CHIKHI Meriem PDF
CHIKHI Meriem PDF
CHIKHI Meriem PDF
ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ:
﴾
11 : ﺍﻵﻳﺔ،ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟ ﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ
ﺃﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺠﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﻱ ...ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻨﻲ ...ﻭﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪﻱ....
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ "ﺑﺸﻼﻏﻢ
ﻳﺤﻲ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘ ﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ
ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ،ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳ ﻤﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ،ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺬﻟﻬﻢ ﺟﻬﺪﺍ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺘﺪﻱ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ
ﻳﻔﻮﺗﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻠﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ
ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ
ﺃ
ﺍﻷﺥ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺖ ﻫﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﺿﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺣﺒﺒﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺐ ﻓﻲ
ﺏ
ﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ،
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺴﺏ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ،
ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ 100ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ
ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻑ ﻭﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺩ .ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ.
- :ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ
ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ
ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟
-ﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ؟
-ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ؟
-ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ؟
-ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ؟
ﺝ
-ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ؟
-ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻱ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ؟
-ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ؟
ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ -
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ؟ ،ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻲ ،ﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ،ﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ،
ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﺭﺴﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ SPSSﻭ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ:
ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ -
ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺴﺘ ﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ .ﻓﺭﻭﻕ
ﺫﺍﺕ .ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻗﻲ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ.
– ﻟﻡ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓ ﺭﻕ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻤﺠﺎﻻ ﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺩ
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ
ﻗﻭﻝ ﻤﺄﺜﻭﺭ
ﺃ -ﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ
ﺏ -ﺇﻫﺩﺍﺀ
ﻩ
34 - 26 -4ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ
ﻭ
88 - 87 -3ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
93 – 88 -4ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻭ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺯ
139 –138 -5ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
159 ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ
ﺡ
168 – 166 -7ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ
173 ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ
216-186 ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻕ
ﻁ
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭﻝ
127 ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ 13
0.05
131 ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ 15
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻱ
133 ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ 16
134 ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ 17
ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
137 ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ( 18
138 ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ :ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ،ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ 19
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ.
141 ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻭﻱ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ 21
144 ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ 22
145 ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ 23
147 ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ "ﺕ" ﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻓﻲ 25
ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
149 ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ 26
151 ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﻑ" ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ 27
151 ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﺕ" ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ 28
152 ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﺕ" ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ 29
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻪ
154 ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﺕ" ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ 30
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
156 ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﺕ" ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ 31
ﻙ
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎﻝ
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻕ
ﻝ
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ:
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ:
ﻴﺸﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ
ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻬﻨﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﻪ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴ ﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ
ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺩﻑ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ
ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﻋﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻼﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻓﻨﺎﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺅﻝ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ
ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ،
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺅﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻝ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ،ﻭﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫﻥ ﺒﺤﻜﻡ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻭﺘﻜﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻭ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻬﻨﺘﻪ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻜﻴﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ
ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺒﺴﻠ ﻭﻜﻪ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ
ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﻼﻩ
ﻋﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﺩﻓﺎ ﻷﻱ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ
2
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ:
ﻭﺃﺤﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ
ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻪ ﻭﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻹﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ
ﺤﻭﻝ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻜ ﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ
ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻌﻜ ﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻭﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻪ،
ﻓﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻓﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ
ﻤﻥ ﺭﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ
ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻸﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻜﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ
ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺫﻭ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ،ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻬﻨﺎ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ
ﻭﺇﻥ ّﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ
ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﻫﻠﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﻁ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺘﻬﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ
ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻔﻝ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﺃﻤﺜﻝ ﻟﻸﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻥ
ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻌﻪ ،ﺒﺄﻥ
ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻲ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺃﻗﻝ
ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺎﺯﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻁﻭﻝ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ
ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻫﺎﺌﻠﺔ،
ﺠﻌﻠﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺼﻌﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﻋﺯﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻟﻬﻡ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻬﻥ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ; ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
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ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ:
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻀﻡ " ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ" ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻹﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ،
ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺎ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ "ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ" ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ
ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺜﻡ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﻭ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺜﻡ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ :ﻭﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺴﺘﻬﻝ -ﺒﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ،ﻓﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺜﻡ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺜﻡ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺜﻡ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ :ﻭﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ،ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺘﻪ ،ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻋﻠﻡ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻓﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻊ
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ :ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﺎ -ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ،ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺠﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ،ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ -ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻔﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ :ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺕ ﺒﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
-1ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ.
-2ﻓﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
-3ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
-4ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
-7ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
-1ﺇﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
ﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺎ
ﻭ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭ ﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﺴﺠﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ
ﻤﻊ ﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﺴﻴﻠﺠﻤﺎﻥ seligmanﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻕ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻡ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔ ﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﺵ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ
ﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﺼﻴﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺠﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺎﺭﻱ ) (2007ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻤﺎﺭﺘﻥ ﺴﻴﻠﺠﻤﺎﻥ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﺅﻻ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﻯ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻌﻡ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ
ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺅﺭﺓ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭ ﻫﺩﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩ ﻭ
ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻱ
ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻙ )(2000
ﻭﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺘﺴﺎﻤﻰ ﺒﻌﻭﺍﻁﻔﻪ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻩ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ .ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻗﻴ ﻥ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ
ﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ 32ﻤﺴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭ 37ﻋﺎﻤﻝ ﻭ 32ﻤﻌﺎﻗﺎ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﺎ ،ﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﺇﻋﺩ ﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩ ﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ،
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻭﻱ
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ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﺴﻥ ) (2009ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩﻱ
ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ) (526ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺴﻭﻫﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ
ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻤﻥ ) (30ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻀﺎﺒﻁﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ) (15ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻸﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ
ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩﻱ .ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ
ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺭﺘﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺒﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ .ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻱ ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻥ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﻱ.
ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﻭﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﺎﺓ ﻟﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻴﻔﻪ
ﻭﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜ ﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻁﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻴﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ
ﻭﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺄ ﺜﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ
ﻭﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻼﺘﻪ ،ﻭ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ
ﻤﺎ ﺫﻟﺕ ﺠﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺠﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺴﻜﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ
ﻤﺭﻫﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻴﺤﻪ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻋﻡ ﻭ ﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﻬﺽ ﻫﻤﺘﻪ
ﻴﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ.
7
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻁﺭ ) (2003ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ ،ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ،
ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ ﻟﺩﻴﻬ ﻡ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻝ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻜﻭﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ .ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ "ﻤﻴﺩﺠﻝ" )(mudgil,2002
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻭ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻘﺒﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ،ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺸﻜﻝ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ
ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ،ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺨﻝ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺩﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﻲ ،ﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻓﺭﺹ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺩﺨﻝ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ
ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ) .ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﷲ .(47 : 2007 ،
ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻑﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ
ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺸﺭﻁﺎ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺠ ﺎﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻁﻁ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ
ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﻤﻜ ﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻏﻼ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ) ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻼﻭﻱ:2008 ،
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻝ") : (1987ﺒﻘﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ...ﻭﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ " ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ؟ ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ 163ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ) ﻭﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ،ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ) .ﺴﻨﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺼﺭ (2011 ،ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔMCBINE SYSAN
) :(1990ﺤﻭﻝ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻝ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎ ﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ· ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺜﺎﺭ ﺘﻨﺒﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ،ﻭﻋﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻝ ﻟﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ،ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺭﺍﻀﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻝ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫ
ﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻝ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ،ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﻋﻥ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺏ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ،ﻭﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻝ ﻋﺎﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻝ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ،ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻝ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺘﺭ ﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ
ﺒﺘﺼﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﺒﻐﻤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ .ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﻋﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺘﺭ ﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ
ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ،ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﻋﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ) .ﺸﺭﻑ ﺇﺒ ﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻱ(20 :1991،
ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺎﻨﺔ
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ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ) ( 430ﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ .ﻭﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﻜﻝ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﺭﻭ ﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ.
