11 0.0000000 0 0 0
$ CMO CON1 CON2
0 0 0
$ LCO|A1 A2 A3 V1 V2 V3
0 0 0 0 0 0

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Metal Cutting Model

BOUNDARY CONDITION – Prescribed motion of the cutting blade:

$ PID=5; DOF=1=x; VAD=0=vel : give the rigid part 5=blade a vel in x-dir
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID
$NID|NSID|PID DOF VAD LCID SF VID DEATH BIRTH
PID 5 5 1 0 1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0.00000, -30000.0
0.00001, -30000.0 VAD=0=Velocity
0.00007, -30000.0
0.00071, 0.0
0.000085, 30000.0 DOF=1=x
1.00000, 30000.0

PID 5
Velocity Curve
(moving in negative x direction)

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Metal Cutting Model

FLUID-STRUCTURE-INTERACTION:
*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 2 -1.
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
0 0 0 0.001 0 0
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
5 1 1 0 3 4 2 1
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRACMIN NORMAL
0 0 0.0 0.1
$ Cq Hmin Hmax ILEAK
0 0 0 0
*SET_PART_LIST
1
1 2

PID 5

PSID 1: PID 1 & 2

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ALE System Following A Reference 3-Node System

Dropping of a Fluid Box

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Dropping Of A Fluid Box

Reference NODE = PART 3: Rigid Box
PROBLEM SET-UP PID 3 = BOX *SECTION_SOLID
PART 2: Fluid 2 *PART
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
*PART PID 2 = FLUID 2 = VOID
*INITIAL_VOID

PART 1: Fluid 1
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
*PART PID 1 = FLUID 1

PART 4: Rigid Shell Platform

*SECTION_SHELL
*PART PID 4 =Fixed Rigid Platform)

• A rigid box containing 2 fluids of different densities (one of the fluids is void) is
dropped and hit the corner of a platform.
• The fluid system is assumed to follow the motion of the rigid tank. The motion
of the rigid tank is defined by the 3 nodes attached to the body of the tank.
• The consequent motion results in the sloshing of the fluid inside the tank.

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Dropping Of A Fluid Box

RESULTS (double-click on the figure below)

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Dropping Of A Fluid Box

MODEL ORGANIZATION, INITIAL & BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

*SET_PART_LIST *INITIAL_VOID_PART
PSID=1:parts 1&2 2
*LOAD_BODY_Y
1 1.00
*SET_PART_LIST *DEFINE_CURVE
1
PSID=2:parts 3&4
0.0,981.0
1.0,981.0

*SET_PART_LIST *CONTACT between Lagrangian parts

1
1 2 *INITIAL_VELOCITY
*SET_PART_LIST $ NSID NSIDEX BOXID
2 0 All nodes in the system
3 4 $ VX VY VZ VXR VYR VZR
0.0 -20.0 0.0

• PSID 1 = Eulerian parts and PSID 2 = Lagrangian parts.

• When NSID=0 in the *INITIAL_VELOCITY card, LS-DYNA imposes a velocity on all
nodes. However, the *NODE constraints will override this velocity condition.
• *LOAD_BODY_Y imposes gravitational field on the system.
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Dropping Of A Fluid Box

MODEL CONSTRUCTION
Defining the fluid and void parts. The fluid EOS is defined with a constant bulk
modulus, K=C1 below.
*PART
water in the box
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
$ SECID ELFORM AET
1 12
$ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RHO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
1 1000.0000 -1.000+10 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
$ EOSID C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
1 0.0000000 1.50000+9 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ E0 V0
0.0000000 1.0000000
$===============================================================================
*PART
void portion in the box
2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
*INITIAL_VOID_PART
2

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Dropping Of A Fluid Box

MODEL CONSTRUCTION (cont.)
Defining the moving rigid box and fixed “very heavy” platform.
*PART
rigid box containing water
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
3 0
*MAT_RIGID
$ MID RHO E POISSON N COUPLE M ALIAS
3 2000.0000 1.00000+8 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$===============================================================================
*PART
rigid super-heavy platform
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
4 4 4
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP
4 0
$ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLOC
0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011
*MAT_ELASTIC
$ MID RHO E PR DA DB K
4 1000000.0 1.0000+14
Artificially very
heavy platform

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Dropping Of A Fluid Box - *ALE_ Commands

In the *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP card, PRTYP=5 makes PSID 1
automatically follow the motion of a reference system, which is defined by 3
user-defined nodes, specified by the *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE card.
PRID=1 specifies the NSID of the *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE card to
be used.
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
$ SID STYPE PRTYP PRID BCTRAN BCEXP BCROT ICOORD
PSID 1 1 0 5 1
$ XC YC ZC EXPLIM

*SET_PART_LIST NSID of the 3

1 reference nodes
1 2
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE
$ NSID node-ID‟s of the 3 reference nodes
1
$ N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
5 6 7

This forces the meshes of PID 1 & 2 to move with 3 nodes on the rigid container.
The fluid meshes of PID 1 & 2 have their boundary nodes merged with the box. So
there is no need to define the *CONSTRAINED_LARANGE_IN_SOLID card here.
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Dropping of a Barrel Containing Fluid

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3D: Dropping Of A Barrel containing Fluid

PHYSICAL SET-UP
PID 1 = Shell structure = fluid container.
PID 3 = Rigid solid platform.
PID 10 = The fluid inside the container.
PID 11 = The void outside the container.

This model simulates a dropping of a container

filled with water onto a rigid platform.

The fluids set-up can be done by

• define PID 10 & 11 with PID 11 as void; or by
• define PID 10 then use
*INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION card to fill up the
appropriate elements inside the container.

The fluid, PID 10, is given an initial downward

velocity. FSI “pulls” PID 1 down.

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3D: Dropping Of A Barrel containing Fluid

RESULTS(double-click on the figures below)

Barrel deformation Barrel deformation & stress

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3D: Dropping Of A Barrel containing Fluid

RESULTS(double-click on the figures below) Barrel deformation with fluid contour.

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3D: Dropping Of A Barrel containing Fluid

PART DEFINITION: Fluid container.

*PART
Deformable shell structure = Barrel or fluid container
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
*SECTION_SHELL
1 7 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
1.0000000 1.0000000 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0000000
$ estimations: ETAN=E/1000; BETA=0=KINEMATIC; BETA=1=ISOTROPIC HARDENING
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
$ MID RO E PR SIGY ETAN BETA
1 7.8400E-6 2.0680E+8 0.3 1.0e6 2.0e5 0.0
$ SRC SRP FS VP
0.0 0.0 0.0
*HOURGLASS
1 4 0.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.0000000

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3D: Dropping Of A Barrel containing Fluid

PART DEFINITION: Rigid platform.

