Implementation of Single Phase Shunt Active Filter

for Low Voltage Distribution System

S. Srinath, S. Prabakaran, K. Mohan, M.P.Selvan*
*Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, National institute of Technology
Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India - 620015
[email protected]

Abstract— The use of power electronic circuits in a wide range of An unavoidable increase of nonlinear loads in industrial,
applications has resulted in distorted current in the power commercial and residential applications requires local supply
system. Custom power device such as shunt active filter is used to of reactive and harmonic powers in order to reduce the power
improve the quality of power in distribution system by injecting loss and maintain the quality of power in the system.
reactive and harmonic currents. Hysteresis current control is one
of the simplest techniques used to control the magnitude and
Traditional compensation methods such as passive filters,
phase angle of the current injected by shunt active filter. In this synchronous condensers, phase advancers, etc. were employed
paper, simulation and hardware implementation of single phase to improve the power quality. The shunt passive LC filters are
Shunt Active Filter (SAF) is carried out. The simulation results used to improve power factor and to suppress current
presented in this paper illustrate the performance of shunt active harmonics. One of the major disadvantages of passive filters is
filter in mitigating the source current harmonics and improving the non changeable compensation characteristics.
the input power factor. The simulation is carried out using
MATLAB/SIMULINK and laboratory implementation is done Other traditional controllers also possess several
using DSP Controller TMS320LF2407. In the present work, there
disadvantages like bulkiness, electromagnetic interference,
is no separate measurement for the phase angle of supply voltage,
which makes the controller implementation simple in real time. resonance, etc. These disadvantages urged to further research
Hardware results confirm the simulation results under practical in developing adjustable and dynamic solutions using custom
conditions. power devices. Custom power devices are power conditioning
equipment using static power electronic converters to improve
Keywords – Power Quality, Current distortion, Nonlinear Loads, the power quality. Shunt active filter (SAF) is one among the
Harmonics, Power factor, Shunt Active Filter (SAF). various types of custom power devices proposed to improve
the power quality [2].
NOMENCLATURE
Various current control methods were proposed for shunt
Vs = Source voltage, V active filter. Hysteresis current control method is the most
Rs = Line resistance, Ω popular one in terms of quick current controllability,
Ls = Line inductance, mH versatility and easy implementation [1]. For implementing
Lf = Filter inductance, mH hysteresis current control, Digital Signal Processor has good
Rd = Load resistance, Ω dynamic and fast response among many digital controllers [3].
Ld = Load inductance, mH DSP 2407 is employed in the present work for the prototype
is = Source current, A implementation of single phase shunt active filter.
iL = Load current, A
if = Filter current, A
SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER
INTRODUCTION
A. Principle of Operation
Power Quality (PQ) is an important measure of an electrical
power system. The term PQ means to maintain purely The shunt active filter shown in Fig. 1 is a current
sinusoidal current in phase with a purely sinusoidal voltage. controlled voltage source inverter (VSI), which is connected in
The power generated at the generating station is purely parallel with the load. It is controlled in such a way to generate
sinusoidal in nature. The quality of electric power is the required reactive and harmonic currents of the load.
deteriorating mainly due to current and voltage harmonics, Hence, the utility needs to supply only the active part of the
zero and negative sequence components, voltage sag, voltage fundamental component of the load current and thus the power
swell, flicker, voltage interruption, etc. [1]. pollution problem along the power line could be avoided.

The authors would like to thank the Department of Science and Technology
(DST), New Delhi, India for the financial support.
 R S L S P C C The switching frequency of the hysteresis current control
is iL R d
method described above depends on how fast the current
V S
if changes from upper limit to lower limit of the hysteresis band,
Ld or vice versa. Therefore the switching frequency does not
remain constant throughout the switching operation, but varies
along with the current waveform. Furthermore, the filter
N O N L I N E A R L O A D
Lf

inductance value of the active filter is the main parameter

S 1 S 3
V d c
determining the rate of change of active filter current.
V d c
S 4 S 2
S A F

SIMULATION OF SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of Shunt Active Filter

B. Compensation Technique The simulation study on a single-phase, 50-Hz,

75 V (peak) distribution system feeding a single
The control algorithm computes the reference for the phase diode rectifier with RL load has been carried out
compensation current to be injected by the shunt active filter. in MATLAB 7.4. The Simulink model of the
The choice of the control algorithm therefore decides the distribution network with shunt active filter is
accuracy and response time of the filter. The calculation steps shown in Fig. 3.
involved in the control technique have to be minimal to make
the control circuit compact. The control strategy has an
objective to guarantee balanced and sinusoidal source current
at unity power factor. This objective can be easily realized if
the active part of the fundamental component of the load
current is accurately and instantaneously determined.

