Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- CHAPTER 1: NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS

- What is a Network?
Also called (Computer Network), it is 2 or more devices needs to/sharing information between
them

To do that, they will need a common media between them to share those information.

- Network Types (sizes):

o some user in the same room/department connected together using a switch device Local
Area
o Or: some users in different rooms/department connected together using a router
Network (LANs)
and some switches.

o Users connected together globally through the Internet, Wide

 Service Providers will be needed Area
 A group of device (Routers, Switches, & other devices) will be needed Network (WANs)

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

o 1.1 Network Components:

1 – Routers: Network devices that connect different network domains and routes the IP packets to
its correct destinations.

 Each interface is __________________

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

2 – Switches: Network devices that connects 2 or more devices

in one network domain.

 Then what is a Multi-Layer Switch? , MLS, L3Switch?

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

3 – Firewalls and Intrusion Prevention Systems:

Firewalls protects you from the internet

Apply some restrictions to your local network

Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)

Do deep packet inspection (DPI)
Try to spot attacks

There is a 2 in 1 solution
Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFW) = FW + IPS

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4 – Access Points: like switches, APs are the (wireless) destination for a host to
communicate with other hosts

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

5 – Controllers:
A - Wireless Controllers: a central management point for multiple APs,

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

B - Cisco DNA Center: the super powerful, super capable

central point of management for??

- Analytics

- Automation

- Using GUI to Design, Display, and Configure

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

6 – Servers: a device, storing common data for users (clients) to make use of

- As a hardware matter, it is a computer! , but with ____________________________

- While clients, are the end devices that consumes OR generates new data.

8 – Virtual Machines: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

o 1.2 Network Topologies:

1 – 2 Tier & 3 Tier: Typical for Enterprise & Campus Networks
Which came first? And what’s the difference

Core Distribution Access (3 Tier)

Aggregation Access (2 Tier)

Access Authentication Core

Distribution Fast Convergence

Distribution

Access

2-Tier 3-Tier

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

2 – Spin & Leaf: Especially for Data Centers

- Special Switches (Nexus)

- Full Redundancy
- NO Outage

Core

Spin

Fabric

Leaf

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- CHAPTER 1: NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS

o 1.2 Network Topologies:
3 – Wide Area Networks Topology (WAN):
It can be on 3 types:
A- Point to Point (P2P)

B – Broadcast (MetroE)

C – Non-Broadcast Multi-Access (NBMA)

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

4 – Small Office / Home Office (SOHO)

2 Terms reflects 2 Networks Types

- Single Router / Switch

- Few Users

- Less Concern about? _____________

- SO:

- HO:

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

5 – On-Premise & Cloud-Based Networks:

- What is the difference? And which one is the Classic known network?

- On-Premise: everything is in the office, Company, Data Center

- Cloud-Based: everything is at the Cloud Company (No Headache)

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.3 Network Architecture Models:

A – The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model):

- More specific

- Some layers goes through encapsulations & decapsulations

- Makes Troubleshooting Easier

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

B – The Transmission Communication Protocol/Internet Protocol Model (TCP/IP Model)

- less specific

- Still Some layers goes through encapsulations &

decapsulations

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.4 Layer 1 Technologies

- Physical Links/Connections

A – Copper (Ethernet): the oldest, variety in speeds,

developed through time
- 4 pairs of “Copper”
- Functions in a matter of Electric Circuit
- 2 pairs for 100 Mbps
- 4 pairs for the 1000 Mbps

- Shielded and Unshielded

- Connecter: RJ45

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

B – Optical Fibers: New. Already in High Speeds, even more Speed!

- Single fiber is enough

- Starts with 1 Gbps, up to Tens of Gbps
- Either light or laser

- 2 Types of Transmission media is used, either light or laser

- Single Mode (SM): light is used in the case of short distances
- Multimode (MM): laser is used in the case of long distances

- How do the devices understand light signals?!?!

- How do light become limited to a certain speed?!?!

- Connectors: on the end of each Fiber Optic cable,

LC, SC, FC, ST, MTP/MPO

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- Point to Point & Shared Media

- Point to Point (P2P): directly connected, nothing in the way

- Shared Media: Broadcast, a layer 2 device in the way

Power over Ethernet (PoE):

- Carrying Power over 2 pairs of Copper Cables (enough to power up some network devices)
- can replace an AC adapter

- PoE Terms: PSE: Power Sourcing Equipment (Switches, Power Injectors)

PD: Powered Device (PCs, IP Phones, IP Cameras)
- Negotiation happens between the PSE & PD before/after starting Suppling
- Power Suppling over PoE can be from 15 – 95 Watts (Total)

- UPoE+: Universal PoE make use of all the 4 pair to carry both Data & Power

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.5 Interfaces and Cables Issues:

- Collisions: more than one device (PC) transmitting at a single time in a shared media
- Carrier sense multiple access/collision detection, CSMA/CD Solved it!!

- Errors: Cabling Issue, Unsupported SFP

- Duplex Mismatch: Half or Full? MUST MATCH

- Speed: 10/100/1000? MUST MATCH

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.6 Networking Languages:

A – The Binary Language:

- Only 2 digits: 0 & 1
- Everything is Binary
- Each digit = 1 bit
- Zeros are low Electric pulse, low frequency light wave,
Once are the opposite
B – The Decimal Language:
- 10 digits: 0 – 9
- Value: 0 – 255
- NO Number “10”
- For humans, ease
C - The Hexa-Decimal Language:
- 16 digit: 0 – 9, A – F
- 0 = smallest value, F = biggest value

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.7 Media Access Control Address (MAC Address):

- Layer 2 Technology
- Hexa-Decimal Language
- Physical Address
- Constant and Unique
- 48 Bit length
- Half for the Organization, half for the product

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.8 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4):

- Layer 3 Technology
- Decimal Language (and Binary)
- Logical Address
- Variable, based on the need
- 32 Bit length
- Part for the Network, Part for the Hosts
- 4 Octets, each = ?

