Technology Focus is published bi-monthly

by the Defence Scientific Information &

Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) on
behalf of the Defence Research &
Development Organisation (DRDO),
Ministry of Defence, Government of India. It
focuses on the technological developments
in the Organisation, covering the products,
processes and technologies.

Editorial Committee
Coordinator
Dr SS Murthy, Director, DESIDOC
Metcalfe House, Delhi
Members
Dr KVL Aao
Project Director (Propulsion System)
Aeronautical Development Agency
Bangalore
Shri Vishal Chandra, Director of Bio.
medjcal & Applied Sciences, West Block
AK Puram. New Delhi
Shri BA Grover
Director of Combat Vehicles
Sena Bhavan, New Delhi
Dr VK Kapoor, Addl Director
Dte of Armaments, Sena Bhavan
New Delhi
Dr MS Vijayaraghavan
SO/SA to AM
South Block, New Delhi
Editorial Staff
Editors
M Singh, Ashok Kumar, DS Bedi
Editorial Assistance Printing
Manoj K Pant SBGupta

Special Issue on
Indigenous Electronic Components
& Devices
Guest Editors
Dr K Neelakantan Shri JP Gupta
Director Programme Director
JRAG DLRL
lerabad Hyderabad
,
Readers of Technology Focus are invited to
send their communications to the Editor,
Technology Focus, DESIDOC, Metcalfe
House, Delhi-54. India. Fax: 011-2919151
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet http:llwww.nic.in/mmpad/docl
welcome.html Linear electromechanical actuator
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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
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ATOMIC ENERGY REGULATORY BOARD
Dr. P. RAMA RAO 6TH FLOOR, NIYAMAK BHAVAN
CHAIRMAN ANUSHAKTI NAGAR, MUMBAI -400 094.
INDIA

I am happy to learn that a special issue of Technology Focus on Indigenous Electronic Components is
being brought out on the occasion of the DRDO Directors Conference.

Materials and electronic components are among the vital inputs in the making of high technology systems.
There has been significant progress in ensuring technological self-reJiance in the materials area, especially
products based on metallic alloys. The progress in the area of electric materials and electronic devices has
generally not kept pace with the requirements. The DRDO recognised that they, as users must take this up on
their own if rapid progress is to be made. It is thus that several initiatives have been taken by DRDO for
indigenous development of electronic components, which deserve our praise.

This special issue, I hope, will prove to be a source of inspiration for sustained endeavours to make
possible wholesome self-reliance in the field of critical electronic components.

p.~~~
(P. Rama Rao)

Guest Editorial

Electronics plays a significant role in present day This issue of Technology Focus highlights some of
weapon systems. The development of strategic systems the components which have been indigenised. Of the
and sub-systems is critically dependent on the large list of components, we have selected a few which
availability of electronic components. In DRDO, we have we hope will give flavour of the kind of strategic
been taking steps towards indigenisation of several components which are now available through Indian
components and devices. The action was imtiated in sources. We hope this initiative will receive further
1993 and presently we have a large number of encouragement and the activities will be expanded in the
electronic components, VLSls and other devices which coming years. We believe this initiative is a significant
have been indigenised. contribution to the self-reliance initiative in DADO.

J.P. Gupta & K. Neelakantan

Guest Editors

"ECHNOLOGY JS, August 199'

Electronic Components
Electronic components and devices are used in large number of electronic components and devices have
Defence systems like missiles, aircraft, tanks, or ships. now been developed and productionised under this
Till recently, the requirement of most of these programme. Some of the important ones are highlighted
components was met from suppliers abroad. here.

DADO has evolved a programme called Components The CODE Programme has not only made the country
and Devices, CODE to boost up DADO efforts to achieye self-reliant in electronic components but also has helped
self-reliance in the development of critical components in saving precious foreign exchange and reducing
required in various systems of its ongoing projects. A components and systems cost.

Microwave Components
Microwave components have assumed great
importance due to con~inuing stringent technical
requirements to be met by present day and futuristic
communication, radar and electronic warfare systems.
Their development is an involved and lengthy process
comprising CAD design, MIC fabrication, precision
machining, assembly and bonding, testing and
evaluation, and documentation. Some of these products
developed and productionised under CODE programme
are given here.

Frequency & Phase Correlators

Frequency and phase correlators (0.5 to 2.0 GHz &

2.0 to 8.0 GHz) are critical microwave components used
in instantaneous frequency measuring receivers for
electronic warfare systems. They are widely used and
required in large quantities. DRDO has designed and
developed these components and transferred the
technology to GEL, Ghaziabad for production and use in
military equipment.