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻭﻨﺴﻼﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻜﺎﺘﺭﻴﻥ ) :(2003ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﺼﻲ " ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺫﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ" ،ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ
ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ) ( 166ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ) ( 6ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﺴﻭﺍ ﺤﺎﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ
ﺯﻤﻼﺌﻬﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻅﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﻤﻴﻼ
ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ
ﻗﻭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ .ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ "ﺒﻭﺴﺘﺘﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﺓ" ):(2001
ﺘﺤﺕ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ " :ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ" ﻴﻨﻁﻠﻕ
ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻴﻌﺎ ﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻀﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟ ﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻪ ﻭ ﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻭﺍ ﺘﻜ ﻭﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ .ﻭ ﻜﺫﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﺎﻙ ﻭﺠﻴﻝ ) :(2003ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﺼﻲ " ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ" ،ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ) ( 86ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎ
ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ
ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺃﻤﺯﺠﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ
ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﻤﺯﺠﺘﻬﻡ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ
ﺍﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ :ﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺅﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺠ ﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﺒﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﻝ
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ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﻗﺴﻁﺎ ﻭﺍﻓﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ .ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﻨﻭﻋﺕ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﻻ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘ ﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺭﻭﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ،ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎ ﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﺨﻝ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ
ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ،ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ
ﻟﺩﻯ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻪ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺓ ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺼﻠﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ
ﻋﺯﺏ ) (2004ﺃﻥ ﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻜﺎﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺜﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺤﻅﻲ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻲ
ﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺤﻅﻲ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﺩﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻭﻁﻤﻭﺡ ﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ،ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻗﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ﺃﻓﻀﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺤﻭﻝ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ -ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
ﻀﻭﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
-1ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ؟
11
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
(1ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟
(2ﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠ ﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ؟
(3ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ؟
(4ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ؟
(5ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ؟
(6ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ؟
(7ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ
ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻱ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ؟
(8ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ؟
(9ﻫﻝ ﺘﻭﺠ ﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ؟
12
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
-2ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
ﻭﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﻌﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻤﺅﻗﺘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ.
.1ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟
.2ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ
ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ؟
.3ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ.
.4ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ.
.5ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ.
.6ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ.
.7ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ
ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻱ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ
.8ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
.9ﺘﻭﺠ ﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
13
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
-3ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ :ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ،ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ،
ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻏﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ.
-4ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
ﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻭ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺠﺎﻟﻪ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ
ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ
ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﻭﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻻﺸﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻤﺅﺜﺭ.
– ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ
ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴ ﻤﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺩﺍﺜﺔ
ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﻅﻰ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺼﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺩ ﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺩﻓﺎ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻫ ﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ .
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ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
– ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ
ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ.
ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒ ﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻴﻌﺩ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤ ﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟ ﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﺤﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻀ ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻤﺜﻝ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﻭ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌ ﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻫﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻭ ﻀﻊ ﺤﻠﻭﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ.
ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻭﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ،
ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻱ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻟﻜﻝ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﺴ ﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ
ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ.
» ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ
ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺄﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﻁﻠﻌﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ
15
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﺘﻘﻴﻤﻬﻡ ﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺤ ﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ«(WHO ,1998 ) .
ﻫﻲ ﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭ ﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺕ
ﻭ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻜﻝ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻴﺯﺍﻭﻝ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻭ ﻴﺸﻐﻝ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺘﺏ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭ )ﺃ( )ﺏ( ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )ﺃ( )ﺏ(.
-7ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ ،ﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ:
ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻻﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺤﺩﺍﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ
ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ
ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺼﻝ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ.
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ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
-ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ،ﻓﻘﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻕ ﻭ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﺩﻯ ﻨﺠﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ،ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻤﺜﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ.
-ﺍﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻸ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺤﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻫﻡ ﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﺔ ﻗﻠﺼﺕ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻤﻸﻫﺎ ﺒﺠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ .
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ:
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺎ ﻭ ﻴﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﺒﺘﻌﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﺃﻜﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ
ﺍﻟﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤﻝ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺸﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ
ﻁﺒﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﺒﺭﺓ ،ﻴﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻗﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ
ﻓﻴﻨﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ.
ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻻ ﻴ ﺘﻭﺤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻩ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺌﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ )ﻤﻭﺭﻴﺱ ﻻﺒﻲ (M. Labiﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻭﻁﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻴﺭﺘﺯﻕ ﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻲ
ﻜﻨﻔﻪ ،ﻤﺼﺩﺍﻗﺎ ﻟﻘﻭﻝ ) ﺃﻟﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻤﻭ » (A. Camusﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻤﻝ ،ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻼ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻴﻁﻤﺱ
ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻴﻘﺘﻠﻬﺎ« ،ﻓﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﺼﻝ ﺒﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ
ﻟﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺘﻜﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﺘﻜﺎﻤﻝ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ.
ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺎ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ،ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩﺍ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ )ﻤﺎﻴﻭ (Mayo
) ، (Rclle, PIERRE, 1971, 57ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺤﻡ
ﺍ ﻟﻌﻅﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻓﻌﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﺕ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺜﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﻠﻬﺎ،
ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺏ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ
ﺇﺫ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ :ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺌﻊ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ،ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ...
ﺩﻟﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﺭﻑ ﻗﺒﻝ ﻨﺸﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻝ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ
ﻭﻤﺠﺎﺩﻻﺕ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ) .ﺃ .ﺒﺭﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺨﻴﺭﻱ(204: 1996 ،
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻏﺭﻴﻕ ﺃﺴﻨﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻴﻕ ،ﻭﺤﺫﺍ ﺤﺫﻭﻫﻡ
ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺸﻐﻼ ﺸﺎﻗﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻘﺎﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺭﻤﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻼﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺭﻴﻕ
ﺃﻤﺜﺎﻝ ) ﺃﻓﻼﻁﻭﻥ ،ﺃﺭﺴﻁﻭ( ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ) ﻫﺭﺍﻗﻠﻴﺩﺱ( ﻴﺤﺘﻘﺭﻭﻥ ﻜﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺩ
ﻤﺼﺩﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺹ ﻭﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻝ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ) .ﻓﺎﺨﺭ ﻋﺎﻗﻝ(20 ،1971 ،
ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺒﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻝ
) (Oisivetéﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺫﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻟﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻭﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺘﺴﻤﺕ ﺒﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻟﺯﻋﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻗﺒﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺴﻴﺩ ﻭﻋﺒﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻴﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻴﻤﻠﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﻴﺩ ﻭﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺤﺭﻓﻴﻴﻥ
ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺩ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ
ﺒ ﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﻐﻝ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻴﻊ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻝ ﺃﺠﺭ.
ﻴﻨﺘﺨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﻔﺎﺀ ،ﺘﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺸﻜﻠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻪ ﺜﻼﺙ
ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻡ :ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﻴﺎﻥ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ
17ﻡ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺒﺈﻨﺠﻠﺘﺭﺍ ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ.
ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ) (1900 -1000ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ
ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻝ ﺘﺯﺍﻤﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 1160ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻝ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) aprentiﻤﺘﺭﺒﺹ( ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻴﺩﻱ ﺃﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ ouvrab 1190ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺒﺩﺃﻨﺎ
ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﺩﺌﻭﺍ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ) .ﺒﺸﻼﻏﻡ ﻴﺤﻲ،
ﻭﺇﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻗﺩ ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻱ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻌﻝ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﺴﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻜﺎﺯ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻ ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻻ ﺠﺫﺭﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻪ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺩﻱ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ .ﻭﻟﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺠﻤﻌﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻴﺯﺍﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻋﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻪ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ) ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ﺩﻱ ﻤﺎﻥ (H. de manﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ " :ﻓﻌﻝ ﻜﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ،
ﻓﻬﻭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ" ﻭﻴﺘﻔﻕ
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺏ" ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ" ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ،ﻴﻬﺩﻑ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎ(Dictionnaire de sociologie, 89) .
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ :ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭﻝ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻴﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ...ﻭﻴﺭﺒﻁ
)ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺱ ،ﺍﻨﺠﻠﺯ( ﻤﺩﻟﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ–
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ( ﻹﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ )ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ – ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ( ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ).ﻁﺎﺭﻕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﻭﻱ(15_14،
ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺠﺴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻟﻪ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺘﻪ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻤﺤﻴﻁﻪ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺴﺞ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ).ﻋﺎﺌﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻴﺏ(15 :2011،
ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ
ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﺯﻭﺩ ﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻜﻴﻔﻴﻥ
ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻭﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ،ﺒﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﺩﺨﻠﻭﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌ ﻤﻝ ﺼﻭﺭﺍ
ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ،ﻭﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻤﻨﻅﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒ ﻪ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺁﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﺸﺨﺎﺹ
ﻭ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ:
ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻤﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ.
– ﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺨﻁﺔ
ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ،ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺇﻨﺘﺎ ﺠﻲ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻝ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻤﺎﺓ ﻋﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﺎﺩﻑ ـ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﺜﻝ :ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ،ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ.
) ﺒﺸﻼﻏﻡ ،ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ(2008 ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎ ﻤﻬﻨﻴﺎ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘ ﻜﻭﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﻴﺔ
ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ
ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻻﻜﺘﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﺇﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﺒﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ ﻭﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻩ،
ﻭﺘﺸﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ– ﻓﻬﻭ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻝ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ،
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ– ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻓﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ،
ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻤﺯﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ " ﺴﺘﻴﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺒﻭﺭﺘﺭ" :ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ :ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ
ﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ،ﺃﻱ ﺘﺠﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺨﺼﻭﺼﺔ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺩﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ .ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻀﻤ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺫﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ) .ﺭﻭﻨﺎﻟﺩ .ﻱ ﺭﻴﺠﻴﻭ،
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
.5ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ
ﻤﺘﺼﺎﺭﻋﺔ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
.7ﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ.
.8ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺒﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ،ﺒﺎﻁﻼﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﻬﺎ.
.9ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ
ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﻓﻴﻬﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﺃ ﻭ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺒﺎﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ
ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ.
ﻭﻤﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﻴﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﺎﺌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ )(Surtravail
ﺒﻔﻀﻝ ﻤﻴﺯﺘﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ ،ﻟﻴﻌﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻌﺩﻯ
ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴ ﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ
ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ
ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻑ ،ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ،
ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ.
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺜﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨ ﻅﻤﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﻠﻴﺼﻬﺎ:
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ :ﻭ ﺫ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻝ .1
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :ﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻭﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﻴﺠﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ؟ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻔﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻜﻝ ﻓﺭﺩ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
.2ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ.
.4ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ) ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ(.
.5ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺜﻪ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺘﻪ ،ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ،ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻤﻪ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﺘﻠﻙ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ
ﺒﻤﻌﺯﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺜﻤﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ) .ﺒﺸﻼﻏﻡ ﻴﺤﻲ(50-49 : 1998 ،
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ
ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ
ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ:
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺘﺭﻯ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﺩﺨﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻤ ﺩﻓﻭﻉ ﺃﺼﻼ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ
ﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅ ﻤﺔ ﺘﻀﻁﻠﻊ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼﻝ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ.
ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺩﻤﺕ
ﺇﺴﻬﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺒﻨﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻝ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻯ ﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺴﻬﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ .ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻙ ﻭ ﺠﻴﻠﺒﺭﺕ ) ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ( :ﻟﻘﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ "ﺠﻴﻠﺒﺭﺕ" ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻴﻠﻭﺭ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻨﻭ ﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺅﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺄﺩﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻟﺘﺄﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﻝ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻜﻝ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺯﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻤﺞ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ
ﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺘﺄﺩﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﺃﺴﻬﻝ ﻭﺃﺴﺭﻉ.
– ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺒﺄ ﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻘﻼﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ
ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎ
ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ
ﻟﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺼﺎﺭﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ).ﺒﺸﻼﻏﻡ ﻴﺤﻲ (61-60 ،1998 ،
27
ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
– ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻴﻜﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻪ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺠﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ) (xﺘﻠﻭﺡ
ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ ﻜﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﺤﺙ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ.
– ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻴﻔﻀﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﻪ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻔﻀﻝ ﺃ ﻥ ﻴﻘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ) ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ( ،ﻫﻲ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﺭﺹ –
ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃ ﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ.
– ﺃﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ،ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺡ ،ﻭﺃ ﻥ ﻤﻴﻭﻟﻪ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ
ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ –
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻐﻝ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼﻻ ﻜﺎﻤﻼ.
– ﺇﻥ ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻓﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻴﺤﺼﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ.
– ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺠﻊ ﻤﺭﺅﻭﺴﻴﻪ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ
28
ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
– ﺇﻥ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻪ ،ﻭ ﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺅﺴﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺒﻌﺙ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻠﻙ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺨﻠﺹ
ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ) .ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ : 2003 ،
( 225
ﻭﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ " ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
29
ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻓﺤﻭﺍﻩ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﺤﻭﻩ،
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ) ﺭﻭﺒﺭﺕ ﻜﺎﻫﻥ (R. Kahnﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﺠﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺩﻟﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻓﻲ
(1ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ :ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ،ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺨﺎﺀ.
(2ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ :ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
(3ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺠﻴﺎﻝ :ﻴﺴﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﺭﺍ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
(4ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻥ :ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻡ
ﺒﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﺕ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ.
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺸﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺩﺕ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﺒﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﻡ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ.
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﺴﻬﺎﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﺇﺫ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺭﻫﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺩﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺄﻓﻌﺎ ﻝ ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺒﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ،ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ (...ﻭﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﻤﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻜﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻝ ﻭﻤ ﻌﺯﻭﻝ ،ﺒﻝ ﻜﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﺠﺩ
ﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺘ ﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ
ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺘﻪ
ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺨﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭﻱ.
