Republic of the Philippines

LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Graduate School
Paterno St., Tacloban City

Name: DARYL YEPES PATANAO

Course: M.A.T. SOCSCI
Subject: Social Science 504 (Construction, Utilization, Evaluation and
Storage (CUES) of Instructional Media in the Social Sciences)

Topic: Educational Technology and the Teacher

Professor: Dr. Elizabeth M. Quimbo
School Year: 1st Semester A.Y. 2019 – 2020
________________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE TEACHER

WRITTEN REPORT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, learners are expected to:
1. Identify the four phases of educational technology.
2. Define and differentiate educational technology and instructional
technology.
3. Trace the historical development of educational technology.
4. Identify the various types and uses of educational media.
5. Identify the factors affecting educational technology.
6. Discuss the implications of educational technology on curriculum and
instruction.

PRE-TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter only.
1. Who used the term “techne” to refer to the process of applying knowledge
systematically to the practical art of instruction?
a. Montessori c. Pressey
b. Elder Sophists d. Froebel
2. What is the field of study concerned with the practice of using educational
methods and resources for the ultimate goal to facilitate the learning process?
a. Educational Technology c. Instructional Technology
b. Educational Media d. Audio-visual Technology
3. Rowntree identifies four phases of educational technology as an approach.
Arrange the correct order of it.
I. Improvement of the learning experiences so as to better achieve the
objectives.
II. Design of learning experiences.
 III. Evaluation of how effective learning experiences are in achieving the
objectives.
IV. Identification of objectives.

a. I-II-III-IV c. IV-II-III-I
b. III-I-IV-II d. II-IV-I-III

4. What is the pictorial device used to show the progression of learning

experiences from direct, first-hand participation to purely abstract verbal
symbols?
a. Cone of Learning c. Hypergraphics
b. Holograms d. Cone of Experience

5. Who was recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional technology by

reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which was an illustrated
textbook for children studying Latin and the sciences?
a. Johann Amos Comenius c. Edward Thorndike
b. John Dewey d. Friedrich Froebel

ACTIVITY 1. DEFINE IT!

Direction: Work in small groups with 5 members. Define what is educational
technology is by using this graphic organizer. You only have 7
minutes to complete the task.

Educational
Technology

ACTIVITY 2: WORD WAR

Direction: Arrange the different jumbled letters. You are only given 5 minutes to
complete the activity.

1. CALUTONIDEA TOYLOGCENH
2. VISELONITE
3. REACHET
4. SUCTLANORTINI HOGLOYCNET
5. SERITALAM

DISCUSSION OF THE TOPIC:

2.1 FOUR PHASES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Rowntree identifies four phases of educational technology as an approach,

namely;
1) Identification of objectives.
2) Design of learning experiences.
3) Evaluation of how effective learning experiences are in achieving the
objectives.
4) Improvement of the learning experiences so as to better achieve the
objectives.

2.2 EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY vs. INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Educational Technology is the field of Instructional technology is the branch

study which is concerned with the of education concerned with the
practice of using educational methods scientific study of instructional design
and resources for the ultimate goal to and development. The main purpose
facilitate the learning process. of instructional designers is to create
engaging, effective learning
experiences.

2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Educational technology is essentially a product of a historical stream

composed of trial and error, imitation, individual creativity, and persuasion.

A. In Ancient Greece, the Elder Sophists used the

term “techne” to refer to the process of applying
knowledge systematically to the practical art of
instruction. They formulated cognitive rules,
systematically analyzed subject matter, designed
instructional technologies and devised effective
instructional materials.
B. During the Middle Age Advent of Scholastic
Philosophy, Pierre Abelard introduced a technology of
instruction which was really a new method of
structuring and presenting materials that helped set
the style of scholastic education. Figure 1 Pierre Abelard

C. Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart, and Montessori contributed their own

concepts on educational technology improving the
educative process.
D. Johann Amos Comenius was recognized as the
pioneer of modern instructional technology by reason
of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which
was an illustrated textbook for children studying Latin
and the sciences.