*PART
rigid plaform (1000x as heavy, 20x as hard comparing to shell/barrel)
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID
3 0
*MAT_RIGID
$ MID RO E PR N COUPLE M
3 7.8400E-6 2.0680E+8 0.3 0.0 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ CMO CON1 CON2
1.0 7.0 7.0
$ A1 A2 A3 V1 V2 V3
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000

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3D: Dropping Of A Barrel containing Fluid

PART DEFINITION: Water inside container and void outside.
*PART
water = fluid inside barrel
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
10 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID
2 12
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RHO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
2 1.0E-6 -1.0E+1 8.7E-7 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMMA A E0
2 1.65E+6 1.920000 .0000000 .0000000 0.100000 .0000000 0.0
$ V0
.0000000
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*PART
void mesh outside barrel
11 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
*INITIAL_VOID_PART
11
Void = PID 11

Water = PID 10

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3D: Dropping Of A Barrel containing Fluid

INITIAL & CONTACT CONDITIONS:
$ Approximately Vz~40km/hr=11200mm/s ; Vy~0.0km/hr= 0mm/s
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
$ ID STYP OMEGA VX VY VZ
10 2 0 0.0 0.0 -11200.0
$ XC YC ZC NX NY NZ PHASE
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
$===============================================================================
$ MSID=0=single surface; SSTYP=2=PSID:PID 1=shell barrel, PID 3=rigid platform
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
$ SSID MSID SSTYP MSTYP SBOXID MBOXID SPR MPR
1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
$ FS FD DC VC VDC PENCHK BT DT
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ SFS SFM SST MST SFST SFMT FSF VSF
00.000000 00.000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$----------------------------------------------------------------------
*SET_PART_LIST
1
1 3

MSID=0=single-surface contact
Gives PID 10=fluid,
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION its initial velocity

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3D: Dropping Of A Barrel containing Fluid

ALE SET-UP:
*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 2 -1.000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 2.e-6
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ PID=10=fluid inside barrel==> PRTYP=5=mesh follow 3 nodes using PRID=1
$ BCTRAN=1=fixed x; BCEXP=7=no mesh expansion; BCROT=5=no rot about y&z
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
$ SID STYPE PRTYP PRID BCTRAN BCEXP BCROT ICOORD
PID 10 10 1 5 1 1 7 5
$ XC YC ZC EXPLIM

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE NSID of the 3 reference nodes

1
100122 100202 100617 node-ID‟s of the 3 reference nodes
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ coupling PID 1 to PID 10
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID Interaction between PID 1 (shell) & PID 10 (fluid)
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
1 10 1 1 4 4 2
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRCMIN NORM
0 0 0 0 0 0
$ CQ HMIN HMAX ILEAK
0 0 0 0

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Extrusion of a Plastic Panel

For a Cell Phone
(Courtesy of Scientific Materials INC.)

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Simple Extrusion of a Plastic Pannel

PHYSICAL SET-UP
The lower shell motion squeezes the work piece material into the “knob” cavity of
the upper shell.

The calculation can be expensive due to the small mesh required to resolve the
small vertical gaps between the 2 shell structures. Small gap
(typically needs
at least 4 or
“Knob” to be extruded more elements
across this gap
PID 3=Upper shell to capture the
(stationary) flow across it.)

PID 2=Lower shell

(moving up) Motion perpendicular PID 5=Void space for
to the bottom surface material to flow into
PID 4=Solid work piece
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Simple Extrusion of a Plastic Pannel

RESULT: (double-click on the picture below)
As the bottom
platform moves up
ward the material is
squeezed into the
gaps.

Note that on the

small end gap the
material seems
discontinuous. This
may be a result of the
Flow direcions void mesh being too
coarse there.

More elements will

be needed to resolve
the fluid interface
accurately.

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Simple Extrusion of a Plastic Pannel

PART DEFINITIONS: Top & bottom tool pieces
*PART
top die fixed
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SHELL
3 0 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*MAT_RIGID
3 7850.0000 2.1000+10 0.3000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*PART
bottom punch moving up
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP
2 0 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0
$ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLOC
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
*MAT_RIGID
$ MID RO E PR N COUPLE M
2 7850.0000 2.1000+10 0.3000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ CMO CON1 CON2
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ A1 A2 A3 V1 V2 V3
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000

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Simple Extrusion of a Plastic Pannel

PART DEFINITIONS: Work piece and void (fluid/master parts)
PID 5=Void space for
material to flow into
*PART
workpiece
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
$ SECID ELFORM AET
4 12
$ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
.0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
$ MID RO E PR SIGY ETAN BETA
4 10000.000 3.50000+8 0.3000000 1.00000+5 1.00000+5 1.0000000
$ SRC SRP FS VP
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*PART
void
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
5 5 4 0 0 0 0 0
*INITIAL_VOID_PART
5
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
5 12
.0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000

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Simple Extrusion of a Plastic Pannel

IC‟s & BC‟s:

$ PID 2 moves: DOF=4=moves along a vector ID=#1 ; VAD=2=displacement ; using LCID=1

*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID
$NID|NSID|PID DOF VAD LCID SF VID DEATH BIRTH
2 4 2 1 1.00000-0 1 2.0000000 0.0000000
$ Curve defining displacement VS. time.
*DEFINE_CURVE
$ LCID SIDR SFA SFO OFFA OFFO DATTYP
1 0 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
0.01000000E-00 0.00290000E+00
$ Vector defining the direction along which the motion is to take place.
*DEFINE_VECTOR
$ VID XT YT ZT XH YH ZH
1 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 1.0000000

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Simple Extrusion of a Plastic Pannel

ALE CONSTRAINT DEFINITIONS:
PID 5=Void space for
PID 3=top piece
material to flow into
PID 2=bottom piece PID 4=work piece

*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 2 -1.0000 0.0000000 .0000000 0.0000000
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
.0000000 .0000000 .0000000 1.e-5
$ constraint fluids (work-piece & void =PSID4=PID 4 & 5) with bottom tool piece
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
PID 2=bottom piece 2 4 1 0 3 4 1 1
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRICMIN NORM
0 0 1
$ constraint fluids (work-piece & void =PSID4=PID 4 & 5) with top tool piece
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
PID 3=top piece 3 4 1 0 3 4 1 1
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRICMIN NORM
0 0 0
*SET_PART_LIST Slave=PID
4 Master=PSID
4 5

Couple to Lagrangian shell

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Under Water Detonation Effects

on a Shell structure

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Under Water Explosion Effects on a Shell Structure

PHYSICAL SET-UP
• A non-symmetrical model having an explosive exploding under water and
sending pressure waves to interact with a steel shell structure.
• The Lagrangian shell structure is not constrained in the vertical (z) direction.
• All “fluid meshes” have merged nodes at their boundary interfaces.
Multi-materials (fluids/master) model
PID 12=air