ﺒﺤﺙ "ﺇﻟﺘﻭﻥ" ﺍﻨﺼﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻝ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ :ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ،
ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ...ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ :ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ
ﺇﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺇ ﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺼﻭﻯ ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ.
ﻤﻌﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺇﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺼﻭﻯ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ .ﻭﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ
ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺕ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ .ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻝ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎ.
" ﺇﻟﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻴﻭ" ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﺸﻴﺌﺎ.
ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ .ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻝ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻤﺠﻤ ﻭﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻴﻭ:
– ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺴﻭﻯ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ )ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻗﺕ
ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﻁﺎﺕ ﺃ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺯﺍﺕ" ﺸﺭﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ" ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻝ ،ﺒﻝ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﻤﻌﻘﺩ :ﻓﺎﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ
ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺒﻝ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻁ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺅﻯ
-2.5.4ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ :Kurt Lewinﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﻤﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻝ
ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ :ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻭﺇﺭﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﻬﺎ.
ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ
ﺃﻥ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ LEWINﻴﺸﺘﻐﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻜﺱ " ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻴﻭ" ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺸﺘﻐﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
– ﻻﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ.
– ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺭﺠﻝ ﺘﻭﺍﺼﻝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﺜﻝ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ. –
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺠﻪ –
ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ :ﺒﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺒﺎﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ،ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﺍﺼﻝ
ﺒﺎﻟﻬﻭﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﻼﺹ(...
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
– ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺒﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺭﺩ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻓﻌﻠ ﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﻼﺹ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ
– ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﻘﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻭﻴﺨﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻜﻬﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﻡ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ) .ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ(...
ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ "ﻤﺎﺴﻠﻭ" ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻭﻥ
ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺘﺎﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ ﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ.
ﺘﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺭﻤﻴﺎ ،ﻓﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻭﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﺜﻝ ) ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ(.
ﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ،ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ
ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﺒﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﻭﻉ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺇ ﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ.
) ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ(99 :2008 ،
ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜﻝ ﻫﺭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻤﺱ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻗﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻗﻰ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ
.2ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻥ :ﻭﺘﺸﺘﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺤﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ( ﻭﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ) ﻤﺜﻝ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻀﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ(.
.3ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ :ﻭﺘﺸﺘﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁ ﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
.5ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ :ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﺭﻗﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻼﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺫﻝ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ
ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ) .ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺤﻠﻤﻲ(230 :1999 ،
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻨﻰ .ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ
ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﻠﻭ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺠﻭﻥ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻤﻝ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺇﻻ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ .ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﺵ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻜﻝ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ
ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻝ:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ Osipow 1983ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﺼﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﻤﻬﻤﺔ
ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ .ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺼﻭﺭﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ.
ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﺜﺭ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ.
ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ -ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ .ﻴﺸﻴﺭ Osipowﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ
ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨ ﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺭﻭ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺃﻭ
ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ:
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ "ﺭﻭ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ "ﻤﺎﺴﻠﻭ" ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ
ﺴﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ .ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﻋﻥ
ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ.
ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ Osipowﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃ ﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻭﻫﺕ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻨﻤﻁ
ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ
ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﻤﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺩ .ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺇﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺹ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ "ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ" ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ .ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍ:
ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ .ﻫﻨﺎ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ "ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ" ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻥ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺍ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺼﻤﻡ ﺃﺼﻼ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ.
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ
ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ
ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻨﻌﻡ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﺴﻴﺘﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻻ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ) ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻝ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻟﻪ( ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﺭﻱ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻴﻨﻅﺭﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ،ﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻨﻤﻁ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺸﺎﻤﻝ .ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺭﻭﺠﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺒﺩﻉ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻩ " ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ" .ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺕ ﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ،
ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ -ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ
ﻭﺃﺸﺭﻨﺎ -ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﻴﻌ ﻁﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻀﺌﻴﻼ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻴﻝ .ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﻟﻺﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ )ﻭﺍﺤﺩ -ﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ( ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻨﻪ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻭﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺄﻜﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺭﺭﻴﻥ
ﺒﻌﺩﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
) (SDSﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺴﺘﺭﻭﻨﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻭﻝ ﻟﺴﺘﺭﻭﻨﺞ ﻭﻜﺎﻤﺒﻝ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ .ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺨﻝ ﻀﻤﻥ
ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﺎﻁ .ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻝ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ،ﻴﺭﻯ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﺘﺭﻤﺯ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ .ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ
ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎ ﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺴﻕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ
ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﻲ:
(1ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻻﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻴﻭﻝ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺫﺍﺕ.
ﻴﺭﻯ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻼﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻝ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ
ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻴﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻭﻴﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ
ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ .ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻝ .ﻤﺜﻼ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﺎ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﻨﻤﻁ ﻤﺘﺴﻕ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻘﻁ
ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﻨﻤﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﻕ )ﺃﻭ
ﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺸﻭﺵ( ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺸﺎﻤ ﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻓﻬﻡ
ﺃﻓﻀﻝ ﻟﺫﺍﺘﻪ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻫﻭﻻﻨﺩ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻴﻝ ﻤﺅﺴﺱ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻟﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻝ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻤﺎ؛ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻓﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ
ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﺩﺨﻠﻪ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﺃﻴﻥ؟ ﻭﻜﻡ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺫﺍ ...ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻑ ﺒﻝ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺒﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﺤﻜﻡ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻋﻪ
ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ،ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ:
ﻟﻼﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﻨﻘﺒﻝ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﺃﻱ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻝ
ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ.
ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ
ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ،ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺸﺭ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﻭﻨﺯ ) ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ" ﺴﻨﺔ ،(1909
– ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ.
– ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ) ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ( :ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﺔ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ) .ﺩﻭﻴﺩﺍﺭ(153 :1995 ،
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺯﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺀﻤﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ /ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ( .ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ -ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ-
ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺀﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ )ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ.
ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ) ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ
ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻟﻨﺠﺎﺤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ
ﻤﺜﻝ :ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ،ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ،ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ...ﺍﻟﺦ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺇﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺅﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺘﺩﺨﻝ ﻭﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻋﺏﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻪ ﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻴﻭﻟﻪ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ
ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ) .ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻭﺍﻨﻲ(25 ،
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻑ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ Cunyl leplat, 1977ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ» :ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ
ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺤﺴﺏ curie 1980ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺎ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ) ﺇﺭﻏﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ( ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ )ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺸﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ )ﺃ ﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ(.
ﺩﻟﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻋﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨیﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒیﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻜﺎﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻨﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻓﻲ
ﺴﻼﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺼﺤﺘﻪ ﺇﺫ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ،ﻭﻗﻠﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺴیﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ) :ﻋﻤﺭ ﻭﺼﻔﻲ
-1.1.6ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ:
ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺒﻌﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ " ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ" ﻤﺜﻝ ﻨﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ
ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻭﺘﻭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻭﻜﺱ.
ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﻝ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻜﺸﺭﻁ ﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ
ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻼ ﻨﺎﺠﺤﺎ.
ﻭﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ،ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻓﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﻝ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ
ﻭﺇﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺴﻭﺀ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﻬﺎ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ؟
ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺜﻡ ﺇﺭﺠﺎﻋﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ:
ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ :ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺸﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ
ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﻋﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻜ ﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﺘﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻋﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ.
ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺼﻁﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ :ﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺎﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﺼﺎﺒﻴﺢ ﻤﺘﻭﻫﺠﺔ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﺼﺎﺒﻴﺢ ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺠﻭ
ﻤﻼﺌﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ.
-2.1.6ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀNOISE :
ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﻫﻭ ) ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﺘﻴﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ(.
ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻤﻝ ﺴﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎ ﺠﻪ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﻤﺯﻋﺠﺎ ﻓﺘﺴﺒﺏ
ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻀﻴﻘﺎ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﻤﺸﺘﺘﺎ ﻟﻼﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ .ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭ ﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺇﺫ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﺘﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻥ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ
ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺠﻡ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ) .ﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺯﺭﻱ(89 ،2006 ،
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﻭﺱ BURROUSﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ
) ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﻫﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻻ
ﻴﻤﺩﻩ ﺒﺄﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ( ) .ﻓﺭﺡ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ( 387 ، 2003 ،
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺘﺴﻬﻴﻝ ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻴﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ:
ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻝ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ،ﻭﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﻗﻭﺘﻪ ﻭﺯﻤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻨﺤﻭﻩ ،ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﻸﺼﻭﺍﺕ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻀﻭﺤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﺍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﺎ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺎ
ﻭﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎ ﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻀﺠﻴﺞ
ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻡ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﺔ.
-3.1.6ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ:
ﺇﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺩ ﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻤﺎ
ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻊ ﻻ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ.
ﻓﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﺼﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ
ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﺭﻴﺤﺎ
ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ،ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻌ ﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ
ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺘﻪ ﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
-4.1.6ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ:
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ » :ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍ ﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺨﺎﻥ ،ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻕ«.
» ﻭﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺜﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻭﻤﺎ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ،
ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﻡ ﻭﺭﻀﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺇﺘﻘﺎﻨﻪ
ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭ ﺍﺀ ﻭﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺨﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺌﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺴﺎﺥ«.
» ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﻌﻝ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ«.
» ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻭﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻉ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃ ﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺫﻭ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻨﺠﺩ ) :ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ،ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ،ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ،ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ(«.
ﻭﺘﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ 232-1ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ » ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ
ﻫﻲ 7ﻡ 3ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺘﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ
-1.4.1.6ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ:
ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻷﻱ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
– ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ :ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻝ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ( ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻐﻝ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍ ﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ
ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ) ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ،ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ ،ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ( ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻀﻴﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﺴﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺅﻗﺘﺔ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ.
-5.1.6ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ:
ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺠﻠﻭﺱ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ )ﻟﻭﺤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﻠﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ،ﻭﻴﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ
ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﻜﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻓﻜﻝ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻝ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍ ﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻜﻭﺵ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ .ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ؟ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﻥ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ
ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺼﻝ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ
ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ
ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻴﻥ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻤﺜﻝ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ
ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋ ﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﻭﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻭﺯﻤﺎﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺴﺎﻨﺩﺭﺯ ﻭﻤﺎﻜﻭﺭﻤﻙ 1978ﻡ ) .ﺤﻤﺩﻱ ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ .(111 :1999 ،
ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ "ﻫﺎﺭﺜﻭﻥ" ﺒﺸﻴﻜﺎﻏﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺼﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺘﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ
ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻥ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺭﺘﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺜﻘﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻟﺭﻏﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺘ ﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﺜﻝ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ،
ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﻡ.
ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ،ﺒﻝ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﺎ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ
ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺅﻭﺴﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻫﻡ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺴﻴﻘﻨﻌﻬﻡ ﺒﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ،ﻭ ﺴﻴﺅﺜﺭ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻬﻡ ﻴﻤﺘﺜﻠﻭﻥ ﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭﻩ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ
ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺠﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻝ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻝ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹ )ﻤﺭﺴﻝ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹ
)ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ( ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻫﻭ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ
ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ) ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻋﺸﻭﻱ(141 :1998 ،
ﻭﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ "ﺴﻜﻴﻨﺭ" ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﻭ » :ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ«.
-2.3.6ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ:
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻠﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ
ﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﻡ ﻴﺅﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻴﻨﺠﺯﻭﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺎﺌﺩ ،ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ
ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺠﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠیﻡ ،ﻭ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﺒﻜﻝ ﻅﺭﻭﻓﻬﺎ،
ﺍﻷﺠﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ
ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﺨﺹ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻋﺏﺀ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ.
-1.4.6ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻐﻝ ﻹﺜﺎﺭﺓ
ﺴﻠﻭﻜ ﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺼﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻭﻟﺕ
ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭ ﻟﻠﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ.
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺼﻼﺡ ﺒﻴﻭﻤﻲ ) (61 :1980ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻫﻲ » :ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ
ﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻪ«.
ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺼﻼﺡ ﺒﻴﻭﻤﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺯ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻋﻥ
ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﺇﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺇﻏﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻓﻊ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﻪ
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭ ﺸﺩﺓ) .ﺒﺸﻼﻏﻡ(54 ،1998 ،
-1.1.4.6ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ:
ﺘﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺼﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺜﺎﻝ:
-ﺍﻷﺠﺭ :ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻀﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻓﻪ،
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺘﺏ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﺩیﺩﻫﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﻔیﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ،ﻜﻝ ﺘﻠﻙ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺘﺏ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ
ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ.
ﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻝ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ
ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ .ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻷﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ 40ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﺎﹰ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍﻝ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﻝ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ .ﻭﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻙ :ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺠﺩﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌ ﻤﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ
ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻁﻴﺭﺓ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
40ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ
ﻴﻁﻭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﻘﺎﺹ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ
ﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ .ﻭﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ،ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﺠﺩﻭﻝ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ 48ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ
60ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻅﺭﻑ ﻋﻤﻝ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ 20ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ،ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ40ﺴﺎ ،ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻭﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ
ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ.
50
ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
-ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ » :ﻫﻭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻤﻬﻤﺎ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﻤﻴﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻗﻭﻱ ﻟﻤﺯﺍﻭﻟﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻝ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ«.
ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ » :ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘ ﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺒﺩﻝ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ«.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻬﻭ » :ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻐﻴﺭﻫﺎ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ :ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﻜﻝ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺭﻤﺯﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻭﻗﺕ.
ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺎ :ﻴﻘﻭﻝ )ﻴﺭﺘﻼﻱ( ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﻀﻤ ﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﻤﻝ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ.
ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺎ :ﻴ ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﻁﻴﺭ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ
ﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ،ﺇﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 1/8ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻨﺒﺜﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺂﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ
ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺫ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﺭﻕ
ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻝ :ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻪ " ﺍﻨﺠﻠﺱ" ﺒﺄﻨﻪ » :ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻴﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﻴﻤﻴﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﻜﺭﺍﻫﻴﺔ
ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻑ«.
ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻠﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺯﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻴﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺱ
ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻗﻭﻱ ﻟﻤﺯﺍﻭﻟﺘﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺤﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ.
ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻗﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻓﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻜﻀﻴﻕ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ
ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻟﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻝ ﻭﻋﻼﺠﻪ :ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻝ ﻭﻋﻼﺠﻪ ﻴﻜﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻼﺀﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﻴﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻗﻀﻴﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻝ ،ﻭﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺎ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺤﻀﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺨﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺩ
ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ.
