Analog Communication Lab Manual

V Semester, B.E, E & C

[EC0506]

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru
(An Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belgaum)
 INDEX

Experiment
Title of the Experiment Page No.
No.
Test a Tuned Amplifier, find center frequency, bandwidth and
1 1-2
quality factor.
Generate PAM for different modulating signals and demodulate
2 3-5
using suitable filters.
Performance analysis of Amplitude Modulation (AM) and
3 6-8
Detection.
Design and test T, π, Bridge and Lattice type attenuators for a
4 9-13
given characteristic resistance and attenuation factor.
Frequency Modulation (FM) Generation & Detection
5 14-18
(Using IC 8038)
Design and test Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits for a
6 19-20
given R & C.
Generate Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) wave for different
7 21-23
modulating signals.
Plotting of Radiation Pattern and calculation of 3db beam width
8 24-26
for different antennas.

Simulation
Title of the Simulation Page No.
No.
1 Generation of Amplitude Modulated waveform. 27-32
2 Generation of Frequency Modulated waveform. 33-36
Generation of Double Sideband – Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
3 37-40
waveform.
4 Generation of Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) waveform. 41-43

Sl. No. Viva Questions Page No.

1 Viva Questions 44-45

Sl. No. Appendix Page No.

Design and test second order active Low-pass and High-pass
1 46-49
filters for a given cut-off frequency.
2 Generate Double Sideband – Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) wave. 50-53
 1
Study of a Tuned Amplifier
a

1
2
2

3
4
5
3

6
7
8
4

9
10
11
12
13
5

14
15
16
17
18
6

19
20
7

21
22
23
 Experiment No. 8
Antenna Radiation Characteristics

24
25
 Antenna Radiation Characteristics

Type of Antenna:________________________

26
 SIMULATIONS
Amplitude Modulation

clear all;
clc;
close all;

A=input("Amplitude of signal");
fm=input("Message frequency");
fc=input("Carrier frequency");
mi=input("Modulation index");
t=0:0.001:1;
Sm=A*sin(2.*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,Sm);
xlabel("time t");
ylabel("amplitude");
title("Message signal");

Sc=A*sin(2.*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,Sc);

xlabel("time t");
ylabel("amplitude");
title("Carrier signal");

Sfm=(A+mi.*Sm).*sin(2.*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,Sfm);
xlabel("time t");
ylabel("amplitude");
title("Modulated wave");

27
 Amplitude Modulation1

clc;
clear all;
close all;

Am=input('Enter the amplitude of the message signal');

Ac=input('Enter the amplitude of the carrier signal');
fm=input('Enter the frequency of the message signal');
fc=input('Enter the frequency of the carrier signal');

t=0:0.00001:0.01
mi=0.5;

Sm=Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
Sc=Am*sin(2*pi*fc*t);

subplot(5,1,1);
plot(t,Sm);
title('Message signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;

subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,Sc);
title('Carrier signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;

for i=1:3
subplot(5,1,i+2);
Sam=(Ac+mi*Sm).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
plot(t,Sam);
hold on;
eam=(Ac+mi*Sm);
plot(t,eam,'c-');
hold on;
eam1=-(Ac+mi*Sm);

28
plot(t,eam1,'-c');
title(['Modulated signal with',num2str(mi*100),'%modulation']);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
mi=mi+0.5;
end

y=fft(Sam);
figure;

plot(t,y);
title('FFT Spectra of Amplitude Modulated Wave');

29
 Amplitude Modulation2

clc;
clear all;
close all;
Am=input('Enter the amplitude of the message signal');
Ac=input('Enter the amplitude of the carrier signal');
fm=input('Enter the frequency of the message signal');
fc=input('Enter the frequency of the carrier signal');
t=0:0.00001:0.01
mi=0.5;
Sm=Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,Sm);
xlabel('time t--->');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
title('Message signal');
grid on;
Sc=Am*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,Sc);
xlabel('time t--->');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
title('Carrier signal');
grid on;
for i=1:3
subplot(3,1,i+2);
Sam=(Ac+mi*Sm).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
plot(t,Sam);
hold on;
eam=(Ac+mi*Sm);
plot(t,eam,'c-');
hold on;
eam1=-(Ac+mi*Sm);
plot(t,eam1,'-c');
title(['Modulated signal with',num2str(mi*100),'%modulation']);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
mi=mi+0.5;
end

30
 Message signal

Amplitude
10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time
Carrier signal
Amplitude

10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time
Modulated signal with50%modulation
Amplitude

15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time
Modulated signal with100%modulation
Amplitude

20
10
0
-10
-20
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time
Modulated signal with150%modulation
Amplitude

30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time

2000

1000

-1000

-2000
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 31
Amplitude Modulation using XCOS