Power Dividers

Power dividers are passive components that split input

signal into two or more identical output signals. The
device is reciprocal and can be used to coherently
add/combine in phase multiple signals into one output
signal. Symmetrical design and internal terminations
provide high isolation with excellent amplitude and phase
tracking of all outputs. These power dividers are built in
octave as well as extreme wide bandwidths (even
decades and greater). These power dividers find specific
applications in airborne and shipborne electronic warfare
systems, antenna feed networks (phased arrays), local
oscillator distribution networks, multichannel receivers for
coherent signal processing, matrix amplifiers, balance
and image rejection mixers, external levelling, reference
etc.

TECHNOLOGY FOCUS, August 1997 3

 Two way and four way power dividers have been 2 to 6 GHz and 6 to 8 GHz under CODE Programme by
developed and productionised in the frequency ranges FLIC Microwaves, Hyderabad.

Dielectric Resonator Oscillator

Dielectric Resonator Oscitlator popularly known as

DROs are highly stable, fixed frequency microwave signal
sources which find extensive applications, such as local
oscillators and BITE sources in many electronic warfare
systems, and satellite, TV and digital communications.
They offer inherent advantages like low phase noise, The DROs clearly fill the gap between a free running
relatively high efficiency, compactness, low cost, size and oscillator and a synthesised source. These are being
compatibility with modern microwave integrated circuits. manufactured by ECIL, Kushaiguda, Hyderabad.

Diplexers

A Diplexer is a passive filter network capable of

separating or combining two signals of different
frequencies at a common port. A 2 to 18 GHz broad band
diplexer has been designed and developed by FLIC pass filter in parallel. The structure used for realization of
Microwave, Hyderabad. It splits the input signal into two this diplexer is suspended substrate stripline which offers
bands of 2 to 6 GHz and 6 to 18 GHz. These diplexers advantages of low insertion loss, sharp rejection
have been formed by connecting a high pass and a low characteristics and multioctave bandwidths.

Mixer Pre-amplifier

TECHNOLOGY FOCUS, August 1997

4
 Mixer pr~-amplifiers are critical components used in to 8.16 GHz and generate amplified output centered
the tuner chains of superhetrodyne receivers. Its function around 160 MHz with a bandwidth of 60 MHz, Developed
is to receive RF input in the frequency range of 2 to 8 under CODE Programme by HAL, Hyderabad.
GHz, local oscillator input in the frequency range of 2.16

SP2T RF Switch 2- 18 GHz

Switches are the most widely used microwave

components pnd in many electronic warfare radar
systems. They are primarily used to route signals
between ports. Switches using PIN diodes as the control
devices are most common because of fast switching, low
loss and high isolation. In addition, they offer high
reliability and high drive requirement.

These PIN switches work in multioctave bands and

are available in different configurations. Manufactured by
ECIL, Hyderabad.

Millimeterwave Components

Millimeterwaves have many advantages over conditions. Their uses span military, industrial, medical
microwaves, such as broad bandwidths, higher spatial and scientific requirements. Most of these components
resolutions, probability of interception/interference, small have been developed by Scientific Instruments Company
antenna and equipment size. Their ability to penetrate Ltd, Ghaziabad under CODE Programme. Some
clouds, smoke, dust and fog make them logical choice important ones are highlighted here.
over IR and optical wavelengths for adverse weather

Ka-Band & W-Band Waveguide 900 Twists

Waveguide twists are desigried for any application parts of many ferrite devices, these twists efficiently adapt
which requires changes in waveguide orientation with polarization-rotated RF field to the orientation of the
minimum energy loss and reflections. Used as integral rema!hing transmission line components.

Ka-Band Directional Couplers

This is a four-pole waveguide junction used to provide the desired direction through the main waveguide. With
an efficient, convenient means for sampling a finite this characteristic, directional couplers are excellent
quantity of power flowing in a transmission line or for waveguide components for use in the measurement of
injecting desired signals into the line. Because of high signal source power and frequency. They also find
directivity characteristics, the power extracted by these applications in the diversion of control energy to drive
devices is dependent only upon the coupling and the microwave AFC loops, for insertion of local oscillator or
energy flow in one direction through the line. Conversely, marker signals and in any other test applications requiring
the energy introduced through the coupling arm flows in a coupling function.

TECHNOLOGY FOCUS, August 1997 5

 !nd Fixe( Atter ~tor

~ttenuators are used millimeterwav :ontrolling the signal )wer. These attenuators absorb
,
appMI ~ requiring the insertion curately know Ig waves with egligible refle ctlon and are not
fixed uation in waveguide tr ssion lines fc Icy sensitive in )pecified band

K W-Band 'lanE )enas

e and H-plane lends are )ns of wave£ lide waveguide transm les for te and developmental
.:h are , accurately b ,t to the led angle. T ese applications.
Ids pro IVide accurate s and d :tional chang

K &W d )lane Tuner

These tuners are excellent millimeterwave impedance

atching networks, designed to provide the reliable
;" ~+~~ f'nntrnl renl'1red in most experimental and
te applications. They introduce
waveguide transmission line for
simujtaneous control of both phase and amplitude of the
RF reflection coefficient .They can be used as peaking

\jOLOG A
Ka-Band Orthomode Transducers
Orthomode transducers act as duplexers in the from the antenna is coupled to the receiver connected
communication systems. Transmitted signal goes through with rectangular section and no power is coupled to the
circular waveguide section to the transmitting antenna transm itter .
and nothing is coupled to the receiver. Received signal

Integration Components

Low ESR Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitors

These capacitors consist of two foils interleaved with a
high quality absorbent paper and wound tightly into a
cylinder. Contacts are made by riveted tabs of aluminium
and attached to the foils. This winding is then
impregnated with a specialised electrolyte and housed in
high purity aluminium containers. These capacitors are
used in power supply filters and other high energy
applications where high capacitance, high ripple current
capability and excellent load life are required. Solid screw
terminals and all welded construction are employed to
ensure reliable contact, better thermal characteristics and
enhanced service life. Developed under CODE
Programme by ELNET, Hosur (Tamilnadu).

RF Co-axial Cables

PTFE dielectric flexible RF co-axial cables are ideal

for use in RF and microwave communication, electronic
warfare and radar systems, mainly because of their
features combining high performance with reliability and
light weight. The indigenously-developed PTFE dielectric
RF cables RG-303 and RG-142 meet the technical
requirements of MIL-data sheet Mil-C-17/11C.

RF Co-axial Cable RG-400

Flexible cables, developed under CODE Programme

by the FLU- TEF Industries, Ahmedabad, are the
simplest, most versatile and popular means for
transmission of RF and microwave energy. The latest MIL
version M 17/128-RG-400 has continuous swept,
maximum VSWR and attenuation requirement from 50
MHz to 12.4 GHz. The use of fiuoropolymer (Teflon)
insulation materials for dielectric core and jacket
construction has resulted in optimisation of size,
improved electrical performance and wider operating
temperature range.

7
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS, August 1997
Special Components
A large number of special components have been guided weapons and gun control systems of the ongoing
productionised for the Integrated Guided Missile DADO projects.
Development Programme of DADO, particularly for the

Segmented DC Torque Motor

This is a limited angle torquer with a specified limit of

10°. It is a single moving coil over an iron yoke
suspended between two similar poles (samarium cobalt
magnets). These motors are used for gun sight
calibration, night vision devices, trigger mechanism and
small compact electromechanical devices. Developed by
Delta Motor Company, Secunderabad.

Integrated Power Unit for Actuators

This is a critical aerospace hydraulic unit developed

by Pantex Gee Bee Fluid Power Ltd, Hyderabad, for
driving the electrohydraulic actuators. It consists of a
'Bootstrap Reservoir' made of aluminium and a manifold
on the reservoir. This manifold consists of cartridge type
pressure relief valves (both high and low pressure),
non-return valve and filters (both high and low pressure).
This unit has provisions for indication of oil level inside
the reservoir and removal of trapped air inside through a
bleed valve. It is packaged in an integrated fashion,
reducing the space requirement, pressure losses and
also the chances of leakage as compared to the
distributed power unit being used earlier. It is a light conditions like vibration, shock, temperature, altitude etc.,
weight unit capab)e of withstanding environmental that are required for aerospace applications.

Servo Valve

8 TECHNOLOGY FOCUS. August 1997

 Servo valve (flow control valve) plays a major role in used in accurate position machine tool element, accurate
electrohydraulic actuation system. It consists of a torque position gun turrets and steering the aerospace vehicle
motor stage and a hydraulic amplifier stage. Output flow systems. These are developed under CODE Programme
rate is proportional to the input current. Servo valves are by Jadavpur University, Calcutta.

AC-AC L VDT Coil

This is a sensitive AC device used for measuring
minute mechanical displacements. It consists of low
voltage displacement transducer (LVDT) coil comprising
one primary and two secondaries, wound on an acrylic
bobbin. A ferromagnetic core moves inside the coil which
is housed in an aluminium cover. The output is
proportional to the displacement. These LVDTs require
very low force and have high resolution and sensitivity
over very small displacements. Developed under CODE
Programme by Spanktronics, Bangalore.

Linear Electromechanical Actuator

mechanism, which converts the rotory motion to the linear

motion. The ball screw mechanism is connected to the
controlled elements through a set of linkage mechanisms.
Electromechanical actuation system is the These actuators are used in flight control system of
state-of-the-art technology. An electrical motor with aerospace vehicles. Developed under CODE Programme
samarium cobalt magnets (brushed) drive the ball screw by HMP Engineers Ltd., Aurangabad.