-7ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ:
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ » ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ
ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ«.
ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺸﻜﻝ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ:
(1ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ.
(2ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ.
(4ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ.
.6ﺼﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ.
.7ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ.
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ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ:
ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ
ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ.
ﻭ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ
ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻭﺘﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﻤﻼﻥ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ :ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺭﻀﺎ ﻭﻋﻭﺭﻫﻡ
ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ.
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ:
ﻭﻜﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺴﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺩﺌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ
ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻀﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻜﺈ ﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ ﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ
ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ
ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ . -1
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ . -2
ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ . -3
ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ . -4
ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ -5
ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ . -6
ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ -7
ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ . -8
ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ . -9
-10ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ.
-11ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ .
-12ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ .
ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ :
ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺘﻜﺘﺴﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻝ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ
ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺩﻯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻝ
ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻁ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻓﻌ ﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ،
ﻭﺃﺸﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻭﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺭﺍﺤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺃﻋﻼﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻭﺠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃ ﻫﻠﻪ
ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ.
ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ.
ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ Collège TLZ£VIH HGMGL, HGBJDKD,
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﺕ ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹ ﻏﺭﻴﻕ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺩﻋﻤﺕ
ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺼﺎﺭﺕ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻭﻁﻠﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻭﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺔ
ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ.
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻴﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺭﺍﺒﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺃﻁﻠﻘﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺴﻔﻭﺭﺩ ﻟﺘﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻁﻼﺏ) .ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻭ ﻤﻠﺤﻡ (21 :1999 ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺃﻭﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﺇﺫ
ﻴﺅﺴﺱ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺘﻪ ﺒﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﻠﻌﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) .ﻓﺎﻁﻤﺔ ﺒﻠﻤﻘﺩﻡ(27 :2007 ،
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﻭﻋﺭﻓﻬﺎ " ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺯﻜﻲ ﺒﺭﻭﻱ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ :ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻀﻡ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ،ﻭﺘﺨﻭﻝ ﺤﻕ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ.
) ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺩﻜﻭﺭ(149 :2000 ،
ﻭﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻤﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﺍﺸﺩ » :ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ
ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ) ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺴﻠﻁﻲ ﻋﺭﻴﻔﺞ (25 :2001 ،ﻭﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ«.
» ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ
ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ« ) .ﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﺘﻴﺔ(34 :2004 ،
ﺤﺴﺏ "ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺴﻜﻭ" ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺩﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ » :ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻪ ﻜﻝ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻪ
ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴ ﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
ﻤﻌﺘﺭﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ«.
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻡ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻨﺸﺄﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻓﻬﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) .ﻓﻠﻭﺡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ (24 :2012 ،
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺴﻘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ
ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ.
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺠﻭﻥ ﺩﻴﻭﻱ ﻫﻭ » :ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﺭﺏ ﻁﻼﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ
ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻊ ﻁﻼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻟﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ« ) .ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻌﺩ (137 :2000 ،
-2.2ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻤﺤﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌ ﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﻴﺅﻫﻠﻪ
ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺇﺫ ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻝ ﺤﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﺴﺘﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﻭﻁﻤﻭﺤﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ
ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ) .ﻓﻨ ﻲ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ(35 :2004 ،
ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻜﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺒﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻴﺘﻤﺜﻝ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﻕ ﻭﺘﻜﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ.
ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﻏﺩﺍﺓ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺇﻻ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﻴﺕ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﺴﻨﺔ 1877ﻡ ﻭﺃﻋﻴﺩ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺴﻨﺔ ،1909ﺇﻻ
ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ).(101
ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺴﻨﺔ 1962ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ 1970ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﻔﺘﺢ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ
ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﻡ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﺭﺍﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ 1966ﻭﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
59
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﻗﺴﻨﻁﻴﻨﺔ 1967ﻭﺤﻅﻭﻅ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ
ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻬﻡ %14.8ﻟﺴﻨﺔ 1966/1965ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﻅﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﺴﻭﻯ %20
ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻨﺴﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ) ﻓﺭﺍﺤﻲ ﻓﻴﺼﻝ،ﺩﺴﻥ (03،ﻭﻟﻘﺩ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﻡ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺭﻭﺜﺔ.
ﺴﻨﺔ 1970ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ
ﺠﻭﻴﻠﻴﺔ 1970ﻭﺜﻡ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 1971ﻭﻗﺩ ﻁﺭﺡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻼﺤﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺩﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺭﻭﺜﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺼﻼﺡ ﻴﻁﻤﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ
ﻭﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﻭﻟﺕ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺏ ،ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﻭﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻭﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ 1976ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ﻤﺜﻝ :ﻤﻌﻬﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ :
(3ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ
ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻝ.
ﻭﺘﺘ ﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺁ ﻓﺎﻕ ﺴﻨﺔ 2000ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻴﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺒﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻨﺠﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﻤﺘﻨﺎﺴﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻁﻴﺭ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻁﺭﻴﻥ ﻟ ﻭﺤﻅ ﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ.
)ﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﺱ(23 : 1999 ،
ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ 1999 – 1990ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 372ﺃﻟﻔﺎ
ﻭ 647ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ 16ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻭ 260ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﺔ 1998
ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ.
ﻭﺒﻴﻥ 1998 – 1997ﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻜﻤ ﺎ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﺏ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ " ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻝ ...ﺍﻻﻜﺘﻅﺎﻅ،
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ) .ﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﺱ(23 :1999 ،
ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩ ﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼ ﻝ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻴ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ :
ﺃ( ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ.
ﺏ( ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﻁﺭﻴﻥ.
ﺝ( ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ.
ﺩ( ﺇﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ :ﺁﻝ ﺃﻡ ﺩﻱ .LMD
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ 3ﻤﻬﻤﺎﺕ ﺃ ﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ :ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ
ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
61
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﺴﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ(Jean .
)D et Marc R, 1996: P 86
ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺏ ﻤﺎﺭﺘﻥ ) (Philippe Marton , 1997: P 2ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﻩ
ﻭﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﻪ.
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺯﻱ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻗﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ،
ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻪ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ
ﻁﻠﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ).(134
ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩ " ﺭﻴﺸﺎﺩﺭ ﺩﺒﺭﻴﺠﻭ" ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ :ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ،
ﻋﻼﺌﻘﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ،ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ.
(1ﺍﻻﻨﻁﻼﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺱ
ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ.
(2ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻝ ﻟﻠﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ.
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
(3ﺘ ﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺸﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻴﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﺤﻤﻠﻬﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ.
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ،ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻌﻝّ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻑﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﺍﻷﺠﻴﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ،ﻫﻭ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺫﻭ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻤﺅﻫﻼﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ،
ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺀﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺸﻬﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻀﻤﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ
ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻭﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ ) ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻭﺭﻱ ،ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ( ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ
ﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﺇﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ.
ﻭﻗﺒﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻪ ،ﻭﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻷﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ،ﻜﻔﻴﻝ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ) .ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ
ﻭﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ (2006 ،
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ:
ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﺴﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ.