PID 1=steel
shell structure
(Lagrangian)
PID 10=water

PID 11=explosive
(Initially detonated
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Under Water Explosion Effects on a Shell Structure

RESULTS(double-click on the figures below)

Von Mises stress on shell structure Von Mises stress on shell structure & vel vector

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Under Water Explosion Effects on a Shell Structure

PART DEFINITIONS: Shell structure = PID 1

*PART
Slave metal structure : PID 1: mat # 3 = Kinematic/Isotropic Elastic-Plastic
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
1 1 1 0 1 0
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP
1 2 0.000E+00 3.00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0
$ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLOC
Thickness 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.000E+00
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
$ MID RO E PR SIGY ETAN BETA
1 7.83 2.07 0.300 8.000E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
$ SRC SRP FS VP
0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
*HOURGLASS
$ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
1 0 0.000E+00 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00

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Under Water Explosion Effects on a Shell Structure

PART DEFINITIONS: High explosive = PID 11 PID 11=explosive
 R1V   R2V  V (Initially detonated
P  A1   e  B 1  e  at time 0)
JWL EOS:     R1V     R2V   E
*PART
High Explosive: PID 11 : mat # 8 = High Explosive Burn
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
11 11 11 11 11 0
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
Multi-material
$ SECID ELFORM AET
11 11 0
$ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
0
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapman-Joguet
*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN Det-Vel
Pressure
$ MID RO D PCJ BETA K G SIGY
11 1.63 0.784 0.260 0.000E+00
*EOS_JWL
$ EOSID A B R1 R2 OMEG E0 V0
11 3.71 3.230E-02 4.15 0.950 0.300 4.300E-02 1.00
*HOURGLASS
$ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
11 0 0.000E+00 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*INITIAL_DETONATION Detonate PID 11
Ignition time
$ PID X Y Z LT
11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00

Detonation point

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Under Water Explosion Effects on a Shell Structure

PART DEFINITIONS: Water=PID 10

*PART
Water: PID 10
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
10 10 10 10 10 0
*SECTION_SOLID_ALE
$ SECID ELFORM AET
10 11 0
$ AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC START END AAFAC
0
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
10 1.00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMMA A E0
10 0.148 1.75 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.280 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
$ V0
1.00
*HOURGLASS
$ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
10 0 0.000E+00 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00

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Under Water Explosion Effects on a Shell Structure

PART DEFINITIONS: Air=PID 12

Perfect gas is assumed for air.

*PART
Air: PID 12 = mat # 9
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
12 12 12 12 12 0
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
12 11 0
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
12 1.280E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
$ EOSID C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
12 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.400 0.400 0.000E+00
$ E0 V0
0.000E+00 0.000E+00
*HOURGLASS
$ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
12 0 0.000E+00 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00

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Under Water Explosion Effects on a Shell Structure

ALE CONSTRAINT DEFINITIONS:
van Leer + Half-Index-Shift

$ DCT=2=EUL; METH=4=DONOR+HIS
*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 2 -1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Provide interface *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
10,1
tracking for 11,1
multi-materials 12,1
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$SSTYP=0=PSID; MSTYP=0=PSID, CTYPE=4=PENALTY; DIREC=2=COMPRESSION; MCOUP=1=HI RO
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
1 2 0 0 4 4 2 0
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRCMIN NORM
0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1
$ CQ HMIN HMAX ILEAK
0.0 0.0 0.0 1
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*SET_PART_LIST
1
1 Turn on
*SET_PART_LIST Flipping the directions of the
2 leakage shell normal vectors
10,12 control

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Using Fluid-Structure-Interaction
Approach to Model
Airbag Inflation Process

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

PHYSICAL SET-UP
• One Eulerian solid element mesh (H50000=air) define the fluid initial mesh.
• It defines a surrounding air mesh providing room for the bag to expand into.
• One Eulerian part (H50003=no initial mesh) = inflator gas source.
• The Lagrangian shell structures make up the airbag.
• A rigid Lagrangian platform to limit the motion of the bag.

Air mesh covering

Deployed Airbag:
the space which the
Lower portion=S1,
airbag will expand
Upper portion=S2,
into (PID=H50000).
2 Tethers= S5, S6

Inflow

Vent hole
Vent hole (PID=S9)

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

[Fluids=Air-Gas meshes] + [Structures = Airbag parts]:

Air mesh covering

the space which the
airbag will expand
Fixed backing into. (H50000)
platforms defined by
*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
Airbag (PIDs:
S1, S2, S5, S6,
S9)

Blanking out the outside of the bag for internal view … 

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

GEOMETRY: Inflated airbag:
S1 is the main
lower outer bag
definition
(S2=top portion)

FOLDED BAG

S5 & S6 = 2
tethers
restraining
the top
S9 = 2 vent patches portion of
Backing platform the airbag
*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
Zoom-in in a
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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

AIRBAG STRUCTURE SET-UP
The Lagrangian shell parts making up the airbag structure consist of PID‟s: 1, 2, 5, 6, 9. For
each of these parts, the definition consists of 3 cards typically looking like the following:

Shear correction factor # of integration points

*PART
material type # 34 (fabric)
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP
1 5 0.0000000 4.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 1
$ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLOC
4.00000-4 4.00000-4 4.00000-4 4.00000-4 0.0000000
Material
$ B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 angles at
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
*MAT_FABRIC integration
Young modulus Poisson ratio
Shear $ MID RO EA EB EC PRBA PRCA PRCB points
1 8.76000-7 .3000000 .2000000 .3000000 .2000000 .2000000 .2000000
modulus $ GAB GBC GCA CSE EL PRL LRATIO DAMP
.0400000 .0400000 .0400000 1.0000000 .0600000 .3500000 .1000000 .2000000
$ AOPT FLC FAC ELA LNRC FORM
Material
3.0000000
Axes $ A1 A2 A3
option .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 1.0000000 .0000000 .0000000
$ V1 V2 V3 D1 D2 D3 BETA
Vector for
1.0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000
AOPT=3

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

INTERNAL GEOMETRY
Airbag internal
support structures
S5
made up of 2 shell
S6 parts.

Rigid inflator S3
box rim (fixed)

Rigid inflator box

containing priming
gas block (fixed) S4
Contact among the Lagrangian shell structures:
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE,
Slave=PSID 1: PID‟s S1-S6, S9 ; Master=None (self-contact).

