1

St. Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

Chapter 1

Introduction

Intersections are complex meetings of roads

potentially the points of vehicle conflicts. They are
normally a major bottleneck to smooth flow traffic and
major accident spot. As reported in 2015 data gathered
by the Land Transportation Office, 45.76 percent of
crashes and 69 percent of all fatalities and injuries
related to motor vehicle collisions occurred at
intersections in the Philippines. And research
conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
shown that under the right circumstances installing
traffic signals can reduce the number and severity of
crashes. But signals that are not designed
appropriately can have an adverse effect on safety, so
traffic managers and engineers need to design, place,
and operate them carefully.
  
   
procedures and incorporates numerous
components
cooperating simultaneously. In such a severe
problem
condition a simulation modeler can be a very
effective
tool as it provides evaluations for various traffic
condition
conditions
  
   
procedures and incorporates numerous
components
cooperating simultaneously. In such a severe
problem
condition a simulation modeler can be a very
effective
tool as it provides evaluations for various traffic
condition
conditions

However, designing signalized intersection that

commence with the knowledge on fundamentals of road

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St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

user needs, geometric design, traffic design and

illumination will take the holistic approach
considering the safety and operational implications to
all users, including motorists, pedestrians,
bicyclists, and transit users. Design and operation of
effective, safe and environmentally friendly
intersections require a high level of knowledge about
the relationships between intersection design, traffic
flow, environment, and impacts on traffic performance,
safety and emissions. Traffic signal control is a very
cost-effective method for the improvement of urban
traffic systems in terms of performance, safety and
environment. They help movement and help conduct an
orderly flow by giving right of way to some cars and
not others. They not only make car traffic a lot safer
but also pedestrian traffic. They help reduce the
number of accidents and make collisions at
intersections a lot less frequent. Signals offer
maximum control at intersections. They relay messages
of both what to do and what not to do.

  

   
procedures and incorporates numerous
components
cooperating simultaneously. In such a severe
problem
condition a simulation modeler can be a very
effective
tool as it provides evaluations for various traffic
condition
conditions
  
   
procedures and incorporates numerous
components
cooperating simultaneously. In such a severe
problem
condition a simulation modeler can be a very
effective
tool as it provides evaluations for various traffic
condition
conditions

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St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

The aspect of signalized intersection focuses

on controlling traffic and in order to reduce
congestion. Thereby contribute to the reduction of the
negative impact to drivers and pedestrians. Road
Traffic Control will evaluate driving information of
vehicles in the area, perform the optimal traffic
signal control in accordance with the constantly
changing road traffic situation, and provide useful
traffic information to drivers. Ensuring a smooth
traffic flow by shortening the driving time of vehicles
and reducing the number of times vehicles come to a
halt will lead to benefits such as a reduction in road
traffic accidents, which will in turn make a
significant contribution to a safe and comfortable road
traffic environment. 

Review of Related Literature

Traffic Impact Assessment focuses on analysis and

evaluation of the traffic flow generated by the proposed
project impact on the road network in the future, through
comparing the sections, intersection and other
transportation infrastructure indexes such as traffic flow
and road vehicle capacity, evaluate whether the traffic
system can meet the increased traffic demand. In this
paper, make the delay time and the road saturation as the
evaluation index, studies the influence scope of the key
signal intersection service level, in order to assess the
impact of new projects on the signalized intersection.
Cited Haikou province Hongzhou center as an example, based
on the investigation of the traffic flow, calculate the
time delay and road saturation to analyze the service
level.
https://www.scientific.net/AMR.869-870.327
Authors:
Qian Wang,  Chun Fu Shao *

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Travel by public transport is decreasing and the rate of

walking and cycling remains low. It is necessary to
reverse these negative trends by implementing solutions
based on walking, cycling, and smart mobility. On the
basis of one selected intersection, the article presents a
research method which aims at finding solutions that
should improve pedestrian walking and safety conditions at
signalized intersections in the city center area.
According to the statistical research of traffic
incidents, pedestrian behavior, and simulations run using
the VISSIM software, an attempt was made to find solutions
that will result in improvement of traffic conditions and
pedestrian safety at signalized intersections