32
 Frequency Modulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;

fm=input('Message Signal Frequency=');

fc=input('Carrier Signal Frequency=');
mi=input('Modulation Index=');
t = 0:0.0001:0.1;

m=sin(2.*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,m);
xlabel('Time t');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Message Signal');
grid on;

c=sin(2.*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,c);
xlabel('Time t');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier Signal');
grid on;

y=sin(2*pi.*fc*t+(mi.*sin(2*pi*fm*t)));%Frequency changing w.r.t Message

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('FM Signal');
grid on;

p=fft(y);
figure;
plot(t,y);

33
 Frequency Modulation1

clc;
clear all;
close all;
Am=input('Enter the amplitude of the message signal');
Ac=input('Enter the amplitude of the carrier signal');
fm=input('Enter the frequency of the message signal');
fc=input('Enter the frequency of the carrier signal');
t=0:0.00001:0.01
mi=0.5;
Sm=Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
Sc=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(t,Sm);
title('Message signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,Sc);
title('Carrier signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;

for i=1:3
subplot(5,1,i+2);
Sfm=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t+(mi*Sm));
plot(t,Sfm);
hold on;
title(['FM Modulated signal with ',num2str(mi*100),'%modulation']);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
mi=mi+0.5;
end

y=fft(Sfm);
figure;
plot(t,y);
title('FFT Spectra of Frequency Modulated Wave');

34
 Message signal

Amplitude
10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time
Carrier signal
Amplitude

10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time
FM Modulated signal with 50%modulation
Amplitude

10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time
FM Modulated signal with 100%modulation
Amplitude

10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time
FM Modulated signal with 150%modulation
Amplitude

10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Time

1000

500

-500

-1000
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
35
FM BLOCK DIAGRAM

36
 Double Sideband – Suppressed Carrier

close all
clear all
clc
t =0:0.000001:.001;
Vm= 1;
Vc= 1;
fm = 2000;
fc= 50000;
m_t = Vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,m_t);
grid on;
c_t = Vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,c_t);
grid on;
subplot(4,1,3);
s_t = m_t.*c_t;
hold on;
plot(t,s_t);
grid on;
plot(t,m_t,'r:');
plot(t,-m_t,'r:');
hold off;
r = s_t.*c_t;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr= filter(b,a,r);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,mr);

37
 Double Sideband – Suppressed Carrier
clc;
clear all;
close all;

A= input('Amplitude of signal=');
fm=input('Message Frequency=');%Accepting input value
fc=input('Carrier Frequency=');
mi=input('Modulation Index=');
t=0:0.001:1;%0.001 is the sampling interval
fs = 1/(0.001);
Sm=A*sin(2*pi*fm*t);%Message Signal
subplot(4,1,1);%Plotting frame divided in to 3 rows and this fig appear at 1st
plot(t,Sm);
xlabel('Time-->');
ylabel('Amplitude-->');
title('Message Signal');
grid on;

Sc=A*sin(2.*pi*fc*t);%Carrier Signal
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,Sc);
xlabel('Time-->');
ylabel('Amplitude-->');
title('Carrier Signal');
grid on;

%Sfm= A.*((1+mi.*Sm).*Sc);%Ac[1+ka m(t)]*cos(2.*pi*fc*t)= mod sig

Sfm=(A+mi.*Sm).*cos(2.*pi*fc*t);
Sfm1=(A-mi.*Sm).*cos(2.*pi*fc*t);%AM Signal, Amplitude of Carrier changes to (A+Message)
S=Sfm-Sfm1;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,S);
xlabel('Time-->');
ylabel('Amplitude-->');
title('DSBSC wave');
grid on;

y=fft(S);
figure;
plot(t,y);
title('FFT spectrum of DSB-SC wave');

38
 Message Signal
Amplitude-->

10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time-->
Carrier Signal
Amplitude-->

10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time-->
DSBSC wave
Amplitude-->

10
5
0
-5
-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time-->

FFT spectrum of DSB-SC wave

1000

500

-500

-1000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

39
DSB-SC BLOCK DIAGRAM

40
 Pulse Width Modulation

clc;
clear all;
close all ;
t=0:0.001:2;
s=sawtooth(2*pi*10*t+pi);
m=0.75*sin(2*pi*1*t);
n=length(s);
for i= 1:n
if (m(i)>=s(i))
pwm(i)=1;
elseif (m(i)<=s(i))
pwm(i)=0;
end
end
subplot(211),plot(t,m,'-r',t,s,'-b');axis([0 2 -1.5 1.5]);
title('message signal with sawtooth comparison');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('voltage(V)');
subplot(212),plot(t,pwm,'-k')
axis([0 2 -0.5 1.5]);
title('PWM wave');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('voltage(V)');

41
 1.5

0.5
voltage(V)

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time(sec)

PWM wave
1.5

1
voltage(V)

0.5

-0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time(sec)

42
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM

43
44
45
Appendix

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53