C. Hysteresis Current Control

The hysteresis current control scheme used for the control

of shunt active filter is shown in Fig.2. The reference for
compensation current to be injected by the active filter is
referred to as iref and the actual current of the active filter is
referred to as iinj. The control scheme decides the switching
pattern of active filter in such a way to maintain the actual Fig. 3 Distribution Network with Shunt Active Filter
injected current of the filter to remain within a desired
hysterisis band (HB) as indicated in Fig. 2. The system parameters are furnished in Table I.
In the present simulation, harmonic
The switching logic is formulated as follows: compensation and input power factor
If iinj < (iref − HB) S1, S2 ON & S3, S4 OFF improvement are considered.
If iinj > (iref + HB) S1, S2 OFF & S3, S4 ON
TABLE I
SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Details Parameters Data

75 V (Peak)
Source Input source voltage (Vs) 53V (rms)
50Hz
Resistance of the line (Rs) 5Ω
Line
Inductance of the line (Ls) 10 mH
Load Resistance of the load (Rl) 10 Ω
(0.1 kW) Inductance of the load (Ll) 30 mH
DC Voltage (Vdc) 120 V
Voltage Source
Filter Resistor(Rf) 2.5 Ω
Inverter
Filter inductor (Lf) 10 mH
Fig. 2 Hysteresis current control
 Shunt DSP
Per unit reactance 0.02
Transformer
Transformation ratio 1:1
(1.5 kVA)

A. Reference Current Generation

The discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) has been used to

extract the magnitude and phase angle of the fundamental
component of the load current. This fundamental component
has both real and reactive parts. The magnitude of the real part
of the fundamental component is multiplied with unit sine
having same phase angle of the supply voltage. The difference SHUNT
between the real part of the fundamental component and the TRANSFORMER
VSI
actual load current constitute the reference for the current to
be injected. Fig. 5 Hardware set up of the system with SAF

B. Firing Pulse Generation

Equivalent Equivalent voltage of Real Equivalent
voltage of Part of the Fundamental voltage of
The MATLAB implementation of firing pulse generation Inverter Component of Load
using hysteresis current control is shown in Fig. 4. The Current Load Current Current
generated pulses are used to trigger the respective IGBTs of
the inverter.

ADC

Iinv

If Iload
Compare

Fig. 4 MATLAB implementation of hysteresis current control

Add HB Sub HB

The simulation results along with the hardware results are

discussed in section V.
Upper band Lower band
(phb) (nhb)

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Iinv > phb NO
The hardware implementation of the considered
distribution network along with SAF is shown in Fig. 5. Iinv < nhb
A DPST is used to connect the shunt active filter, which
includes a shunt transformer, VSI, associated filters and the
YES YES
DSP controller, with the system.
Stop triggering the Trigger the switches
switches of VSI of VSI
NO

Restore the previous

state

Fig. 6 Flow Chart for the Control Algorithm Implemented in DSP

The flow chart for the control algorithm of shunt active

filter implemented using DSP TMS320LF2407 is shown in
Fig. 6. The load current is sensed at PCC using a current
sensor. The real part of the fundamental component of the load
current will be in phase with the source voltage. Hence, with
a suitable voltage sensor circuit design, the equivalent voltage 16(a) and 16(b). It can be clearly observed that the input
of the real part of the fundamental load current can be derived power factor is improved from 0.91 to unity.
from the source voltage itself. This technique avoids the
determination of the phase angle of the supply voltage in
practice. These sensed signals are given as input to the Analog CONCLUSION
to Digital Converter (ADC) of DSP controller. Sampling
frequency used in ADC is 20 kHz. The simulation and prototype implementation of single
phase shunt active filter have been carried out. Hysteresis
Determination of reference current (iref) is made by current control is implemented in the present study for
eliminating the real part of the fundamental component of harmonic elimination of source current. DSP controller is
load current from the actual load current as given below. employed in the laboratory to implement prototype model of
SAF. In the present work, there is no separate measurement
iload = ifreal + ifreac + ihar for the phase angle of supply voltage, which makes the
iload – ifreal = ifreac + ihar controller implementation simple in real time. The simulation
iref = ifreac + ihar results show that the performance of SAF is satisfactory in
This reference current when injected cancels out the elimination of source current harmonics and improving the
harmonic and reactive component of load current so that the input power factor. The experimental results confirm the
source current becomes sinusoidal and harmonic free at unity satisfactory operation of SAF in distribution system with non
power factor. A hysteresis band is fixed along this determined linear loads. The SAF is found to be effective in both
reference current. The actual inverter current is also sensed simulation and practice to meet IEEE 519 standard
and given as an input to the ADC of DSP controller. The recommendation on harmonic levels in source current.
control signals are obtained from the Digital to Analog
Converter (DAC) of DSP, based on the developed control
REFERENCES
algorithm given in Fig. 6, such that the inverter current should
follow the reference current within the hysteresis band. [1] M. George, Kartik Prasad Basu, “Three-Phase Shunt Active Power
Filter,” American Journal of Applied Sciences, pp. 909–916, 2008.
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
[2] K. G. Firouzjah, A. Sheikholeslami, M. R. Karami Mollaei, M.
Khaleghi, “A New Harmonic Detection Method for Shunt Active Filter
Based on Wavelet Transform,” Journal of Applied Sciences Research,
As discussed in Section III and IV, the distribution pp. 1561-1568, 2008.
network is supplied with a voltage of 75 V (peak). The
simulated and experimental waveforms of the source voltage [3] S. George, V. Agarwal, “A novel technique for optimising the
are shown in Figs. 7(a) and 7(b). The single phase rectifier fed harmonics and reactive power under non sinusoidal voltage
conditions,” in Proc. Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc.
RL load draws a non sinusoidal current from the source as (IECON’02}, vol. 2, pp. 858–863, 2002.
shown in Figs. 8(a) and 8(b). When the SAF is connected
with the circuit, the load current changes as shown in Figs. [4] H. Supronowicz, A. Olszewski, H. Gawinski, “Control Circuit for
9(a) and 9(b). This change in load current is observed due to Series Active Power Filters Based on Programmable Logic Devices,”
Electrical Power Quality and Utilization, Vol. XII, No. 2, 2006.
the compensation effected by the shunt active filter. The
injected current through the shunt transformer with the [5] J. W. Dixon, J. J. Garcia, and L. Moran, “Control system for three-
hysteresis band and the corresponding pulse pattern is shown phase active power filter which simultaneously compensates power
in Figs. 10 (a) and 10(b). This compensation current when factor and unbalanced loads,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 42, no.
6, pp. 636–641, Dec. 1995.
injected makes the source current sinusoidal and harmonic
free as shown in Figs.11(a) and 11(b). [6] M.B.B. Sharifian, R. Rahnavard, Y. Ebrahimi, “Variable Hysteresis
Band Current Controller of Shunt Active Filter Based Fuzzy logic
The load current, the current injected by SAF and the Theory under Constant Switching Frequency,” International Journal of
Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, no. 2, June 2009.
compensated source current are shown in Figs. 12(a) and
12(b). The source voltage (C1) load current (C2) and the [7] Murat Kale, Engin Ozdemir, “An adaptive hysteresis band current
compensated source current (C3) are shown in Figs. 13(a) and controller for shunt active power filter,” Electric Power Systems
13(b). These results clearly depict the improvement in input Research 73 (2005), pp. 113-119, Sep 2004.
power factor. [8] C. Sankaran, “Power Quality,” The Electric Power Engineering Series,
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The harmonic spectrum of the source current before
and after compensation obtained from simulation and [9] Hamid A. Toliyat, Steven Campbell, “DSP – Based Electromechanical
experiment are shown in Figs. 14(a), 14(b) and Figs. 15(a), Motion”, CRC Press, 2004.
15(b) respectively. The THD of the source current improves
from 11% to 4% which is within the limit of IEEE 519
harmonic standard. The experimental measurement of input
power factor before and after compensation is shown in Figs.
 Fig. 10 (a) Reference current and Pulse generation using Hysteresis control

Fig. 11(a) Source current after compensation

Simulation Results Experimental Results

Fig. 7 (a) Source voltage Fig. 7 (b) Source Voltage

Fig. 8 (a) Load / Source current without SAF Fig. 8 (b) Load /Source Current without SAF

Fig. 9 (b) Load Current with SAF

Fig. 9 (a) Load current with SAF
Fig. 10 (b) Reference current and Pulse generation using Hysteresis Control Fig. 15 (a) Harmonic spectrum after compensation

Fig.16(a) Input power factor before compensation

Fig. 11(b) Source current after compensation

Fig. 12 (b) Load current, Filter current and Source current

Fig. 12 (a) Load current, Filter current and Source current

Source Voltage (C1) – 10 x 5 V/div

Fig. 13 (b) Source voltage(C1), Load current(C2) and Source current (C3)
Fig. 13 (a) Source voltage(C1), Load current(C2) and Source current (C3)

Fig. 14 (a) Harmonic spectrum of source current before compensation Fig. 14 (b) Harmonic spectrum of source current before compensation
Fig. 15 (b) Harmonic spectrum after compensation

Fig.16(b) Input power factor after compensation