 Type the following in the command window

>> 2+3 < Enter > >> 2-3 < Enter >
ans = ans =
5 -1

>> 5*3 < Enter > >> 5/4 < Enter >
ans = ans =
15 1.2500

>> 5\4 < Enter > >> 2^3 < Enter >
ans = ans =
0.8000 8

>> 1/0 < Enter > >> 0/0 < Enter >
ans = ans =
Inf NaN

>> a=2 < Enter > >> x=5; < Enter >
a= >> y=4; < Enter >
2 >> z=x+y < Enter >
>> b=5 < Enter > z=
b= 9
5 >> z=x-y < Enter >
>> c=a+b < Enter > z=
c= 1
7 >> z=x*y < Enter >
>> d=a*b < Enter > z=
d= 20
10 >> z=x/y < Enter >
z=
1.2500
 Elementary math functions

rats(x) Returns in rational number format >> rats(5.8)

ans =
29/5

max(x) Returns the maximum value >>x=[0.2,-2.5,5.6,3.2];

>> max(x)
ans =
5.6000

min(x) Returns the minimum value >> min(x)

ans =
-2.5000
 Trigonometric math functions

sind(x) Sine of angle x (x in degrees) >> sind(30)

ans =
0.5000

cosd(x) Cosine of angle x (x in degrees) >> cosd(30)

ans =
0.8660

tand(x) Tangent of angle x (x in degrees) >> tand(30)

ans =
0.5774

asin(x) Inverse sine of angle x (x in radians) >> asin(0.5)

ans =
0.5236

asind(x) Inverse sine of angle x (x in degrees) >> asind(0.5)

ans =
30.0000
 Useful commands for managing variables

Command Outcome Example

who Displays a list of >> who

variables currently in
the memory Your variables are:

a ans b c d x y z

whos Displays a list of the >> whos

variables currently in Name Size Bytes Class Attributes
the memory and their
size together with a 1x1 8 double
information about ans 1x1 8 double
their bytes and class b 1x1 8 double
c 1x1 8 double
d 1x1 8 double
x 1x4 32 double
y 1x1 8 double
z 1x1 8 double

clear Removes all >> clear

variables from the
memory

clc Clears the command >> clc

window
 Worksheet

S.No Problem MATLAB code

1. Show that >> tan(pi/5)+sin(pi/5) < Enter >

π  π  ans =
tan  + sin   = 1.3143
5 5 1.3143

2. Show that >> 1+2*sin(pi/5)*cos(pi/5) < Enter >

π  π  ans =
1 + 2 sin   cos  = 1.9511
5 5 1.9511

3. Show that >> tand(48)*tand(23)*tand(42)*tand(67)

tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1 ans =
1

4. Show that >> cosd(38)*cosd(52)-sind(38)*sind(52)

cos 38° cos 52° − sin 38° sin 52° = 0 ans =
0

 Polynomials in MATLAB

Polynomial MATLAB representation

p ( x) = 2 x + 3 >> p=[2 3]

p( x) = x 2 + 4 x − 1 >> p=[1 4 -1]

p ( x) = 6 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 >> p=[6 -2 -3 1]

p( x) = x 2 − 9 >> p=[1 0 -9]

p( x) = x 3 − 3x + 4 >> p=[1 0 -3 4]
Command Outcome Example

p ( x) = 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 − 14 x + 8

polyval(p,x) To find the value >> p=[2 -5 -14 8]; < Enter >
of the polynomial >> polyval(p,2) < Enter >
at a point x ans =
-24

r=roots(p) To find the roots >> r=roots(p) < Enter >

of the polynomial r=
4.0000
-2.0000
0.5000

1 and 3/2 are the roots of the polynomial

equation p( x) = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 3

p=poly(r) To find the >> r=[1 3/2]; < Enter >

polynomial when >> p=poly(r) < Enter >
the roots are p =
known 1.0000 -2.5000 1.5000

p( x) = 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 , q( x) = x + 2

h=p+q Sum of two >> p=[2 3 1]; < Enter >

polynomials >> q=[0 1 2]; < Enter >
>> h=p+q < Enter >
h=
2 4 3

h=conv(p,q) Multiplication of >> h=conv(p,q) < Enter >

two polynomials h=
0 2 7 7 2
[q r]=deconv(p,q) Division of two >> p=[2 3 1]; < Enter >
polynomials >> q=[1 2]; < Enter >
>> [q r]=deconv(p,q) < Enter >
q=
2 -1
r=
0 0 3

plot(x,y) Plotting a p( x) = 2 x 2 + 3x + 1
polynomial

>> p=[2 3 1]; >> y=polyval(p,x) >> plot(x,y)

6
>> x=[-1:0.1:1]
5
y=
4

x= Columns 1
3

Columns 1 through 9 2

through 9 1

0 -0.0800 0

-1.0000 - -0.1200 -0.1200 -1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.9000 -0.8000 -0.0800 0

-0.7000 -0.6000 0.1200 0.2800 >> p=[2 3 1]; < Enter >
-0.5000 -0.4000 0.4800 >> x=[-10:0.1:10]; < Enter >
-0.3000 -0.2000 >> y=polyval(p,x); < Enter >
Columns 10 >> plot(x,y) < Enter >
Columns 10 through 18
through 18 250

0.7200 200

150
-0.1000 0 1.0000 1.3200
100

0.1000 0.2000 1.6800 2.0800

50

0.3000 0.4000 2.5200 3.0000

0

0.5000 0.6000 3.5200 4.0800 -50

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0.7000
 Columns 19
Columns 19 through 21
through 21
4.6800
0.8000 5.3200 6.0000
0.9000 1.0000

 Solving system of linear equations

Equations MATLAB code

x+2y=4 >> [x y]=solve('x+2*y=4','2*x-y=3') < Enter >

2x-y=3 x=
2
(Unique solution) y=
1

2x+3y=46 >> [x y]=solve('2*x+3*y=46','3*x+5*y=74') < Enter >

3x+5y=74 x=
8
(Unique solution) y=
10

2x+3y=9 >> [x y]=solve('2*x+3*y=9','4*x+6*y=18') < Enter >

4x+6y=18 x=
9/2 - (3*z)/2
(Infinitely many y=
solution) z

x+2y=4 >> [x y]=solve('x+2*y=4','2*x+4*y=12') < Enter >

2x+4y=12 Warning: Explicit solution could not be found.
> In solve at 81
 (No solution) x=
[ empty sym ]
y=
[]

2x+y+z=2 >> [x y z]=solve('2*x+y+z=2','-x+y-z=3','x+2*y+3*z=-10')

-x+y-z=3 x=
x+2y+3z=-10 3
y=
(Unique solution) 1
z=
-5

 Plotting the functions

f ( x) = sin( x), [0,4π ] f ( x) = cos( x), [0,4π ]

>> ezplot('sin(x)',[0 4*pi]) < Enter > >> ezplot('cos(x)',[0 4*pi]) < Enter >
cos(x)
sin(x)

1
1

0.5
0.5

0
0

-0.5
-0.5

-1
-1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x
x

f ( x) = tan( x), [0,4π ] p ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3x + 1, [−10,10]

>> ezplot('tan(x)',[0 4*pi]) < Enter > >> ezplot('2*x^2+3*x+1',[-10 10]) < Enter >
 tan(x) 2 x 2+3 x+1

200
4

2 150

0
100

-2

50
-4

-6 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x x

x2 + y2 = 4 x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 10 y − 12 = 0

>> ezplot('x^2+y^2=4') < Enter > >> ezplot('x^2+y^2-4*x-8*y-45=0',[-20 20])

x 2+y 2=4
6
< Enter >
x 2+y 2-4 x-8 y-45=0
4 20

15
2

10
0
y

-2 0
y

-4 -5

-10
-6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -15
x

-20
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
x

y 2 = 4x x 2 = −9 y

>> ezplot('y^2=4*x') < Enter > >> ezplot('x^2=-9*y') < Enter >
y 2=4 x x 2=-9 y
6 6

4 4

2 2

0 0
y

-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x x
 x2 y2 36 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 144
+ =1
16 36