Figure 2 Johann Amos Comenius

E. Edward Thorndike and John Dewey formulated the scientific theory of learning
and the scientific method, respectively. Thorndike gave emphasis to the use of
empirical investigation as a basis for an organized process of learning. On his
part, Dewey introduced a method of instruction in terms of scientific method in
broad terms.

Figure 3 Edward Thorndike (left) & John Dewey (right)

F. The 19th century paved in the advent of effective technological development,

including the production of textbooks, use of blackboards, and improvements in
writing implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, giving way to a
movement called “visual instruction.” By 1920, visual media became widely
accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts. In 1926,
educational films were used as instructional media. In 1927, Pressey wrote on
programmed learning through a machine which tested and confirmed a learning
task.
G. In 1932, the first instructional Television program was aired at the State
University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16mm sound motion picture was
developed and this served as the educational workhorse during the audio-visual
movement of the time.
H. During World War II, the U.S. government encouraged the implementation of
technology of instruction for military training programs. This gave impetus to a
systems approach to instruction to include: micro-teaching, individualized
instruction, language laboratories, behavioural objectives, computer-assisted
instruction, among others.

2.4 EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: ITS MEDIA TYPES AND

CLASSIFICATION

Scriven (1981), for instance, discusses the following separately:

current and continuing technologies traditional audio-visual technology

hand calculator and related machines projectors, radio and recordings

emerging technologies new audio-visual technology

computer-assisted instruction with stereo, TV, holograms, and
the addition of voice input hypergraphics

television technology
The Cone of Experience represents one of the more popular attempts at media
classification.
Cone of Experience is thus a pictorial device used to show the
progression of learning experiences from direct, first-hand participation to purely
abstract verbal symbols. At the same time, it classifies various types of
instructional materials according to the relative degree of experiential
concreteness that each type provides. It also suggests the most appropriate
method a teacher can use to teach an abstract concept that will be appropriate to
the particular needs and abilities of the learner.

For example, in a Social Studies class desiring to study the culture or way
of life of a particular cultural group, the teacher has a choice of one or a
combination of the following media (starting from the top portion of the cone to
the bottom).
Textbooks and other printed materials and plain lecture.
Graphs, cartoons, comic strips, and other visual symbols.
Recordings of folk songs or conversations in the native dialect and or still
pictures showing costumes or any significant activities of the group.
Televised lecture or show about the folk culture.
Exhibits of artifacts, tools, costumes, and other material aspects of the
culture.
Conducting a field trip in the local community.
Demonstration by an authority about certain activities or rituals of the
group.
Dramatization by some members of the class who may have done some
research about the cultural group.
Simulating certain activities or physical aspects of the local culture so that
the experiences become more real.
Directly involving the class in certain activities of the group like planting,
harvesting, praying, and the like.
Media and materials can be classified also as:
Audio Materials Visual Materials Audio-Visual Materials

pictures and
photographs, flashcards,
flip books, charts, maps, television, sound films,
radio, recordings,
posters, exhibits, bulletin videotapes, sound
telephone, language
boards, dioramas, filmstrips,
laboratories, sound
models, mock-ups, demonstrations, study
distribution systems
slides, filmstrips, trips, printed materials
transparencies, with recorded sound
chalkboards, cartoons

Another way of classifying instructional materials is grouping them into those

which can be:
Projected on the screen Non-projected on the screen

in the case of transparencies, slides, as photographs, still pictures, objects,

films, filmstrips or opaque projection and the like
materials

Others venture
Low-Cost into simpler High-Cost
Materials classification Materials

A more detailed approach toward media classification was that done by Rossi
and Biddle (1966) which examines the following media dimensions:

Literacy

Cost and Audio and

Spread Visual

Solo vs Group Static and

Use Dynamic
2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Hayden and Torkelson cite the following as factors influencing a technology of
instruction:
1) trend toward a science of education,
2) shift from what to teach to how to teach,
3) improved performance and productivity; and
4) focus on the learner.