Fluid-Structure-Coupling (air+gas=master; all Lagrangian parts= slave):

*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
Slave=PSID 1001:{ PID‟s S1-S6, S9} ; Master= PSID 1004:{ PID‟s H50000 & H50003}

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INFLATOR BOX SET-UP
The inflator box is made up of 2 rigid material parts (S3 & S4) at the bottom of the airbag.
Shear correction factor # of integration points
$===============================================================================
*PART
rigid inflator box rim : thick = 0.4 mm
3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
*SECTION_SHELL
$ SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR/IRID ICOMP
3 5 0.0000000 4.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 1
Shell thickness $ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLOC
0.4000000 0.4000000 0.4000000 0.4000000 0.0000000
@ its 4 nodes $ B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
*MAT_RIGID
$ MID RO E PR N COUPLE M
3 7.8500-06 2.0000000 0.3000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ CMO CON1 CON2
Center-of-mass 1.0000000 7.0000000 7.0000000
constraint = This $ A1 A2 A3 V1 V2 V3
fixes the inflator 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$===============================================================================
box in the global *PART
coordinates. rigid inflator box side walls and bottom: thick = 0.4 mm
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
4 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
$===============================================================================

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BOTTOM VIEW:
Top of airbag
Bottom of airbag (S2)
(S1)

Tethers
(S5 & S6)
Air block H50000
(H50000)

Airbag Opening
Vent patches
(S9)
Dummy orifice
Rigid inflator rim locator ring,
(S3) dynamically
inactive.
(S100000)

Rigid inflator box

(S4)
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FLUID PARTS SET-UP

*PART
Air definition using surrounding air block = ale block
new EOS card $ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
50000 50000 50000 50000 50000 0 0
defaulting to 1 atm *SECTION_SOLID
pressure initially. 50000 11
*MAT_NULL
This is the only fluid $ MID RHO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
part that initially 50000 1.2906E-9 -1.0E-05 0.0 0.0 0.0
has a mesh defined. *EOS_IDEAL_GAS
$ EOSID Cv Cp C1 C2 T0 V0
50000 719.0 1006.0 273.15 1.0
*HOURGLASS
$ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
50000 1 1.00e-04
Inflator gas $===============================================================================
*PART
(initially requires point sources material property definitions
no mesh definition $ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
50003 50003 50003 50003 50003 0 0
– since it is *MAT_NULL
supplied from the $ MID RHO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
“point source 50003 5.192E-10 -1.0E-05 0.0 0.0 0.0
*EOS_IDEAL_GAS
reservoir”) $ EOSID Cv Cp C1 C2 T0 V0
material property 50003 899.00 1196.00 800.00000 1.0
*HOURGLASS
definition is $ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
defined here. 50003 1 1.00e-04

Inflator gas “nominal” state at P=1atm is obtained from an inverse process that assume isentropic path:
Solid propellant  burnt  expand to final gaseous state in the tank  expand this to 1atm to get …

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FLUID PARTS SET-UP  INFLATOR GAS PROPERTIES

HOW DO WE DEFINE:
(1) “WHAT THERMODYNAMIC STATE” THE INPUT GAS IS AT?  T & RELVOL
(2) “WHAT SPEED” THE GAS IS FLOWING?  SPEED CURVE
(3) “WHERE” THE ORIFICES ARE LOCATED?  ARBITRARY NODES
(4) “WHICH DIRECTION” THE INFLATOR GAS IS INJECTED INTO THE SYSTEM?
(5) “WHAT INFLATOR ORIFICE AREA(S)” TO BE USED FOR EACH SOURCE?
(1) (2)
*SECTION_POINT_SOURCE
$ SECID LCIDT LCIDVOLR LCIDVEL <= 3 curves in tempvolrvel.k file
50003 2011 2111 2001
$ NODEID VECTID AREA
100019 1 8.750
(3) 100020 2 8.750
100021 3 8.750 (5)
100022 4 8.750
100023 5 8.750
100024 6 8.750
100017 7 8.750
100018 (4) 8 8.750
*DEFINE_VECTOR
$ VID XT YT ZT XH YH ZH
1 0.0 0.0 -24.50000 21.21320 21.21320 -24.50000
2 0.0 0.0 -24.50000 30.00000-1.000e-06 -24.50000
3 0.0 0.0 -24.50000 21.21320 -21.21320 -24.50000
4 0.0 0.0 -24.50000-1.000e-06 -30.00000 -24.50000
5 0.0 0.0 -24.50000 -21.21320 -21.21320 -24.50000
6 0.0 0.0 -24.50000 -30.000001.0000e-06 -24.50000
7 0.0 0.0 -24.50000 -21.21320 21.21320 -24.50000
8 0.0 0.0 -24.500001.0000e-06 30.00000 -24.50000

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Airbag Deployment AVI

(double-click on picture below)

Top view

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Airbag Deployment AVI

(double-click on picture below)
Bottom view

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Airbag Deployment AVI

(double-click on picture below)

An animation
of a cross
sectional cut of
the airbag –
the fluids (gas
and air) are
not displayed.

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 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Airbag Deployment Cross-Section AVI

(double-click on picture below)
An animation
of a cross
sectional cut of
the airbag –
the fluids (gas
and air) are
displayed also.
The red fluid
flows in from
the inflator.

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:

Ultimately, we want to attach an airbag to an inflator box, which itself is fixed to a

moving steering wheel. For this example, we will first deal with the simple
condition of a fixed inflator box. The moving of reference systems will be added in
later example. We will be concerned with the following constraints:

LAGRANGIAN
• Anchoring the inflator box using *MAT_RIGID cards.
• Providing 2 *RIGID_WALL (masters) for airbag (slave=NSID 90) motion
constraints.
• Providing single-surface contact for all Lagrangian components via
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE card.

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
EULRIAN/ALE
• Providing P=1atm to all 6 faces, [4 sides + top + bottom], of the air-gas
meshes (SGSID 2) *LOAD_SEGMENT_SET card.
• Providing internal-energy-per-ref-vol, [eipv0(t)], and relative-volume,
[vr(t)=vol/vol0], using *BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS card. Note that this
applies to PID H7 which is defined with a *SECTION_SOLID_ALE with
AET=4=ambient solid element type.
• Providing velocity to the nodes on the top face of the priming gas block. This
supplies the flow into the bag  inflating pressure. This nodal velocity is set
by *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET card, giving all nodes in
NSID 203 the v(t) defined by LCID 103.
• Providing coupling between the ALE “fluids” (master = PID‟s H7 & H8) and
the Lagrangian airbag (slave = PID‟s S1-S6) via
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID card.

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
1. A *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET card giving all nodes in
NSID 203 the v(t) defined by LCID 103.

Nodes on the top face of the

inflator gas block (NSID
203) facing the airbag
mouth are given nodal
velocity to provide the flow
inflating the airbag.

NOTE:
The edge nodes have zero
velocity. See notes on
boundary inflow setting in
later section.