>> ezplot('36*(x^2)+4*(y^2)=144') < Enter >

>> ezplot('(x^2)/16+(y^2)/36=1') 36 (x 2)+4 (y 2)=144
6

< Enter >

4

(x 2)/16+(y 2)/36=1
6 2

4 0

y
2 -2

0
y

-4

-2 -6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x
-4

-6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x

36 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 144

>> ezplot('36*(x^2)-4*(y^2)=144')
< Enter >
36 (x 2)-4 (y 2)=144
6

0
y

-2

-4

-6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x
 Differentiation and integration in MATLAB

Function Differentiation Integration

f ( x) = x 2 >> syms x < Enter > >> syms x < Enter >
>> f=x^2 >> f=x^2
f= f=
x^2 x^2
>> diff(f) >> int(f)
ans = ans =
2*x x^3/3

f ( x) = sin x >> syms x < Enter > >> syms x < Enter >
>> f=sin(x) >> f=sin(x)
f= f=
sin(x) sin(x)
>> diff(f) >> int(f)
ans = ans =
cos(x) -cos(x)

f ( x) = x 3 − 27 >> syms x < Enter > >> syms x < Enter >
>> f=x^3-27 < Enter > >> f=x^3-27 < Enter >
f= f=
x^3 - 27 x^3 - 27
>> diff(f) < Enter > >> int(f) < Enter >
ans = ans =
3*x^2 (x*(x^3 - 108))/4

x +1 >> syms x < Enter > >> syms x < Enter >
f ( x) =
x >> f=(x+1)/x < Enter > >> f=(x+1)/x <Enter>
f= f=
(x + 1)/x (x + 1)/x
>> diff(f) < Enter > >> int(f)
ans = ans =
 1/x - (x + 1)/x^2 x + log(x)
>> simplify(ans) <Enter>
ans =
-1/x^2

f ( x) = sin 2 ( x) >> syms x < Enter > >> syms x < Enter >
>> f=sin(x)^2 < Enter > >> f=sin(x)^2 <Enter>
f= f=
sin(x)^2 sin(x)^2
>> diff(f) < Enter > >> int (f) < Enter >
ans = ans =
2*cos(x)*sin(x) x/2 - sin(2*x)/4

f ( x) = 5 sec x + 4 cos x >> syms x < Enter > >> syms x < Enter >
>> f=5*sec(x)+4*cos(x) >> f=5*sec(x)+4*cos(x)
< Enter > <Enter>
f= f=
4*cos(x) + 5/cos(x) 4*cos(x) + 5/cos(x)
>> diff(f) < Enter > >> int (f) < Enter >
ans = ans =
(5*sin(x))/cos(x)^2 - 4*sin(x) *sin(x) - 10*atan(tan(x/2)*i)*i

 Matrix addition, multiplication, inverse and determinant

Matrices MATLAB code

1 2 3 >> A=[1 2 3;2 3 1] < Enter >

A= 
2 3 1  A=

3 − 1 3 1 2 3
B=
− 1 0 2 2 3 1
Find A+B and A-B. >> B=[3 -1 3;-1 0 2] < Enter >
 B=
3 -1 3
-1 0 2
>> A+B < Enter >
ans =
4 1 6
1 3 3
>> A-B < Enter >
ans =
-2 3 0
3 3 -1

1 − 2 3 >> A=[1 -2 3;-4 2 5] < Enter >

A=
− 4 2 5 A=

2 3 1 -2 3
B = 4 5 -4 2 5
2 1  >> B=[2 3;4 5;2 1] < Enter >
Find AB and BA. B=
2 3
4 5
2 1
>> A*B < Enter >
ans =
0 -4
10 3
>> B*A < Enter >
ans =
-10 2 21
-16 2 37
-2 -2 11
 1 2 4 >> A=[1 2 4;-1 3 0;4 1 0] < Enter >
A = − 1 3 0 

A=
4 1 0  1 2 4
Find the transpose of A, the determinant of -1 3 0
A and the inverse of A. 4 1 0
>> A' < Enter >
ans =
1 -1 4
2 3 1
4 0 0
>> det(A) < Enter >
ans =
-52
>> inv(A)
ans =
0 -0.0769 0.2308
0 0.3077 0.0769
0.2500 -0.1346 -0.0962