2.6 IMPLICATIONS FOR CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION

As new technologies and modes of communication develop, curriculum

and instruction will likely - though not dramatically – change. Ideas continually
come and go. Our current concepts of content, methods of teaching, or
learning environment are thus bound to change. So will other ideas and
current educational practices.

2.6.1. Curriculum Content, Strategies, & Environment

A change in what to teach.
A change in how to teach.
There may be a move to abandon arbitrary pupil grading.
Media centers or learning resource centers now form part of the
physical structure of schools.

2.6.2. The Teacher’s Role

The teacher can no longer claim to be the sole source of
information.
The teacher needs to undertake systematic planning, control and
evaluation to insure effective instruction.
Hayden and Torkelson (1973) and Schramm (1969) have suggested
the following principles or guidelines for teachers and administrators
who are seriously looking into the potentials of educational
technology:

1. Be open to innovation.
2. Use media effectively.
3. Cultivate a commitment to continuous assessment.
4. Promote the humanizing aspects of educational technology.

2.6.3. The Students’ Role

The student assumes the task of teaching himself and even
evaluating his own progress.
ACTIVITY 3. MAALA-ALA MO KAYA?
Direction: Complete the pyramid by writing the events that took place in the
history of educational technology. You work in groups with 5 members
each. The allotted time to complete the task is 10 minutes.

Ancient Greece

Middle Age

Time of Comenius, Pestalozzi, and others

Time of Johann Amos Comenius

Time of Edward Thorndike and John Dewey

19th Century

1932

World War II

Note: Students performance will be rated according to the rubric below.

CRITERIA POINTS
Content 20
Creativity 15
Presentation 10
Collaboration / Teamwork 5
Total Score 50

ACTIVITY 4. IT’S ESSAY!

Direction: Answer the following questions below. Find a pair to work with. You
only have 7 minutes to do the activity.

 What is educational technology and instructional technology? Are they

synonymous or not? Discuss your answer.

 Why is educational technology significant to a classroom teacher? Prove

its relevance to the educative process today.
Note: Students performance will be rated according to the rubric below.

CRITERIA POINTS
Content 25
Organization of Ideas 15
Collaboration 10
Total Score 50

POST-TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter only.

1. Who used the term “techne” to refer to the process of applying knowledge
systematically to the practical art of instruction?
a. Montessori c. Pressey
b. Elder Sophists d. Froebel

2. What is the field of study concerned with the practice of using educational
methods and resources for the ultimate goal to facilitate the learning process?
a. Educational Technology c. Instructional Technology
b. Educational Media d. Audio-visual Technology

3. Rowntree identifies four phases of educational technology as an approach.

Arrange the correct order of it.

I. Improvement of the learning experiences so as to better achieve the

objectives.
II. Design of learning experiences.
III. Evaluation of how effective learning experiences are in achieving the
objectives.
IV. Identification of objectives.

a. I-II-III-IV c. IV-II-III-I
b. III-I-IV-II d. II-IV-I-III

4. What is the pictorial device used to show the progression of learning

experiences from direct, first-hand participation to purely abstract verbal
symbols?
a. Cone of Learning c. hyper graphics
b. Holograms d. Cone of Experience

5. Who was recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional technology by

reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which was an illustrated
textbook for children studying Latin and the sciences?
a. Johann Amos Comenius c. Edward Thorndike
b. John Dewey d. Friedrich Froebel

PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST ANSWERS:

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. A
ANSWERS OF THE ACTIVITIES:

ACTIVITY 1. DEFINE IT!

 Educational technology is the application of scientific knowledge about
learning and the conditions of learning to improve the effectiveness and
efficiency of teaching and training.
 Educational technology is the development, application, and evaluation of
systems, techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning.
 Educational technology is a systematic way of designing, implementing,
and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of
specific objectives based on research in human learning.
 Educational Technology is the field of study which is concerned with the
practice of using educational methods and resources for the ultimate goal
to facilitate the learning process.