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
• A *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET card giving all nodes in NSID
203 (all nodes on surface of priming gas block) a velocity, v(t), defined by LCID
103. This is the inlet velocity into the airbag (see figure in previous slide).
$===============================================================================
$ [BC #1]
$ Provides velocities for the nodes at the inflator mouth = airbag inflow.
$ DOF = 1=x; 2=y; 3=z;
$ VAD = vel|acc|displacement flag: = 0= vel (rigbod & nodes)
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET
$NID|NSID|PID DOF VAD LCID SF VID DEATH BIRTH
203 3 0 103 1.0 0 0.0 0.0
*DEFINE_CURVE
103
0.000,120.0
200.0,120.0
$
$ NSID 203 = 5X7 = 35 nodes the whole top surface without the edge nodes
$ A = 66X99 = 6534 mm^2 = half the original area used.
$
*SET_NODE_LIST
203 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1004002 1003987 1003988 1003989 1004984 1004986 1004971 1004001
1003991 1003990 1003992 1004983 1004985 1004975 1003478 1003463
1003462 1003466 1004611 1004614 1004625 1003477 1003460 1003459
1003465 1004612 1004613 1004624 1003476 1003461 1003458 1003464
1004610 1004609 1004626
$===============================================================================

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
• Using the *BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS card to provide the thermodynamic
condition of a fluid via 2 variables: internal-energy-per-ref-vol, [eipv0(t)], and
relative-volume, [vr(t)=vol/vol0].
• This applies to PID H7 which is defined with a *SECTION_SOLID_ALE with
AET=4=ambient solid element type.
$===============================================================================
$ [BC #2]
$ LCID 101 = eipv0(t) = internal_E_per_ref_vol; LCID 102 = relative_vol = vr(t)=vol/vol0=rho0/rho
*BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS

P(eipv0 , vr )  (g  1)  eipv0 vr
$ PID LC1 LC2
7 101 102
*DEFINE_CURVE
101
0.00000,25.00E-4
200.000,25.00E-4
*DEFINE_CURVE
102
0.000,0.7
200.0,0.7 H
PRIMING GAS
7 BLOCK
Defining thermodynamic condition of the in-flow gas.

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
eipv0 is defined as the internal energy per unit reference volume (zero stress state)

Ei MCvT 

kg J  o
o 
kg  K 
K  
  
eipv0
V0 V0 
~
m3  
eipv0 can be obtained by

eipv0 
eint ernal_ per _ mass   C T    C T
v
V0 M 1  0  0 v

Make sure the unit system for Cv is correct for the calculation of eipv0

eipv0
 kg   J
  0CvT ~  3  
 o
o 
J
K  3  
 m   kg  K  m
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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:

The relative volume, vr, is defined as the current volume over reference volume.
As conservation of mass is enforced, it can be expressed in terms of the specific
volume (volume per mass) ratio, or equivalently, density ratio.

V V M  
vr     0
V0 V0 M 0 

The final result is energy per unit current volume ~ N*m/m3 ~ N/m2 ~ P

eipv0  0CvT energy

  CvT 
vr 0  unit _ current _ volume

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
• A *LOAD_SEGMENT_SET card provides a uniformed pressure load of 1 atm
to the 6 faces surrounding the fluid meshes.
• The fluid mesh 6 faces are defined in SGSID 2.
• The pressure load curve, P(t), is defined by LCID 43.
• Since the air is defined with 1 atm internal pressure in the *EOS_ card, this BC
counteracts with the internal pressure and prevents the air from automatically
flushing out of the mesh (this can make dt very small and stop the run).
$===============================================================================
$ [BC #3]
$ This sgsid 2 contains : 4 side-faces + top-face + bot-face of air-gas blocks.
$ Provides uniform P = 1atm ~ 1.0e-4 on segments surrounding air block.
*LOAD_SEGMENT_SET
$ SGSID LCID SF ARRIVALt
2 43 1.00
*DEFINE_CURVE
$ LCID SIDR SFA SFO OFFA OFFO DATTYP
43 0 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ X=abcissa Y=ordinate
0.00000000E+00 1.00000000E-04
200.0000000000 1.00000000E-04
$===============================================================================

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
• A *CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES card attaches the inflator box rim (S3)
to the inflator box (S4).
• The *RIGIDWALL_PLANAR cards define the top and bottom backing
platforms. NSID 90 contains all Lagrangian nodes that may come into contact
with these walls.
$===============================================================================
$ [BC #4]
*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
4 3
$===============================================================================
$ [BC #5]
$ NSID 90 contains the slave nodes. Defining top & bottom rigid backing walls.
*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
$ NSID NSIDEX BOXID
90 0 0
$ XT YT ZT XH YH ZH FRIC WVEL
0.0000000 0.0000000 391.0000 0.0000000 0.0000000 291.00000 0.1000000
*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
$ NSID NSIDEX BOXID
90 0 0
$ XT YT ZT XH YH ZH FRIC WVEL
0.0000000 0.0000000 -1.500000 0.0000000 0.0000000 990.00000 0.0000000
$===============================================================================

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
• A *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE card provides a simple
contact control for PSID 1 (containing Lagrangian parts 1-6, 9 = [airbag +
inflator parts).
• There are many ways to define this type of contact. This is just a simple
example.
• The level of sophistication of the contact definition(s) will depend on the
complexity of the airbag folding pattern.
$===============================================================================
$ [BC #6]
$ SSTYP= SLAVE set types:0=SGSID ; 1=SHSID ; 2=PSID ; 3=PID ; 4=NSID ; 6=PSID
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
$ SSID MSID SSTYP MSTYP SBOXID MBOXID SPR MPR
1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
$ FS FD DC VC VDC PENCHK BT DT
0.5000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.000000
$ SFS SFM SST MST SFST SFMT FSF VSF
0.0000000 0.0000000 0.5000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
$ SOFT SOFSCL LCIDAB MAXPAR EDGE DEPTH BSORT FRCFRQ
2 0.0000000 0 0.0000000 0.0000000 3 5 0
*SET_PART_LIST
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 9
$===============================================================================

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
• A *CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID card provides a fluid structure
coupling between the slave PSID 1001 (Lagrangian shell airbag parts S1-S6)
and the master PSID 1004 (Eulerian solid fluid parts H7 & H8).
• Since all the airbag parts are shell elements coupling type=CTYPE=4.
• Coupling is activated under compression: DIREC=2.
• Turn on coupling effect when the fluid volume faction is > 03, FRCMIN=0.3.