- Addressing:
- convert from binary to decimal, and vice versa
- What defines network octets from hosts octets?
- Total Hosts = 𝟐𝟑𝟐 = 4,294,967,296

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- Subnetting:
- form 8 – 32
- The smallest, the bigger
- /XX or XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX like the IP address

- Variable-Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

- The opposite of Subnetting
- Much more economic for the use of subnetting
- Can obtain: Network ID
Network Addresses Range
Network Broadcast ID

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- IPv4 Classes:
- What defines the class?

- Class A: /8 1.0.0.0 --- 126.255.255.255

- Class B: /16 128.0.0.0 --- 191.255.255.255
- Class C: /24 192.0.0.0 --- 223.255.255.255
- Class D: /8 224.0.0.0 --- 239.255.255.255
- Class E: /8 240.0.0.0 --- 255.255.255.255

- Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR):

- The relief of classes and it’s usage of subnets
- using VLSM

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- Private vs. Public IPv4 Addresses:

- avoid duplication
- Private: available and free
- Public: reserved (costs money)

- Private Addresses:
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 /XX
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 /XX
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 /XX

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.9 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6):

- Hexa-Decimal Language
- 128 bit length
- 8 parts
- Hosts = 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖 = 340,282,366,920,938,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

- Types:
- Global Unicast: 2000::/3 Public
- Unique local: FC00::/7 Private
- Link local: FE80::/10 Per-Interface Assigned (MAC Address)
- Anycast Can be assigned to multiple node (Nearest)
- Multicast FF00::/8 One Source – Multiple Destinations

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.10 Transmission Communication Protocol & User Datagram Protocol

- Reliable - Not-Reliable
- Slower - Faster
- Three-Way Handshake - No Pre steps performed
- Connection-Oriented - Connection-less

- HTTP = TCP80 - SNMP = UDP161

HTTPS = TCP443 - TFTP = UDP69
FTP = TCP20, 21 - DNS = USP53
SSH = TCP22 - SYSLOG = UDP514
Telnet = TCP23
SMTP = TCP25
BGP = TCP179

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.11 IP Parameters for Client/End Device OS

- Useful Tools:
- Ping: Availability Check
- Traceroute: IP’s in the Way
- FTP: Data Transporting
- SCP: Secure Data Transporting
- Telnet: Remote Access
- SSH: Secure Remote Access
- Ipconfig: End Device IP Assignment

PING:
- Windows: Terminal --- Ping X.X.X.X
- Mac OS: Terminal --- Ping X.X.X.X
- Linux: Terminal --- Ping X.X.X.X

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

Traceroute:
- Windows: Terminal (CMD): --- Tracert/Tracert –d X.X.X.X
- Mac OS: Network Utility --- X.X.X.X --- Trace
- Linux: Terminal --- Traceroute X.X.X.X

Telnet & SSH:

Windows:
Telnet: Terminal --- Telnet X.X.X.X
SSH: Software (SecureCRT, PuTTY)
Mac OS:
Telnet: install Homebrew --- Terminal --- Telnet X.X.X.X
SSH: Terminal --- ssh X.X.X.X
Linux:
Telnet/SSH: Terminal --- Telnet/SSH X.X.X.X

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.12 Virtualization and Virtual Machines

- Just Networks, BUT in Virtualized Environment

- Multiple Devices inside One
- Ease of Management

- The Hypervisor: The new Mediator between SW/HW

- Load the Hypervisor on the Physical HW, after that install OS on the Hypervisor
- Now the Hypervisor = Host, and the OS = Virtual Machines = Guest

- Hypervisors:
- Schedules the VMs requests to the HW
- Distributes the HW resources between the VMs

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- Hypervisors Types:

- Type1:
- The Native or Bare Metal
- Runs directly on the HW resources
- HW --- Hypervisor --- VM

- Type2:
- Hosted
- Runs as a SW besides the OS
- HW --- OS --- Hypervisor

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- How to connect all these?

- Virtual Switches:

- Connects all VMs Together like a Real Switch

- Assigns a Virtual Network Interface Card (V.NIC) for each VM
- Exists by default in Hypervisors Type1
- After Creating a V.Switch & V.NIC, all VMs will automatically gets connected together

*also can create Port Group for Complete Isolating (like VLANs)
*there is another V.NIC for each VM (for Internet)

- Examples:
- Microsoft Hyper-V
- ESXi VSwitch

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

1.13 Introduction to the Cisco IOS Systems

1- Use the console port/console cable

2 – Access though the COM port using Teraterm/ PuTTY

3 – The IOS system:

- Command Line Interface (CLE)
- User Mode >
- Privilege Mode #
- Global Configuration Mode (Config)#

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- Some Common Commands:

enable Show ip interface brief

configure terminal Show interface description
Interface fa0/0/1 Show version
Ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 show running-config
Hostname Router1212 show mac address-table
Reload show interface status
copy running-config startup-config
write erase
shutdown
no shutdown

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