)(Jean. D. et Marc R. , 1996 , 86
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
-1.7ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ :ﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻫﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺎﺭﺴﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﺸﻐﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺘﻪ .ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﻐﺎﻝ ﺒﺈﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺩ ﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻜﻝ ﺨﻁﺭﺍ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ
ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ،ﺒﻝ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻜﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺴﻲ ) .ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺒﻌﻲ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ،
(7 ،1982
-2.7ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻴﺅﻫﻝ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻭﻻ
ﻴﺅﻫﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ،ﻭﻤﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺇﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ
ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﻩ ﻭﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ ) .ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺒﻌﻲ
ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ(8 ،
-3.7ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺴ ﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ،ﻜﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ ،ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭﻝ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺘﻬﺎ،
ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻘﻑ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ) .ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺒﻌﻲ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ (9 ،
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ
ﻭﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﻝ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ:
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
-4.7ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ :ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﺩﺨﻝ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ
ﻓﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﻡ ﻭﺒﻤﺸﺎﻜﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﺼﺤﻴﺎ ﻭﻨ ﻔﺴﻴﺎ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤﻝ
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻷﻥ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻨﺘﻤﺎﺌﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻻ
ﺘﻘﻝ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ) .ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺒﻌﻲ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ،ﺩﺴﻥ(7 ،
-5.7ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ :ﻴﻜﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﺃﻭ
ﺒﺂﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻜﻌﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺭﺌﺎﺴﺔ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻗﺘﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ
ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﻗﺘﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ
ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ،ﺇﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺴﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺸﺭﻓﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ
ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭ ﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﻨﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ
ﺃﻨﻬﻭﺍ ،ﺃﻭ ﻫﻡ ﺒﺼﺩﺩ ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ(Jean. D. et Marc R , 1996 , 86) .
ﺇﻥ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﻑﺀ ﻟﻬﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﻲ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﻨﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
– ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﻑ .ﺒﻭﺝ" ) 1965 (F. Pogueﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻤﻥ 307ﻁﺎﻟﺏ
ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ
ﺍﻟﻜﻑﺀ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ
ﻭﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻤﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ.
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﺘﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎ ﺌﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ:
ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ .ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻷﻱ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ.
ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ:
ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ :ﻫﻲ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ :ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ،
ﺍﻹﺨﻼﺹ ،ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ.
ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﺹ ﺒﻜﻝ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ ﻓﻠﻜﻝ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ
ﻋﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﻝ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ.
ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻬﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺭﻓﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻡ.
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭ ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻀﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻭ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘﻪ.
ﻤﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻬﻤﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻲ.
ﺃﻋﺭﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ.
ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻔﻝ ﺭﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ.
ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺴﺠﺎﻴﺎ ﺤﻤﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﺤﻠﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ.
-10ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ:
-1.10ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
-2.10ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ:
-3.10ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ:
ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻫﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ،ﺍﻻﻨﻀﺒﺎﻁ ،ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ.
-4.10ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ:
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ
ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ:
ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻜﺏ؛
ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻭﺼﺤﻴﺢ؛
ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﻤﻨﺘﻘﻰ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻸﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﻀﻁﻠﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻓﺘﺠﻌﻠﻬﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺭﺍﻀﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻁﻤﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺴﻭﺀ
ﺼﺤﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻔﻀﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻨﺘﻬﻡ ﺘﻔﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩﻫﻡ ﻭ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺘﻜﻴﻔﻬﻡ ،ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻫﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ " ﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎﻡ"
) (Dunhan, 1997ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﻀ ﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.
ﻭﺃﻜﺩ " ﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﺎﺭ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ % 77ﻭ .%80
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
» ﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺅﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺒﺎﻻﺓ ،ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ،ﺃﺩﺍﺀ
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ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﺍﻟﻭﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﺘﻘﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ) «...ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺴﻜﺭ ﻭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ( ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺠﻌﻝ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻨﻭﻥ
ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ،ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻭﺘﻀﻌﻑ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺯﻴﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺭﻀﺎﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ،ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻸﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ
ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻝ ﺼﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ.
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ:
ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺫﻭ
ﺍ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺘﻲ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺨﻀﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺒﺭﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻜﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻊ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﻫﻠﻪ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ:
ﻴﻌﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ.
ﻟﻐﺔ :ﺃﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌﻝ ﺠﺎﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ،ﺠﺎﺩ ،ﺠﻭﺩ ،ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ،ﺃﻱ ﺼﺎﺭ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﻱﺀ،
ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺤﺴﻨﻪ ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ) ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎﻨﻲ(98 ،
ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺤﺎ :ﻓﺎﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻐﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﺭ ،ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﻼ ﺸﻙ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ :ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ
ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻲ.
ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ(Andlmen et al, 1999: 106) .
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺤﻅﻲ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺏ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ.
ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ،ﺜﻡ ﺸﺎﻉ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ،
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ quantityﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﻜﻤﻝ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ
ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ،ﻤﺜﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ،
ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ.
ﻴﺭﻯ ﻜﻭﻤﻨﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ "ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ".
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﻟﻴﺘﻭﻴﻥ " :ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩﻟﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ
ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﺒﻝ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻻﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ " .
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﻜﻝّ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺠﻴﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ » ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ
ﻭﻴﺸﺎ ﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻏﺭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻡ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﻤﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ
ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺼﺎﻨﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ،ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭ
ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ
ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺩﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ
ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺇﺭﻀﺎﺀ ﻁﻤﻭﺤﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ) .ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ(10 :2005 ،
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻙ " :ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇ ﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺘﺴﺎﻤﻰ ﺒﻌﻭﺍﻁﻔﻪ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻩ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﺫ ﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ
ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻙ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﺍ ﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺜﻝ :ﺍﻟﻐﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻥ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻫﺫ ﺍ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺠﺎﺯ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻕ ﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ")(frank, 2000: 24
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﺎﻭﻱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ " :ﻜﻝ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ
ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃ ﺠﻝ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻫﺫ ﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ
ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻭ ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ
ﺃﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ") .ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺭﻭﻑ ) » :(Ruffﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﺒﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺼﺩ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻋﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ
ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺴﻌﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼﻝ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﺄﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ «.
ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺜﻭﺍﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ".
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﺼﻌﻭﺒ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎ
ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻫﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﺃﻱ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻤﺘﻼﻙ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺹ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ.
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ":ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺭﻗﻲ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ
ﻋﻥ ﻨﺯﻭﻉ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﻑ ﻫﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ
ﺴﻭﻯ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺩﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻝ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ
ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻪ " .
ﻭﻋﺭﻑ ﺭﻭﺒﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ " :ﺍﻟﺩﻤﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ
) (cognitive comportmentﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ satisfactionﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻔﻴﺔ
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺭﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ » : Reine et alﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺄﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻭﺠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭﺍﻥ
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺒﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ«(Reine ,et al ,2003, 297) .
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ ) (2001ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺃﻱ "ﻤ ﺎﺭﺘﻥ ﺴﻴﻠﺠﻤﺎﻥ" ﺤﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ
ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﺅﻻ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺩﻯ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻴﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ
ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻡ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﺓ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﻠﺏ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺒﺄ ﻨﻪ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺇ ﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ.