$===============================================================================
$ [BC #7]
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLAVE MASTER SSTYP MSTYP NQUAD CTYPE DIREC MCOUP
1001 1004 0 0 6 4 2 1
$ START END PFAC FRIC FRCMIN NORM
0 0 0.10 0 0.3 0
$ CQ HMIN HMAX ILEAK
0 0 0 1
*SET_PART_LIST
1001
1 2 3 4 5 6
*SET_PART_LIST
1004
7 8
$===============================================================================

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Using ALE Coupling to Model Airbag Inflation Process

APPLYING BOUNDARY & CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS:
• A *CONTROL_ALE card defines the basic continuum treatment method used
and advection controls.
• DCT = 2 = Eulerian method
• NADV = 1 = number of cycle(s) per advection step, typically 1.
• METH = 2 = Van Leer 2nd order with half-index-shift (HIS).
• An *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP card defines the ALE material group
whose interfaces are to be tracked during the deformation process. The 1st line
define the PID of the 1st ALE material group, etc. This is history variable # 2 in
LS-POST: under FCOMP  MISC  HISVAR 2  APPLY.
$===============================================================================
*CONTROL_ALE
$ DCT NADV METH AFAC BFAC CFAC DFAC EFAC
2 1 2 -1.00 0.000 0.000 0.000
$ START END AAFAC VFACT VLIMIT EBC
0.000 0.000 0.000
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
$ SID IDTYPE
7 1
8 1
$===============================================================================

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Some Tips on ALE Post-Processing

Using LS-POST
Example: Airbag Inflation Process

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Some Simple ALE Post-Processing Tips using LS-POST

History variable plotting: Density and volume fractions (vf).

NOTE:
Plotting of Lagrangian parts readily shows the material deformation
because the mesh follows the material. Since Eulerian or ALE
materials “flow” in their meshes, we need to plot, instead, their
volume fractions which describe the interfaces defining the material
boundaries.

The resolution of the mesh defines the resolution of the interfaces.

History var # 1 = Density

History var # 2 = vf of the 1st ALE material
History var # 3 = vf of the 2nd ALE material
History var # 4 = vf of the 3rd ALE material
… etc.
(Additional history variables may depend on
the material model used).

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Some Simple ALE Post-Processing Tips using LS-POST

The airbag model is used for illustration. Assume the following set-up:

Blanking
Air mesh out the
ALE
mesh
2 rigid walls

Blanking
out the
top rigid
wall

Blanking
out the top
airbag shell

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Some Simple ALE Post-Processing Tips using LS-POST

[1] Load the d3plot file  go to top view  put on mesh.

Subsequently
actions follow
the sequence
a

Top c
Mesh

etc.

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Some Simple ALE Post-Processing Tips using LS-POST

[2] From top view  Select only the ALE(or fluid) meshes (PIDs: H7 and H8 in this case).

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[3] From top view  blank out a portion of the ALE meshes by click-and-drag c .

c a

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[4] fringe-plot volume fraction (vf) of ALE material.
Selecting
fcompmischistory-var#
a
to select the volume
fraction of the ALE
material to be
monitored.

TOP

Obtaining at-and-angle view

c (red portion is the primer
gas)

b TOP

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Some Simple ALE Post-Processing Tips using LS-POST

[5] Go to inflated condition  select-part  display all airbag parts

Inflated
airbag

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Some Simple ALE Post-Processing Tips using LS-POST

[6] blank out portion of the airbag to see through into the fluid flow  still top view.

c b

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Some Simple ALE Post-Processing Tips using LS-POST

[7] Use control-left-mouse to rotate the figure  vector  velocity  SF=0.5  apply
• The Red
region is
the vf of
a
the 1st
ALE
material.

• Vectors b
show
velocity
pattern in
the fluid.

Vent holes
c

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Some CAUTIONS on ALE

Inflow VELOCITY Boundary Condition Setting

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ALE Inflow Boundary Condition Setting

Assume that we want to define a flow rate across a “face” region in the ALE/Eulerian mesh.
One simple method is to assign nodal velocities to the nodes on this region. Due to the use
of interpolating (shape) functions in FEM, one must consider the accumulative effect of this
interpolation. We can start by looking at the effect of “1 nodal velocity on 1 element area”.
Then the accumulative effect can be obtained by superposition. First, a quick review of the
general interpolation procedure over a quad surface is provided.
s 1 r 1
 
V   v  n  dA    v(r, s)  dr  ds  volume  flow  rate  v  A
S s  1 r  1

v(r , s)  N1 (r , s)  v1  N 2 (r , s)  v 2  N 3 (r , s)  v3  N 4 (r , s)  v 4 = interpolated velocity

1
N i (r , s)  (1  ri r )(1  si s )
4
1
[r1  1, s1  1]  N1 (r , s )  (1  r )(1  s )
4 s
1
[r2  1, s2  1]  N 2 (r , s )  (1  r )(1  s ) = shape functions (-1,1) (1, 1)
4 (Cook-Malkus-Plesha 4 3
1 Pages 167,173)
[r3  1, s3  1]  N 3 (r , s )  (1  r )(1  s ) (0,0) r
4 v1=v
1
[r4  1, s4  1]  N 4 (r , s )  (1  r )(1  s ) 1 2
(-1,-1) (1,-1)
4
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The volume flow rate over 1 quad surface area is

s 1 r 1
 
V   v  n  dA 
S
  N (r, s)  v
s  1 r  1
1 1  N 2 (r , s)  v2  N 3 (r , s)  v3  N 4 (r , s)  v4   dr  ds

The volume flow rates over 1 element surface due to each of the 4 nodal velocities are
s 1 r 1 s 1 r 1
1
  N1 (r , s)  v1  dr  ds 
s  1 r  1
 
s  1 r  1
4
(1  r )(1  s )  v1  dr  ds

s 1 r 1 s 1 r 1
1
  N 2 (r , s)  v2  dr  ds 
s  1 r  1
 
s  1 r  1
4
(1  r )(1  s )  v2  dr  ds

s 1 r 1 s 1 r 1
1
  N3 (r , s)  v3  dr  ds 
s  1 r  1
 
s  1 r  1
4
(1  r )(1  s )  v3  dr  ds

s 1 r 1 s 1 r 1
1
  N 4 (r , s)  v4  dr  ds 
s  1 r  1
 
s  1 r  1
4
(1  r )(1  s )  v4  dr  ds

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ALE Inflow Boundary Condition Setting

Considering each sub-integral separately

r 1  1
  1  s 1  1
  1 
 r2   1      1  1   2  s2   1      1  1   2
 (1  r )  dr   r  2   2  2  (1  s)  ds   s  2   2  2
r  1  1  s  1  1 

r 1  1
  1  s 1  1
  1 
 r2   1      1  1   2  s2   1      1  1   2
 (1  r )  dr  r 
 2   2  2  (1  s )  ds  s 
 2   2  2
r  1  1  s  1  1 

The volume flow rate due to velocity at 1 node over the quad surface of 1 element is (just
looking at the effect of node #1):
s 1 r 1
v1
s 1
 r 1 
  N1 (r , s)  v1  dr  ds 
s  1 r  1
4    (1  r )  dr  (1  s)  ds  v1  v  A
s  1  r  1 
s
Vdueto 1 node  v  A  v1 *1.0 (-1,1) (1, 1)
4 3
v V 
v* A
v 1 = equivalent average velocity over [area=4] of 1 element. 4 r
4 v1=v
v A 1 2
V  v  A  (area_ave_vel = nodal_vel/4) (-1,-1) (1,-1)
4
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ALE Inflow Boundary Condition Setting

So the total volume flow rate due to velocities at 4 nodes over the quad surface of 1 element
is equal in magnitude to the sum of the 4 nodal velocities – for the center element only!
 
