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Performance Analysis of Direction of Arrival Estimation Algorithms for Smart

Antenna for Mobile Communication Systems

Article  in  International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research · July 2012

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 7, July-2012 1
ISSN 2229-5518

Performance Analysis of Direction of Arrival

Estimation Algorithms for Smart Antenna for
Mobile Communication Systems
Gaurav Chaitanya#1 ,Ankit Jain#2, Nitin Jain*3
#
M.E. Pursuant, Department of ECE, IES IPSA Indore
Madhya Pradesh, India
*
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, IES IPSA. Indore
Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract- Mobile communication networks face ever-increasing technique (MAT). Since this approach allows more users to be
demands on their spectrum and infrastructure resources. Increased supported within a limited spectrum allocation, compared
minutes of use, capacity-intensive data applications and the steady
growth of worldwide mobile subscribers means that carriers will have to with conventional antennas, it can lead to improved capacity
find effective ways to accommodate increased wireless traffic in their of the communication system. The Smart Antenna System
networks. Thus, the smart antennas system becomes capable to locate
and track signals by the both: users and interferers and dynamically (SAS) employs the antenna elements and the digital signal
adapts the antenna pattern to enhance the reception in Signal-Of-Interest processing which enables it to form a beam to a desired
direction and minimizing interference in Signal-Of-Not-Interest direction. direction taking into account the multipath signal
Hence, Space Division Multiple Access system, which uses smart
antennas, is widely used in mobile communication systems, because it components. In this way, Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise
shows improvement in channel capacity and co-channel interference. But Ratio (SINR) improves by producing nulls towards the
on the other hand the performance stability of smart antenna system
greatly depends on efficiency of Direction of Arrival (DOA), which is used
interferers Signal-Of–No-Interest (SONI).The performance of
to estimate the angle of arrival of the number of incidents plane waves on SAS greatly depends on the performance on DOA estimation.
the antenna array. This paper shows an effort on the study of In this paper we are analyzing the performance of simulated
performance analysis of DOA estimation Algorithms- MUSIC and ESPRIT
for Adaptive Array Smart Antenna for Mobile Communication on different MUSIC and ESPRIT DOA algorithms with MATLAB as a
performance parameters such as number of elements, number of snap simulation tool on different parameters such as number of
shots, noise mean, noise variance and spacing between elements.
elements, number of snap shots, noise mean, noise variance
Index Term- Smart Antenna, DOA, ESPRIT, MUSIC.
and spacing between elements.

I. INTRODUCTION II .DOA ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS

In recent years a substantial increase in the development of The DOA estimation has also been known as spectral
broadband wireless access technologies for evolving wireless estimation, or bearing estimation. Some of the earliest
Internet services and improved cellular systems has been references refer to spectral estimation as the ability to select
observed. Because of them, it is widely foreseen that in the various frequency components out of a collection of signals.
future an enormous rise in traffic will be experienced for The DOA algorithms are classified as quadratic type and
mobile and personal communications systems. The rise in subspace type. The Barltett and Capon (Minimum Variance
traffic will put a demand on both manufacturers and Distortion less Response) are quadratic type algorithms. These
operators to provide sufficient capacity in the networks. The both methods are highly dependent on physical size of array
system capacity can be improved either enlarging its aperture, which results in poor resolution and accuracy.
frequency bandwidth or allocating new portion of frequency Subspace based DOA estimation method is based on the eigen
spectrum to wireless services. But since the electromagnetic value decomposition. The subspace based DOA estimation
spectrum is a limited resource, it is not easy to get new algorithms MUSIC and ESPRIT provide high resolution; they
spectrum allocation without the international coordination on are more accurate and not limited to physical size of array
the global level. Efficient source and channel coding as well as aperture.
reduction in transmission power or transmission bandwidth
or both are possible solutions to the challenging issue. With
the advances in digital communication techniques, the DATA MODEL CONSIDERED
efficient use of frequency can be improved by multiple access

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 7, July-2012 2
ISSN 2229-5518

Entire description about DOA estimation algorithms is UN = [ D+1 , D+2 , ……, M ] (5)
based on certain assumptions which are applied on the data
observed. Equation (5) indicates that we can find out the desired value
Far-field assumption: Signal sources are enough far DOA of 1, 2,......, D by finding a set of vectors that span UN
that the wave front generated is planar. This happens and projecting array manifold matrix f( ) onto UN for all
when distance is larger than 2D2/λ, where d being the values of and evaluating the D values of , where the
dimension of antenna array. projection is zero .
AWGN channel: Additive white Gaussian noise is
considered which is uncorrelated with the signals. FiH UN 2 = 0, i=0,1,……,D (6)
Isotropic medium: Medium has its physical
properties same throughout the region. The MUSIC Pseudo spectrum is given as,
Linear transmission medium: Signals at a particular
point are superimposed linearly. 1
Narrowband assumption: Carrier frequency of each Pmu( ) = (7)
signal from every source is same. abs [F( ) UN U H NH F( )]

A. MUSIC
MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) is one of the earliest B. ESPRIT
proposed and a very popular method for super-resolution ESPRIT stands for Estimation of Signal Parameters via
direction finding. Within the class of the so-called signal- Rotational Invariance Techniques which is another subspace
subspace algorithms, MUSIC has been the most widely based DOA estimation algorithm [7][8]. It does not involve an
examined. The popularity of the MUSIC algorithm is in large exhaustive search through all possible steering vectors to
part due to its generality. For example, it is applicable to estimate DOA and dramatically reduces the computational
arrays of arbitrary but known configuration and response, and storage requirements compared to MUSIC. The goal of
and can be used to estimate multiple parameters per source the ESPRIT technique is to exploit the rotational invariance in
(e.g., azimuth, elevation, range, polarization, etc.). In the signal subspace which is created by two arrays with a
estimating DOA, MUSIC deals with the decomposition of translational invariance structure. It is based on the array
covariance matrix into two orthogonal matrices, i.e., signal- elements placed in identical displacement forming matched
subspace and noise-subspace. Estimation of DOA is pairs, with M array elements, resulting in m=M/2 array pairs
performed from one of these subspaces, assuming that noise called “doublets”.
in each channel is highly uncorrelated. This makes the Computation of signal subspace for the two sub arrays, P1 and
covariance matrix diagonal. The covariance matrix is given by: P2, results in two vectors V1and V2, such that Range [S] =
Range [B]. Also, there should exist a non-singular matrix T of
Sx= F( ) Sss F( )H + 2wI (1) D X D such that Vs = B T , where Vs can be decomposed into V1
and V2 :
Where F( )= [f( 1):f( 2):…..:f( D)] is a M X D array steering
matrix. 2w is noise variance and I is an identity matrix of size V1 = BT , V2 = BϕT (8)
M X M.
Writing the spatial covariance matrix in terms of eigenvalues ϕ = diag[ ejkdsin( 1), ejkdsin( 2),……, ejkdsin( D) ] (9)
and eigenvectors gives:
If D X D is diagonal, unitary matrix with phase shifts between
Sx = i i iH (2) doublets for each DOA, there exists a unique rank D matrix
such that,
The noise subspace eigenvalues and eigenvectors are: [V1 V2]F = V1W1+V2W2= BTW1+ B ϕ TW1 = 0 (10)

pi = i=D+1,D+2,……,M (3)
i= i=D+1,D+2,……,M (4) Rearranging equation (10), we get:

The noise subspaces can be written in the form of M X (M-D) BT = B ϕT where, = -F1 F2-1
matrix:
With B as full rank and sources are having distinct DOA, then
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 7, July-2012 3
ISSN 2229-5518

= T-1 ϕT (11)

Equation (11) indicates that if we are able to find out

eigenvalues of , which are diagonal elements of ϕ , we can
estimate DOA as ϕ=(a1,a2,.....,aD ) where,

ai = ejkdsin( i) i=1,2,……,D (12)

DOA can be calculated by:

arg(ai)
i = sin-1 (13)
kd Fig 3: Angle versus normalized amplitude graph by varying
no. of snapshots
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
MATLAB tool has been used for the simulation of MUSIC and
ESPRIT, DOA estimation techniques. Simulation has been run
for four signals coming from different angles 140,240,350,550, 4. MUSIC spectrum for varying spacing between elements:
for 500 snapshots, SNR of10dB, and 16 array elements.