Over the years, researchers have attempted to examine the

factors which affect walking speed. The most essential
factors influencing pedestrian speed are age, gender,
physical constitution, motivation and purpose of travel,
distance to be covered, and weather and terrain conditions
(Fruin, 1971), (Fruin, 1989), (Witkowski, 1978). Based on
research (Fruin, 1989) conducted with 967 free-flow
pedestrians in New York City, 78% of subjects were noted
to be moving with the speed of less than 1.4 m/sec. The
median speed was 1.2 m/sec. However, older men’s speed was
1.1 m/sec and they constituted the 25 percentile of the
distribution function. According to the Federal Highway
Administration of the United States (HCM 2000), if the old
people in the tested population constitute no more than
20% then the median speed is 1.2 m/sec. If it is more than
20% the median speed is 1.0 m/sec. In a free-flow sidewalk
situation, pedestrians move with a median speed of 1.5
m/sec. Another factor that determines the developing a the
traffic control logic at signalised intersections is to
provide a high level of pedestrians safety. A pedestrian
as a participant in traffic is often involved in road
accidents. Compared with other EU countries, Poland is the
most dangerous and the least pedestrian-friendly country
for the traffic users. Road accidents involving
pedestrians are caused by many factors which are affected
by the traffic users’ behavior, the surroundings, and the
vehicles. In Poland, it is mostly the road users’ mistakes
and road planning and design that are to blame for the
road accidents. Also it is necessary to consider the bad
condition of the road infrastructure protecting
pedestrians. A highly important factor contributing to the

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St. Paul University Philippines
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number of accidents is the lack of good legislative and

organizational system solutions.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146
516302320

The capacity of a signalized intersection approach is

primarily a function of number of lanes and their traffic
flow, directional distribution, saturation flow and green
time ratio. Saturation flow for a lane depends on its
geometry and degree of conflict with opposing vehicle and
pedestrian movements that are discharged in the same
signal phase. Since the signal timing is not known from
the start, iterative calculations must be performed
starting from base assumptions regarding cycle time, lost
time and green time distribution as a function of
intersection type. The obtained signal timing is then
applied for new calculations of traffic lane distribution,
ratio of turning traffic, saturation flow, critical
conflict point, signal timing and resulting flow discharge
and capacity in the next iteration

Transportation Research Procedia

Karl Bang1 , Johan Wahlstedt 2 and Leif Linse3
https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/

The scope of the literature review includes studies related

to the safety effects of a wide variety of geometric design,
traffic, and control elements of at-grade intersections.
Although the research presented in this report focuses on
the safety effectiveness of intersection left- and right-
turn lanes, the initial scope of the research was not
limited to this topic and could potentially have included
the safety evaluation of any type of intersection design
improvement. Therefore, this literature review is organized
to emphasize studies related to the safety effectiveness of
turn lanes, but it also includes a review of all geometric,
traffic, and control elements that affect the safety of at-
grade intersections.

The review identifies studies that address general

intersection geometric design, traffic, and control issues

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St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

with emphasis on studies that provide a quantitative

estimate of the factor of interest. Some studies find a
factor to be related to safety, but do not quantify the
effect of that factor. With minor exceptions, the review
does not address studies that investigated a factor but did
not find it to be important or statistically significant. In
such cases, it would be difficult without more detailed
review of the study to judge whether the lack of an observed
effect resulted from the true lack of a relationship of that
factor to safety or from a limited sample size or poor study
design.