V   v  n  dA  v1  v2  v3  v4 If the velocities are equal  V  4  v  v  A  v  v
S

Now consider the effect of 4 nodal velocities (assuming equal magnitude velocities and areas)

v* A v* A Artifact due to the

V  V 
4 2
V 
v* A linear interpolation
4 nature of FEM
v* A
V  V  v  A  v  A  v  A
2
V 
v* A VTotal  v  A  4     4   4v A
2  2   4 

CAUTION:
V 
v* A v* A v* A So the flow rate is actually 4 (v*A) value.
V  V 
4 2 4 NOT just v*A!

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ALE Inflow Boundary Condition Setting

In general, for “m-by-n” elements having nodal velocity defined at their nodes, we have

v  A v  A
V  m  n  v  A  2  m  n     4   4 
 2   
v* A
V 
4

The speed actually applied, v

V  v  A v* A should be less than the
V 
2 nominal, v,value!
Note:
If element areas are not equal,
more calculation is required!

v
m  n v
m  n  m  n  1
“m” elements V  m  n  m  n  1  v  A  m  n  v  A
speed Nominal
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One Approach to Volume-Filling

For LS-DYNA ALE Analysis

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS
This Volume-Filling model is assumed to include 4 physical entities:

* A Lagrangian tank (S1).

* A surrounding air block (Eulerian=H3= the only fluid part or mesh initially defined).
(Only the first 2 parts have their meshes defined initially.)_

* A liquid fuel to be filled inside the tank (Eulerian=H4=no initial geometry defined).
* A fuel vapor to be filled inside the tank (Eulerian=H5 =no initial geometry defined).
(Parts H4 and H5 are the additional fluids that to be filled in certain specified spaces. No
meshes are defined in the input deck initially for these 2 parts.)

* A rigid wall defined by *RIGIDWALL_PLANAR (no *PART definition required).

(This is a platform onto which the tank is dropped.)

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS
H3 = initial surrounding air mesh S1 = tank (container) mesh

S6 = platform = *RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
(no *PART card required)

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS S1 = tank (container) mesh

H3 = initial surrounding air mesh

The container is defined as a shell

structure with all its segment normal
vectors pointing INWARD uniformly.

The container should lie just outside

of the fluid region to be contained.

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

LS-DYNA KEYWORDS: Parts with initial mesh definitions.
*PART
PID 1 = container = can = steel
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
1 1 1 0 0 0
*SECTION_SHELL
S1 = Lagrangian $ SECID ELFORM AET
shell container 1 2 0
0.200 0.200 0.200 0.200
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
$ MID RO E PR SIGY ETAN BETA
1 7860.00 300.00E09 0.300 350.00E06 300.00E6 0.0
$ SRC SRP FS VP
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
$===============================================================================
*PART
background fluid (initially defined part or geometry or mesh) = air
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
3 3 3 3 3 0
H3 = Eulerian *SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
surrounding 3 11 0
air mesh *MAT_NULL
3 1.2008462 -1.0E+02 1.8444E-5 0.0 0.0
*EOS_IDEAL_GAS
$ EOSID Cv Cp C1 C2 T0 V0
3 719.0 1006.0 294.00 1.0
*HOURGLASS
$ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
3 1 1.00e-05

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

LS-DYNA KEYWORDS: Part without initial mesh definition.

*PART
filling fluid = liquid fuel to be filled inside gas tank
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
4 4 4 4 4 0
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
4 11 0
*MAT_NULL
$ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
H4 = Liquid 4 998.21 -100.0 0.8684E-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
fuel to be filled *EOS_GRUNEISEN
$ EOSID C S1 S2 S3 GAMAO A EO
inside 4 1.647E3 1.921 -0.096 0.0 0.350 0.0 0.0
$ VO
container 1.0
*HOURGLASS
$ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
4 1 1.00e-04

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LS-DYNA KEYWORDS: Part without initial mesh definition.
*PART
The vapor gas of the liquid fuel to be filled inside the fuel tank (fuel vapor)
$ PID SECID MID EOSID HGID GRAV ADPOPT TMID
5 5 5 5 5 0
*SECTION_SOLID
$ SECID ELFORM AET
5 11 0
*MAT_NULL
H5 = Fuel vapor $ MID RO PC MU TEROD CEROD YM PR
to be filled 5 1.2008462 -1.0E+02 1.8444E-5 0.0 0.0
*EOS_IDEAL_GAS
inside $ EOSID Cv Cp C1 C2 T0 V0
5 719.0 1006.0 294.00 1.0
container *HOURGLASS
$ HGID IHQ QM IBQ Q1 Q2 QB QW
5 1 1.00e-05
$===============================================================================
*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
Fixed rigid $ NSID NSIDEX BOXID
platform 1
$ XT YT ZT XH YH ZH FRIC WVEL
0.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

NSID1 = all nodes on the shell container (this is defined without a *PART card).
After running ls970, LS-POST will show a part S6 for this rigid wall.

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

LS-DYNA KEYWORDS: *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP definition.
AMMG1 = ALE MULTI-MATERIAL GROUP number 1

$===============================================================================
$ S1 = Lagrangian shell container
$ H3 = AMMG 1 = background air initially occupying the whole existing mesh.
$ H4 = AMMG 2 = filling fluid 1 = liquid fuel to be filled inside tank.
$ H5 = AMMG 3 = filling fluid 2 = fuel vapor to be filled inside tank
$===============================================================================
*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
3 1
4 1
5 1

H3 = PID3 = AMMG1 = HISVAR2 = surrounding air.

SET-ID„s

H4 = PID4 = AMMG2 = HISVAR3 = liquid fuel.