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻓﻬﺫ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻻ
ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻫﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻔﺭﻉ ﻤ ﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ،ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﻤﻭﺯﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﻜﻝ ﺘﺨﺼﺹ
ﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻷﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﺼﺼﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺃ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺏ ﺒﻔﺭﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﺃ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺃ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻤﺜﻝ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍ ﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭ ﺭﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ.
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺩﻭﺭ :ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺎﺌﻼ ﺇﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺴﻜﻭ
UNESCO
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﺴﻁﻬﺎ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺃﺤﺎﺴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻤﺩﺭﻜﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﻫﻤ ﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ(Rogreson,1999: 969 -968) .
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ " ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺒﺎﻤﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻟﻬﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭ ﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺘﻐﺎﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻬﺩ".
)ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ(38 :2006 ،
75
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﺭ ﻭ ﺒﻴﺠﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ":،ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ".
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺒﺄ ﻨﻪ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺇ ﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ.
ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺫ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻴﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻜﺘﻔﺕ ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﻔﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ .ﺇﻨﻪ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ.
ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ) (1998ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺍﻗﺭﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﻀ ﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ:
ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻨﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺘ ﻁﺎﺒﻕ
ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺩﻟﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ،ﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺼﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ
ﻋﺎﻤﺔ.
-2ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ:
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺨﻠﺼﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ
ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ "ﺠﺭﻴﺞ ﺒﻭﻏﻨﺎﺭ" Greg Bognar 2005ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﺒﺎﺭﻙ" ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ
ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌ ﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻪ ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ) (03ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻲ:
(1ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ) ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ(.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
(2ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ(
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ
77
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ) .ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﷲ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺩﻭﺭ(27 ،1994 ،
ﺸﺨﺼﻲ/ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ
ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ) ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ( ﻭﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ
ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ. ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ :ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ.
-ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ.
-ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ(Schalock , 2003 , 52 ) .
ﺇﺫ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ "ﻻﻭﺘﻥ" ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍ ﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ :ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ:
ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺼﻑ " ﻜﺎﺭﻴﻴﺞ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ" (2010 ) Craig A. Jacksonﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻍ ﺘﺤﺕ
78
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ.
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻭﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ(
)ﺏ( ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻜﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ.
Being
)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ. ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ
) Psychological Beingﺏ( ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ )ﺍﺭﺘﻴﺎﺡ /ﻋﺩﻡ
ﺍﺭﺘﻴﺎﺡ(.
)ﺃ( ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ) ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺸﺎﺭ(. ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺤﻲ
)ﺏ( ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ. Spiritual Being
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ )ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ( )ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
) Physical Belongingﺏ( ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ.
)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﻴﺵ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ. ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ
Belonging
)ﺏ( ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻤﻘﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ )ﺸﺒﻜﺔ .Social Belonging
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ
ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ(
)ﺃ( ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ) ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ...،ﺍﻟﺦ(. Community
)ﺏ( ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ. Belonging
)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺄﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ. ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ. Practical Becoming
)ﺃ( ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻓﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺯﻩ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻴﺽ(. ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻓﻴﻬﻴﺔ
Becom ing
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ
-ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ :ﻀﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ) ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ "ﺠﻭﻨﻴﻜﺭ" ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ) (2004ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻁﺭﺡ " ﻓﻴﻠﺱ ﻭﺒﻴﺭﻱ" ) (1995ﻨﻤﻭﺫ ﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ:
ﺃ( ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﻭﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻡ.
ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﻭﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺤﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﻋﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﻴﻘﺭﺭ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ) ﻜﻭﻤﻴﻨﺯﻭ ﻤﺎﻙ ﻜﻴﺏ (1994 ،ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ
ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ
ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ "ﺭﻭﺯﻥ" ) ( rosen, 1995ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ 4ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﺃﻋﺩ ﻩ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻭ ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻙ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ.
ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ :ﻭﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ.
-3ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﺤﺴﺏ " ﻓﺎﻟﻭﻓﻴﻠﺩ"
-3.3ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ :ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺘﻪ ﻭﺤﺒﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ
ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤﻝ
ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻟﻜﻝ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
-1.4ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ :ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩ ﺨﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻀﻐﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ.
.1ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ :ﺇﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﺭﻜﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻝ :ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻀﺤﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ،ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ.
.2ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ :ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ
ﻭﺜﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫ ﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺎ ﻤﺜﻝ :ﺃﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃ ﻥ ﻴﻭﻓﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺹ
ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ
ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻠﺤ ﻭﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ) .ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺩﻭﺭ(18-27 :1999 ،
-2.4ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ:
ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﻟﻬﻡ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ " ﺘﻭﺭﻴﻨﺘﻭ" ﺒﻜﻨﺩﺍ ﺘﻘﻭﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ
ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺩﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ
ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺒﻬﺎ ).ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻝ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ(44 ،2010 ،
ﻭﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﻤﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻠﺔ :ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ
) (who,1998ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﺒﺄﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ
ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ )ﻜﺎﻟﻜﺴ ﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻭﻝ ،ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺎﻥ(.
-3.4ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ:
ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻜﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ
ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩ ﺭﻜﻪ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ
ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ :ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴ ﻡ ،ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ،
ﻭﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻤﻭﺡ ﻭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ).ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻝ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ(43 ،2010 ،
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﺩﻩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﺴﻁﻬﺎ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭ ﺃﺤﺎﺴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻤﺩﺭﻜﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﺎﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜﻝ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ
ﻤﻴﻭﻟﻪ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻜﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ .ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺠﺔ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ
ﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻭ
83
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻝ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻ ﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ) .ﺸﺎﻫﺭ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ (126 :117
-1.5ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ:
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﺇﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ :ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ
ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ ﺃﺜﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻁﺭﺡ ﻻﻭﺘﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ،ﻟﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻜﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭﻝ
ﺍﻵﺘﻲ:
ﺇﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻅﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ:
-ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ :ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻜﻪ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻁﺒﻌﺎ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ
ﻤﺜﻼ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻤﻝ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻜﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
-ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺎﻨﻲ :ﺇﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎ
ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺭﻩ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ.
)(Argyle ,1999 : 353-363
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
-2.5ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ:
ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ:
ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻜﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻩ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ selft concept
ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ "ﺭﺍﻴﻑ" ﺤﻭﻝ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ
ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍﻴﻑ ﺒﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻴﻀﻡ ﻜﻝ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺴﺕ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻝ ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻪ.
ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ "ﺭﺍﻴﻑ" ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺤﻝ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﺤﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
-3.5ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ:
ﺸﺭﺤﺎ ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺘﺨﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻅﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎ ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﺃﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻅﻬﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻼﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ
) ﺃﺭﺴﻁﻭ ،ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ ،ﺒﻼﺘﻭ( ﺤﻭﻝ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ
ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﺎ ﺌﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ 18ﻭ 19ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺌﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﻤﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﺼﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ " ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ" ) Riseborough,
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺒﻌﺩ 1970ﻗﻝّ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ
ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺘﻬ ﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﻓﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﺤﻅﻴﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻐﻔﻝ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ.
ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫ ﻟﻙ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ) (WHOﻋﺎﻡ 1947ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﻭﺍ
