Web System Architecture

Introductıon
 The World Wide Web (WWW) can be viewed as a huge
distributed system with millions of clients and servers for
accessing linked documents.

 Servers maintain collections of documents while clients

provide users an easy-to-use interface for presenting
and accessing those documents.

 A document is fetched from a server, transferred to a

client, and presented on the screen. To a user there is
conceptually no difference between a document stored
locally or in another part of the world.
 Contd…
 Now, Web has become more than just a simple document based
system.

 With the emergence of Web services, it is becoming a system of

distributed services rather than just documents offered to any user
or machine.

 What can we get from WWW?

 Read news, listen to music and watch video;
 Buy or sell goods such as books, airline tickets;
 Make reservations on hotel room, rental car, restaurant, etc.;
 Pay bills and transfer money from one bank account to another

 In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee had suggested a way to let all users, but
particularly scientists, browse each others’ papers on the Internet.
 He developed HTML, URLs, and HTTP.
 Tradıtıonal web-based systems
1. Many Web-based systems are still organized as simple
client-server architectures.
2. The core of a Web site: a process that has access to a
local file system storing documents.
 Uniform Resource Locator
 A reference called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is
used to refer a document.

 The DNS name of its associated server along with a file

name is specified.

 The URL also specifies the protocol for transferring the

document across the network.

 Example:
http://www.cse.unl.edu/~ylu/csce855/notes/web-
system.ppt
 Browser

 A client interacts with Web servers through a special

application known as browser.
- Responsible for displaying documents.
 A Web document does not only contain text, but it can include
all kinds of dynamic features such as audio, video,
animations, etc.
 In many cases special helper applications (interpreters) are
needed, and they are integrated into the browser.
 E.g., Windows Media Player and QuickTime Player for
playing streaming content
 The variety of document types forces browser to be
extensible. As a result, plug-ins are required to follow a
standard interfaces so that they can be easily integrated with
the browsers
The web is a two-tiered architecture.
A web browser displays information content,
and a web server that transfers information to the client.
 Contd…
Web Language
HTML is the standard markup language for
information publishing.
• Elements of WWW
-Client/server
- Web Languages and Protocols
- Web Pages
- Home Page
- Web Browsers
- Web Sites
• A web browser is the first tier (presentation),
• An engine using some dynamic Web content
technology (such as ASP, ASP.NET, CGI,
ColdFusion, JSP/Java, PHP, Perl, Python,
Ruby on Rails or Struts2) is the middle tier
• A database is the third tier (storage).
• Multi-tier application (n-tier application)
– Information tier (data or bottom tier)
• Maintains data for the application
• Stores data in a relational database management
system (RDBMS)
– Middle tier
• Implements business logic and presentation logic
• Control interactions between application clients
and application data
– Client tier (top tier)
• Application’s user interface
• Users interact directly with the application through
the client tier
 Components
• connections to the Internet - Internet Service
Provider (ISP)
• servers - implement each tier/level of the
architecture
•. •

• physical networks - interconnecting the servers

• One or more network devices (router, firewall,
switch) - implement communication and security
policies
 Web Browser
• The primary purpose is to bring
information resources to the user.
• An application for retrieving, presenting,
and traversing information resources
 Web server
• Manages the HTTP protocol (handles requests and
provides responses)
– Receives client requests
– Reads static pages/contents from the file system
– Activates the application server for dynamic
pages/content generation (server-side)
– Provides an file (HTML, or other) back to the client
• One HTTP connection for each request
• Multi-process, Multi-threaded or Process pool
The most adopted web server - Apache
 HTML
• HyperText Markup Language
• Document layout language (not a
programming language)
• Defines structure and appearance of Web
pages
 URI
• Universal Resource Identifier
• URLs are location dependent
• It contains four distinct parts: the protocol
type, the machine name, the directory path
and the file name.
• There are several kinds of URLs: file
URLs, FTP URLs, and HTTP URLs
 Multıtıered archıtectures
 Web documents can be built in two ways:
Static Dynamic
On request locates and returns Request is forwarded to an
the object application system
Includes predefined HTML On request reply is generated
pages & GIF or JPEG files dynamically
Does not require web server to Done through server side
communicate execution(program)

 Although Web started as simple two-tiered client-server

architecture for static Web documents, this architecture
has been extended to support advanced type of
documents.
 Contd…
 Most of the Web sites are now organized as three-tiered
architectures consisting of a Web server, an application
server and a database server.

 User data comes from an HTML form, specifying the

program and parameters.

 Server-side scripting technologies are used to generate

dynamic content:
Microsoft: Active Server Pages (ASP.NET)
Sun: Java Server Pages (JSP)
Netscape: JavaScript
Free Software Foundation: PHP
 Application server
• Dynamic page generation and content generation
• Manages the site business logic
• It’s the middle tier between the client browser and the data residing
on a database
• Implements the session mechanisms
• Different technologies and architectures are available.
 Adopted standards
• URL (uniform resource locator) for finding web pages
• HTML (hyper text markup language) for writing web
pages
• GIF (graphics interchange format), PNG (portable
network graphics), JPEG, … for images
• HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol) for client-server
interaction
• TCP/IP (transmission control protocol over internet
protocol) for data transfer
 Database server
• Stores the data on which the application server works.
• Executes the queries issued by the application server:
– Updates the stored data
– Inserts new data
– Provides back query results
• The most frequent/complex queries can be implemented
internally as stored procedures (pre- compiled queries with
parameters)

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 Adopted standards
• Cookies for storing the state of a session
• Java, JavaScript, ActiveX, Flash to
program the user interface on the browser
• SQL (structured query language), ODBC
(open database connectivity) to access data
bases
27
 Web 2.0

• Web applications support social interaction

models
• Peer exchange and user-contributed content
instead of rigid publisher/reader pattern
– Online communities
• Rich, dynamic, interactive user interfaces
• Integration of contents across web sites
(mashups)
 Adopted standards
• Dynamic HTML: DOM, Javascript, CSS
– JavaScript, Flash to handle a runtime environment on the browser
– DOM (XHTML Document Object Model) to allow on-the fly
modification of the web page
– CSS 2.1 to modify attribute and handle objects
• AJAX: Asynchronous Javascript and XML
– XMLHttpRequest for asynchronous communication to the server
– Data transfer formats: JSON, XML, RDF, RSS, Atom, FOAF, ...
• Mash-up technology
 Web Security Issues
 The Web has become the visible interface of the Internet
- Many corporations now use the Web for advertising, marketing and sales
 Web servers might be easy to use

but…
- Complicated to configure correctly and difficult to build without security
flaws
- They can serve as a security hole by which an adversary might access
other data and computer systems
-Web Security issues are with respect to Integrity, Confidentiality, DoS,
Authentication