The “1‟s” in this
column indicates the
SET-ID-TYPE‟s are H5 = PID5 = AMMG3 = HISVAR4 = fuel vapor.
“PART-ID‟s”

Plotting in LSPREPOST: FCOMP  MISC HISTORY VARIABLES

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LS-DYNA KEYWORDS: *INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY.
$===============================================================================
$ FILLOPT = Filling option:
$ 0= fill inside container geom = inside = side pointed to by normals
STEP 0  initially $ 1= fill outside container geom = outside = opposite to "inside"
fill PID 3 with $ NORMDIR = 0=normals point INward of volume; 1=normals point OUTward of volume
$===============================================================================
AMMG1 *INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY
$ fill the whole pid 3 with AMMG 1=background air
$FPID/PSID FIDTYPE INIAMMGID <=== card 1: background fluid (norm point in)
3 1 1
STEP 1  $ step 1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ fill shell PID 1 (with inward normals) with AMMG 2=liquid fuel
$ CONTTYPE FILLOPT FILAMMGID <=== card 2: container #1 FILLOPT=0=fill head
1 0 2
$ SETID SETTYPE NORMDIR <=== card 3: details on container #1
1 1 0
$ step 2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
STEP 2  $ fill all elms above a "plane" @ z=400 with AMMG 3=gas both in and outside tank
$ CONTTYPE FILLOPT FILAMMGID <=== card 4: container #2: CONTTYPE=3=plane
3 0 3
$ X0, Y0, Z0, NX, NY, NZ <=== card 5: details on container #2=plane
0.0,0.0,400.0, 0.0,0.0,1.0
STEP 3  $ step 3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ fill all elms outside of tank with air again to get rid of the gas outside.
$ CONTTYPE FILLOPT FILAMMGID <=== card 6: container #1 FILLOPT=1=fill tail
1 1 1
$ SETID SETTYPE NORMDIR <=== card 7: details on container #1
1 1 0

See next 2 pages for parameter definitions 

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LS-DYNA KEYWORDS: *INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY.
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY = filling container with AMMGID fluid(s)
$ CARD 1 --------------------------------------------------
$ FPID|PSID = BACKGROUND FLUID MESH PID: FLUID MESH PID or PSID (geometry)
$ FIDTYPE = FLUID MESH ID type: (0=PSID , 1=PID)
$ INIAMMGID = INITIAL AMMG ID filling this mesh (from *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP)
$
$
$
$
$ CARD 2 --------------------------------------------------
$ CONTTYPE = Container Geometry Type
$ = 1 = Container is defined by a "PID" or "PSID"
$ = 2 = Container is defined by a "SGSID"
$ = 3 = Container is defined by a "PLANE"
$ = 4 = Container is defined by a "CYLINDER"
$ = 5 = Container is defined by a "BOX"
$ = 6 = Container is defined by a "SPHERE"
$ FILLOPT = Filling option:
$ 0= fill inside container geom = inside = side pointed to by normals
$ 1= fill outside container geom = outside = opposite to "inside"
$ FILAMMGID= Filling Fluid ID = ALE MM group ID defined by a
$ *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP card

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

LS-DYNA KEYWORDS: *INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY.
$ CARD 3 ---------------------------------------------- CONTAINER GEOMETRY DEF
$ if in card 2: CONTTYP = 1 = Container is defined by "PID" or "PSID"
$ SETID = ID of container
$ SETTYPE = 0=PSID or 1=PID
$ NORMDIR = 0=normals point INward of volume; 1=normals point OUTward of volume
$ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ if in card 2: CONTTYP = 2 = Container is defined by "SGSID"
$ SGSID = SEGMENT SET ID of container
$ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ if in card 2: CONTTYP = 3 = Container is defined by a "PLANE"
$ X0,Y0,Z0 = 1 coord ref. point on this plane
$ NX,NY,NZ = 3 direction cosines defining the plane normal.
$-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ if in card 2: CONTTYP = 4 = Container is defined by a "CYLINDER"
$ X1,Y1,Z1 = 1st end point on center line of cylinder
$ X2,Y2,Z2 = 2nd end point on center line of cylinder
$ R1 = cylinder radius at point 1
$ R2 = cylinder radius at point 2
$ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ if in card 2: CONTTYP = 5 = Container is defined by a "BOX"
$ XMIN,YMIN,ZMIN = 1st end point on diagonal line of "BOX"
$ XMAX,YMAX,ZMAX = 2nd end point on diagonal line of "BOX"
$ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ if in card 2: CONTTYP = 6 = Container is defined by a "SPHERE"
$ XC,YC,ZC = center of the "SPHERE"
$ RADIUS = radius of the "SPHERE"
$ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ If there are more container definitions ==> they come in pair(s) as following:
$ CARD 2 = CARD 4 = define what type of container & how to fill it & what fluid
$ CARD 3 = CARD 5 = define container geometry definitions.

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

Step 1: including cards 2 & 3 – history variable 2 = AMMG1 = air volfrac contour

This is AMMG1

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

Step 1: including cards 2 & 3 – history variable 3 = AMMG2 = liquid volfrac contour

During the 1st step:

Only 1 filling “action”

has been carried out 

Only the liquid

(AMMG2) has filled the
container completely.

This is shown as the red

region.

This is AMMG2

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

Step 1: including cards 2 & 3 – history variable 4 = AMMG3 = vapor volfrac contour

During the 1st step:

No filling “action” has

been carried out for
AMMG3 (or hisvar 4)!

So its contour does not

yet exist as shown here

blue = 0 volume fraction.

The “action” of the 1st

filling has done nothing
about the vapor yet.

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

Step 1&2: including cards 2,3,4,5 – history variable 2= AMMG1= air volfrac contour

This is AMMG1
outside air

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

Step 1&2: including cards 2,3,4,5 – history variable 3 = AMMG2 = liquid volfrac

During the 2nd step:

Fill all elms above a
"plane" @ z=400 with
AMMG3= fuel vapor
both in and outside tank

The liquid (AMMG2)

now fills the container
partially.

This is shown as the red

region.

This is AMMG2.

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

Step 1&2: including cards 2,3,4,5 – history variable 4= AMMG3 = fuel vapor volfrac

During the 2nd step:

Fill all elms above a
"plane" at z=400 with
AMMG3= fuel vapor
both in and outside tank

This is AMMG3.

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

All Steps: history variable 2= AMMG1= air volfrac contour

Final step:
This is AMMG1 =
outside air.

Step 3 fills all elms

outside the container
with air.

This is to correct for the

action of step 2 which
fills the vapor outside the
container, too. (recall
“fill all elms with z .ge.
400”!)

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

All Steps: history variable 3 = AMMG2 = liquid volfrac

Final step:
AMMG1= outside air

AMMG3= fuel vapor

The liquid (AMMG2)

now fills the container
partially.

This is shown as the red

region.

This is AMMG2.

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Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

All Steps: history variable 4= AMMG3 = fuel vapor volfrac

Final step:
This is AMMG1 =
outside air.

Step 3 fills all elms

outside the container
with air.

This is to correct for the

action of step 2 which
fills the vapor outside the
container, too. (recall
“fill all elms with z .ge.
400”!)

This is AMMG3 = fuel

vapor inside tank.
Livermore Software Technology Corporation
277
 Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling with LS-DYNA

Volume-Filling with LS-DYNA ALE Method

All Steps:

Final step:
This is AMMG1 =
outside air.

This is AMMG3 = fuel

vapor inside tank.

This is AMMG2 = liquid

fuel inside tank.

Livermore Software Technology Corporation

278