The scope of this literature review covers the safety

effectiveness of general intersection geometric design
features, traffic control elements, and traffic
characteristics, focusing on studies that provide a
quantitative estimate of the factor of interest. Based upon
the review, it is evident that many design features have the
capability to improve the safety of an at-grade
intersection. It is also evident by the quantity of the
studies related to left- and right-turn lanes that there is
considerable interest in quantifying their safety
effectiveness. This interest has been stimulated by the
number of highway agencies that have installed turn lanes
and by the results of previous studies that give a strong
indication that installation of left- or right-turn lanes
improves the safety of at-grade intersections.

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/0208
9/02.cfm
Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway
Transportation Innovations

The traffic scenario in developing economies is

fundamentally different from that of the developed
economies. The latter is predominantly composed of
passenger cars and can be aptly termed as “homogeneous”
traffic, whereas the former is composed of vehicle types
with a wide variety of static and dynamic
characteristics, which occupy the same right of way,
resulting in an unsynchronized movement of the vehicles.
Another distinguishing characteristic of this traffic is
the absence of lane-discipline, resulting from the wide
variation in sizes and maneuvering abilities of the

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St. Paul University Philippines
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vehicles. These distinctions result in some phenomena

like vehicle creeping, which are absent in the
homogeneous traffic. Hence, this type of traffic can be
referred to as “heterogeneous disordered” or “mixed”
traffic. A review of the literature has shown that most
of the studies in such traffic make use of the methods
and concepts developed for homogeneous traffic. Very few
studies have attempted to capture and understand the
distinctive characteristics of the mixed traffic. The
primary objective of this paper is to provide a review of
the studies on various mixed traffic characteristics in
developing economies, identify their limitations and
provide guidelines for the future research. Also, a
detailed methodology of the simulation process for the
mixed traffic is given, reflecting the “gap-filling”
rather than the conventional “car-following” behavior. A
comparison of the past modeling approaches is also
presented and the accuracy of their implementation is
discussed.

Starting with Greenshields’ studies [24] as far back as in

1935, considerable research effort has been spent to
understand the traffic flow characteristics in developed
economies. In 1960s, Car following theory was developed,
with the background of the experiments conducted by
researchers at the General motors’ research laboratory.
Lighthill and Whitham [43] and Richards [74] proposed a
continuum model for vehicular flow based on an analogy with
fluid flow and laid the foundation for “macroscopic traffic
flow modeling”. Later empirical studies have identified
various traffic phenomena including stop-and-go waves,
hysteresis effect, phantom jams and capacity drop.
Analogies with other physical systems are used to describe
these phenomena. These studies have resulted in a traffic
flow theory with a strong mathematical and empirical basis,
which is essential for a thorough understanding of the
traffic dynamics.

The above studies are aimed at understanding the traffic in

developed economies, which is predominantly composed of
passenger cars and is called “homogeneous” traffic.
However, the traffic in other developing economies have a
significant share of two and three-wheeler motorized
vehicles and non-motorized vehicles with different static
and dynamic characteristics, resulting in a fundamentally

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St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

different traffic stream. Because of the differences in

sizes and maneuverabilities, the vehicles in this traffic
stream do not follow the lane-discipline, whereas the
homogeneous traffic has strict lane-discipline.
Incidentally, the term “heterogeneous” is used in the
literature, to describe the traffic consisting of heavy
vehicles, as observed in some areas of the developed
economies. However, this traffic has a relatively small
proportion of heavy vehicles and still follows strict lane-
discipline. Therefore, to avoid the confusion, the traffic
in developing economies described above can be referred to
as “heterogeneous disordered” or “mixed” traffic.