ACTIVITY 2: WORD WAR

1. EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
2. TELEVISION
3. TEACHER
4. INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
5. MATERIALS

ACTIVITY 3. MAALA-ALA MO KAYA?

Elder Sophists formulated cognitive rules, systematically analyzed subject

matter, designed instructional technologies and devised effective
Ancient Greece instructional materials.

Pierre Abelard introduced a technology of instruction which was really a

Middle Age new method of structuring and presenting materials that helped set the
style of scholastic education.

Time of Comenius, They contributed their own concepts on educational technology

Pestalozzi, and others improving the educative process.

Time of Johann He was recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional technology

by reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which was an
Amos Comenius illustrated textbook for children studying Latin and the sciences.

Time of Edward Thorndike Thorndike gave emphasis to the use of empirical investigation as a
and John Dewey basis for an organized process of learning & Dewey introduced a
method of instruction in terms of scientific method in broad terms.

Production of textbooks, use of blackboards, and improvements in

writing implements like pen and ink.
19th Century Photography was invented, giving way to a movement called
“visual instruction.”
Pressey wrote on programmed learning through a machine which
tested and confirmed a learning task.

The first instructional Television program was aired at the

1932 State University of Iowa. The 16mm sound motion picture was
developed.

Micro-teaching, individualized instruction, language

Worl War II laboratories, behavioural objectives, computer-assisted
instruction and many others
Note: Students performance will be rated according to the rubric below.

CRITERIA POINTS
Content 20
Creativity 15
Presentation 10
Collaboration / Teamwork 5
Total Score 50

ACTIVITY 4. IT’S ESSAY!

Answers of the students may vary.

What is educational technology and instructional technology? Are they

synonymous or not? Discuss your answer.

Educational Technology is the field of study which is concerned with the

practice of using educational methods and resources for the ultimate goal to
facilitate the learning process. Meanwhile, instructional technology is the branch
of education concerned with the scientific study of instructional design and
development. The main purpose of instructional designers is to create engaging,
effective learning experiences. The terms educational technology and
instructional technology may seem compatible, but they have important subtle
differences. Educational technology embraces all areas of technology in any
fields of education. Instructional technology covers a narrow field dealing with all
types of teaching and learning. Its primary goal is to enhance the teaching and
learning process. Educational technology primarily goal is technological literacy
for everyone. The analysis between educational technology and instructional
technology are in fact found at the roots of their definitions. Instruction is part of
the education as a whole but instruction unlike education is carefully mapped out
in every detail.

Why is educational technology significant to a classroom teacher? Prove

its relevance to the educative process today.

Educational technology is very significant to a classroom teacher because

it greatly contributed to him and also it helps the teacher’s work easier. One of
the significance of educational technology to a classroom teacher is that the
teacher can no longer claim as the sole source of information. The teacher can
give tasks to his students wherein they can facilitate their own learning. Students
will be more knowledgeable and responsible enough because they will manage
their own learning. The teacher who utilize educational technology in his
instruction need to be innovative and can use the technologies effectively.
Educational technology is very relevant to our education system especially
nowadays that we are technologically advance. In the delivery of the lesson,
teachers can utilize varied technologies to make the teaching and learning
process more convenient and more meaningful which will lead to a better
education of the students.
Note: Students performance will be rated according to the rubric below.

CRITERIA POINTS
Content 25
Organization of Ideas 15
Collaboration 10
Total Score 50

REFERENCES:
Aquino, Gaudencio V., Rosalina C. Abellera and Ligaya C. Hidalgo, “Principles of
Teaching and Educational Technology”. National Bookstore, (1998). pp. 203-226

Corpuz, Brenda B., Paz I. Lucido, “Educational Technology 1”. Lorimar

Publishing. Inc, (2008). pp. 14-16

Lucido, Paz I., Milagros L. Borabo, “Educational Technology”. Katha Publishing

Corporation Inc., (1997). pp. 1, 12-13
https://educationaltechnology.net/definitions-of-instructional-technology/
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-educational-technology-
and-instructional-technology