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TECHNOLOGY FOCUS, August 1997 9

~
Applications Specific Integrated Circuits
The current trend in electronics systems is towards CORE Group for VLSI Design in 1993. Several ASICs as
systems that are more complex, faster and smaller than well as generic chips have been developed to meet the
those available in earlier generations. This has become requirements of various DRDO projects and programmes.
feasible due to the availability of custom components or Some of the devices developed are described here.
Applications Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). DADO Though many of these devices have been developed for
has been gearing up to meet the challenges posed by specific projects, they are generic enough to be used in
this shift in the design philosophy with the creation of a other applications.

Pythagora's Processor Features

This ASIC converts cartesian coordinates to polar .16-bit real and imaginary inputs
coordinates. The chip accepts 16-bit real (x) and 16-bit .16-bit magnitude output and 12-bit phase output
imaginary (y) inputs. The inputs can be given in 2's
complement or sign magnitude formats. The polar .20 MHz operation
coordinates are computed using the CORDIC algorithm, The Pythagora's Processor can compute the
with 24 stages of pipelining. The CORDIC algorithm is magnitude and phase of the vector. This operation finds a
implemented using adders/subtractors and a multiplier. variety of applications in digital signal processing. One
The magnitude output can be scaled in amplitude by such application is in digital moving target indicator (MTI).
factors of 2, 4 or 8.

Frequency Synthesizer

This chip was designed to meet the requirements of as digital code words and the output is obtained as digital
SONAR systems. The device works on the principle of values for sine/cosine waveforms. The user must connect
direct digital synthesis. It takes the user set values of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) externally to obtain
frequency and phase as inputs. These inputs are given an analog output.

ANUCO
ANUCO is a floating point arithmetic coprocessor. It hardware. The chip has an instruction repertoire of 46
supports floating point addition, subtraction, instructions. These include data movement, format
multiplication, division and format conversions. It is a conversions, arithmetic operations etc. The design uses a
memory-mapped peripheral and can be used with any pipelined architecture to provide floating point addition
general purpose microprocessor to obtain enhanced and floating point multiplication.
floating point performance. The device supports only the
ANUCO has been successfully interfaced with
basic arithmetic operations. Other functions such as
MC68030, i80386 and i80286 based systems. The device
transcendentaJ functions, trignometric functions etc. are
is three to ten times faster than the standard floating point
supported through a run-time library. ANUCO has been
processors available commercially for these processors.
designed to implement all the arithmetic functions in

10 TECHNOLOGY FOCUS, August 1997

 .31-bit control and status registers
Features
.64-bit internal architecture
.General purpose bus interface

.Provides 32 general purpose single precision registers

or 16 double precision registers

MMAC
MMAC is a multichannel multiplier accumulator
designed for signal processing applications. It can be
programmed for functions like (i) multichannel multiply
accumulation/subtraction up to 48 bits, (ii) first order and
second order infinite impulse response filters, and higher
order filters by cascading through internal feedback path.

Features

.Operating frequency 20 MHz

.Supports up to 132 channels (user programmable)
.User-selectable mode of operation
.Selectable 16-bit 2'5 complement or unsigned
.Optional saturation, scaling and rounding facility for
magnitude inputs
output
.Standard TTL (transistor-transistor logic) compatible
inputs and outputs

TECHNOLOGY FOCUS, August 1997 11

 Since the MMAC ASIC supports multichannel applications, either in front-end filter circuit or in back-end
operations. it can be used in array signal processing signal processor circuit.

FMAC

FMAC (Fast Multiplier & Accumulator Circuit) is a

generic chip useful for many digital signal processing
applications. It is basically a multiplier and an
accumulator.

Features

.It accepts unsigned/2's complement inputs

.Operates in three modes, namely, multiply and

accumulate, multiply, multiply and subtract

.Internally synchronous reset

.5-stage pipelined architecture

Inverse Pythagora's Processor

This ASIC converts polar coordinates to cartesian

coordinates. The chip accepts 16-bit magnitude and
16-bit phase inputs. The inputs can be given in 2'5
complement or sign magnitude formats. The coordina
conversion is done using the CORDIC algorithm. The
algorithm is implemented with 26 stages of pipelining.

CMUL
CMUL (Complex Multiplier) basically multiplies two
complex numbers and gives the complex product as
output. It operates in two modes. In complex multiplier
mode, it multiplies two complex words (16-bit each) every
50 nanoseconds. In the filter mode, it adds 16 most
significant bits of the multiplier result with Input complex
word.

ANUSIG

ANUSIG (ANURAG's Digital Signal Processor) is a .16K address spac~ (program, data)
general purpose digital signal processor. .40-bit accumulator width

.Multifunction instructions

.Four external interrupts

.Modified Harvard architecture
.12 MHz operating frequency
.16-bit integer and fixed point data format

representation

Printed & published by Dr SS Murthy, Director, DESIDOC, on behalf of DADO, New Delhi-110011