Transportation in Developing Economies

 Sai Kiran  M.
 Ashish Verma

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40890-016-0010-
0

RESEARCH NEEDS Research is needed to determine whether

signal faces mounted at the roadside will be effective in
the roundabout context. Research is needed to determine
the minimum number of signal faces necessary to achieve
high driver compliance. Guidelines for computing the
optimal location of the stop bar are needed. U.S. Access
Board has identified signalization as the only proven
means of creating crossable gaps in traffic and providing
audible cues to pedestrians of the availability of gaps.
Although there is extensive experience with traffic
signals both in the U.S. and abroad, experience with
traffic signals at roundabout crosswalks is limited, and
experience with signals to provide access at roundabout
crossings to persons with visual or other disabilities is
non-existent. Therefore, although it is reasonable to
expect that accessible traffic signals will be effective
at multilane roundabouts where access is otherwise
problematic, the lack of implementation experience
suggests the need for studies to document potential
pitfalls and best practices. U.K. experience suggests that
drivers will not confuse the pedestrian crossing signals
with the yield at entry control, but this needs to be

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St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

verified with U.S. drivers. It was suggested above that a

signal face that is blank (off) until activated by a
pedestrian would be more effective that a signal that
flashes amber until activated. This suggestion was based
on the assumption that drivers would learn to expect the
flashing amber, and thus be less likely to detect when a
pedestrian call had caused the light to become steady. The
MUTCD recommends a flash rate of about 1 Hz (about 0.5 s
on and 0.5 s off). The off cycle distinguishes flashing
amber from a solid. It would probably take well in excess
of 0.5 s for a motorist to detect that the off cycle was
not coming, particularly if the motorist was not expecting
a phase change. At a minimum, the onset of the flashing
amber would reduce motorist recognition time by
approximately 0.5 s. The reduction in reaction time might
be much greater for motorists who are not anticipating a
phase

https://www.access-
board.gov/attachments/article/1265/roundabout-
synthesis.pdf
Vaughan W. Inman Science Applications International
Corporation and Gregory W. Davis Federal Highway
Administration, RD&T

Conceptual Framework

EFFECTIVENESS OF SIGNALIZED
INTERSECTON: TANZA
JUNCTION

INSPECT THE SITE

 Narrow road (Tanza Junction-

Diversion Road) especially for
large vehicles that use it, thus
causes traffic jam especially
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during Engineering
rush hours.
 Narrow road (Balzain to
Pengue) that causes traffic jam
from time to time.
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St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

Possible solution may be road

widening and/or putting up a skyway
(Balzain-Pengue road)

Scope and Limitation

This study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of
signalized intersection at Tanza-Balzain Junction,
Cagayan.This study will be evaluated by SPUP Engineering
students with the help of DPWH, Traffic management group
and PnP. This study will be administered within time frame
of 4 to 5 months. The study enables us to gather
information to a particular respondents and limited only
for pedestrians and motorists within Tanza-Balzain
Junction, Cagayan.

Significance of the Study

This study will help to increase the speed of traffic

and relieve the city of congestions and also to help
future engineers learn from this so that they can make a
design that will suit their road situations current needs.
Although it sounds impossible to relieve Tuguegarao City
of congestions but if we can increase the effectiveness of
one intersection, it’s possible to increase all other
intersections, thus making the city have lesser
congestions. If we are able to accomplish this someday
that means that the city’s economic development will grow.

The result of the study will result the following:

By the current situation of the said road, we will be

making observation if the Road Traffic Control still

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functions well. Effectiveness of roads makes the load

flows smoothly, and how it affects area regarding to the
economy of the city. That is why Transportation Engineers
make good roads for the people to become efficient in
their everyday life. Countries nowadays are more
successful because they have a good flow in their roads
and it means a lot today at the moment.
There are possibilities in making it more improved. We
will be conducting the study and see the negative sides
why sometimes it is congested. And we will be proving if
it is just the traffic controls or it’s just the people in
that area are the cause of it.
In order to do so, datum will play a big role in this
study and gathering data will be specified and direct to
the point and eventually future engineers will be really
needing this study furthermore if it happens they will be
having the same situation.

Definition of Terms

REFFERENCES

https://www.scientific.net/AMR.869-870.327
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146
516302320
https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/0208
9/02.cfm
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40890-016-0010-
0
https://www.access-
board.gov/attachments/article/1265/roundabout-
synthesis.pdf

CHAPTER 2

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