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HW 1

This document contains a homework assignment on wireless communications. It includes 14 problems related to wireless cellular network design and analysis. Some of the key problems involve: 1) deriving the frequency reuse ratio based on hexagonal cell geometry, 2) calculating handoff margins for different cellular technologies, 3) determining maximum transmission distances based on signal-to-noise ratios, and 4) modeling path loss and estimating path loss exponents and shadowing variances based on empirical measurements.

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Fatemeh Nikraftar
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333 views

HW 1

This document contains a homework assignment on wireless communications. It includes 14 problems related to wireless cellular network design and analysis. Some of the key problems involve: 1) deriving the frequency reuse ratio based on hexagonal cell geometry, 2) calculating handoff margins for different cellular technologies, 3) determining maximum transmission distances based on signal-to-noise ratios, and 4) modeling path loss and estimating path loss exponents and shadowing variances based on empirical measurements.

Uploaded by

Fatemeh Nikraftar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wireless Communications

Homework 1

 Solving problems with (**) are bonus and not mandatory

1. Use the cosine law and hexagonal geometry to show that for the co-channel reuse ratio, 𝑄, this
𝐷
𝑄 = 𝑅 = √3𝑁 holds where 𝑁 = 𝑖2 + 𝑗2 + 𝑖𝑗.

2. When a user changes its position between cells, it should be transferred to a new BS which is
called “handoff”. The handoff should happen quickly from the time at which received power is
equal to threshold 𝑃𝑟,ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑓 to the time that the minimum power for keeping the call is
received, 𝑃𝑟,𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 . For the AMPS handoff happens within 10 seconds and for GSM within 2
seconds. What is the appropriate handoff margin, Δ = 𝑃𝑟,ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑓 − 𝑃𝑟,𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 , for a cell with
500 meters radius with a) AMPS b)GSM? Let the maximum speed of users be 35 𝑚/𝑠, and
𝑑
consider just free space path loss 𝑃 = 𝑃0 ( 𝑑0 ) 𝑛 where path loss exponent is 𝑛 = 4.

3. Consider a receiver with noise power −160 𝑑𝐵𝑚 within the signal bandwidth of interest.
Assume a simplified path loss model with 𝑑0 = 1 𝑚, 𝐾 obtained from the free space path loss
formula with isotropic antennas and 𝑓𝑐 = 1 𝐺𝐻𝑧, and 𝛾 = 4. For a specified transmit power of
𝑃𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑊, find the maximum distance between the transmitter and receiver such that the
received signal-to-noise power ratio is 20 𝑑𝐵.
4. ** For the same system of previous problem, now
assume that with 120 degrees sectoring, that 𝑁 can
be reduced from 7 to 4. What number of users can be
supported? Why we can reduce the number of cells?
Compared to Omni-directional, how much does SIR
improve with 60 and 120 degrees sectoring?

5. ** In a cellular network, for increasing the number of


users, the number of cells in clusters is reduced to 7
providing more channel reuse. However, the 10 𝑑𝐵
SIR is not enough. What is your idea for increasing
SIR? Downtilt of directional antennas can help for
more SIR. The figure (a) shows the vertical pattern of
three transmitting antennas. If the radius of cell is
500 𝑚 and the downtilt is 10 degrees from horizon
and the height of antennas is 10 𝑚, what position in
the cell is in the main lobe of antenna?
Which of those antennas can improve SIR by 5 𝑑𝐵?
Hint: consider the figure (b).

(a)

(b)
6. Consider the simplified path loss model as follows

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 + 𝐾 + 10 𝛾 log(𝑑) (𝑑𝐵)
where 𝐾 is a constant in 𝑑𝐵 , 𝛾 is the path loss exponent, and 𝑑 is the distance between
transmitter and receiver. The following table lists a set of empirical path loss measurements.
Table (1)

a) Find the parameters of a simplified path loss model that best fit this data, based on
MMSE criterion.
b) Find the path loss at 2 𝐾𝑚 based on this model.
c) Find the estimated variance of the log-normal shadowing.

7. ** Consider a cellular system operating at 900 𝑀𝐻𝑧 where propagation follows free space path
loss with variations from log normal shadowing with 𝜎 = 6 𝑑𝐵. Suppose that for acceptable voice
quality a signal-to-noise power ratio of 15 𝑑𝐵 is required at the mobile. Assume the base station
transmits at 1 𝑊 and its antenna has a 3 𝑑𝐵 gain. There is no antenna gain at the mobile and the
receiver noise in the bandwidth of interest is −10 𝑑𝐵𝑚. Find the maximum cell size so that a
mobile on the cell boundary will have acceptable voice quality 90% of the time.

8. Consider an indoor wireless LAN with 𝑓𝑐 = 900 𝑀𝐻𝑧, cells of radius 100 𝑚, and non-directional
antennas. Under the free-space path loss model, what transmit power is required at the access
point such that all terminals within the cell receive a minimum power of 10 𝜇𝑊. How does this
change if the system frequency is 5 𝐺𝐻𝑧?
9. Determine the critical distance (𝑑𝑐 ) for the two-ray model in an urban microcell
(ℎ𝑡 = 10 𝑚, ℎ𝑟 = 3 𝑚) and an indoor microcell (ℎ𝑡 = 3 𝑚, ℎ𝑟 = 2 𝑚) for 𝑓𝑐 = 2𝐺𝐻𝑧. Analyze
your response in terms of cell area and signal power on the cell’s borders.
Hint: In the two-ray model, critical distance 𝑑𝑐 is where Δ𝜙 = 𝜋.

10. Consider the simplified model as


𝑑
𝑃𝑟 dBm = 𝑃𝑡 dBm + 𝐾 dB − 10𝛾 log10 [ ]
𝑑0
And the set of empirical measurements of 𝑃𝑟 /𝑃𝑡 given in the table below for an indoor system
at 900 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Find the path loss exponent 𝛾 that minimizes the MSE between the simplified
model and the empirical dB power measurements, assuming that 𝑑0 = 1 𝑚 and 𝐾 is
determined from the free space path gain formula at this 𝑑0 . Find the received power at 150 𝑚
for the simplified path loss model with this path loss exponent and a transmit power of 1 𝑚𝑊
(0 dBm).

Table (2)

11. In the previous problem, you found the exponent for the simplified path loss model that
best fits the measurements in Table (2). Assuming the simplified path loss model with this
exponent and the same 𝐾 = −31.54 dB, find 𝜎𝛹2 𝑑𝐵 , the variance of log-normal shadowing
about the mean path loss based on these empirical measurements.
12. Find the outage probability at 150 𝑚 for a channel based on the combined path loss and
shadowing models of Problem 11 and 12 (two previous problems), assuming a transmit power
of 𝑃𝑡 = 10 𝑚𝑊 and minimum power requirement 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −110.5 dBm.

13. Find the coverage area for a cell with the combined path loss and shadowing models of
Problems 11 and 12, a cell radius of 600 𝑚, a base station transmit power of 𝑃𝑡 = 100 mW =
20 dBm, and a minimum received power requirement of 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −110 dBm and of 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
−120 𝑑𝐵𝑚.

14. ** Consider a cellular system where path loss follows the simplified model with 𝛾 = 6, and
there is also log normal shadowing with 𝜎 = 8 dB. If the received power at the cell boundary
due to path loss is 20 dB higher than the minimum required received power for non-outage,
find the cell coverage area.

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