1. MUSIC spectrum for varying number of array element

Fig 4: Angle versus normalized amplitude graph by varying

spacing between elements
Fig1: Angle versus normalized amplitude graph varying
number of array elements Comparison for both algorithms has been performed for DOA
estimation for varying number of snapshots (n=200, 500, 700
2. MUSIC spectrum for change in noise variance: and 1000) for four angles (14º, 28º, 35º and 55º) with
SNR=10dB, array size=16 shown in Tables 1 to 8

DOA estimation by MUSIC

Table 1: Varying no. of snapshots (MUSIC)

DOA n = 50 n = 100 n = 200 n = 500 n = 1000

20 19.2052 19.9036 20.2041 20.1169 20.0068
50 48.9045 49.8903 50.2351 50.0213 50.0010
80 79.1098 80.5637 80.0094 80.0021 80.0002

Fig2: Angle versus normalized amplitude graph by varying Table 2: Varying Noise Variance (MUSIC)
number of SNR
DOA σ2=0.001 σ2=0.010 σ2 =0.10 σ2=0.5 σ2 =1.0
3. MUSIC spectrum for varying number of snapshots: 20 20.1258 20.9654 21.8745 24.7659 25.347
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 7, July-2012 4
ISSN 2229-5518

50 50.5748 50.9874 49.658 50.026 50.002

80 80.3654 81.8765 80.009 83.865 85.987 IV.CONCLUSION AND RESULTS
Fig.1 indicates that as array size increases from 8 to 16, peaks
Table 3: Varying no. of elements (MUSIC) in the spectrum become sharper and hence resolution
capability of MUSIC increases. Fig.2 indicates that as Noise
DOA E=8 E=10 E=12 E=14 E=16 Variance value changes, peaks in spectrum start to disappear
20 19.106 19.4062 20.3485 20.2587 20.004 and hence resolution capability of MUSIC for closely spaced
signals like 30 and 50 decreases. Fig.3 indicates the ability of
50 50.695 50.4125 49.674 50.041 50.078
MUSIC to resolve closely spaced signals 30 and 50 as a
80 79.028 79.7056 80.258 80.157 80.124
function of number of snapshots. As snapshots increase from
50 to 1000, resolution capability of MUSIC increases, and the
Table 4: Varying inter element Spacing (MUSIC)
two signals can be clearly identified. Peaks in the spectrum
become further sharper for snapshots 500 and 1000. Fig.5
DOA S=0.25λ S=0.50λ S=0.70λ S=1.00λ S=10.00λ
indicates that if the spacing between array elements increases
20 19.994 19.130 20.856 21.953 25.5520 from 0.25 to 10.0 the accuracy of algorithm diminishes and the
50 50.002 50.452 51.668 52.025 53.0022 spectrum becomes wide. The simulation results from table 1
80 79.852 79.1540 80.6810 82.2584 86.1000 to 8 indicates that performance of MUSIC and ESPRIT
improves with more no. of elements, higher no. of snapshots,
decrease in element spacing and decrease in noise variance.
These improvements are analyzed in the form of sharper
DOA estimation by ESPRIT peaks in MUSIC spectrum and smaller errors in angle
detection.
Table 5: Varying no. of snapshots (ESPRIT)
V. REFERENCES
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Gokeda & Yiqiang Yu “Introduction to Direction-of-
Table 6: Varying Noise Variance (ESPRIT) Arrival Estimation” Artech House, 2010.
[3]. Zhizhang Chen, Gopal Gokeda & Yiqiang Yu “Introduction
DOA σ2=0.001 σ2=0.01 σ2=0.1 σ2=0.5 σ2=1.0 to Direction-of- Arrival Estimation” Artech House, 2010.
[4].Weber, R.J. Yikun Huang,” Analysis for Capon and MUSIC
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[7]. Lal C. Godara, ―Application of antenna arrays to mobile
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IJSER © 2012
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 7, July-2012 5
ISSN 2229-5518

array antenna”,IEEE International Conference on RF and

Microwave Conference, 2008,pp530– 533 , Dec. 2008.
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Digest

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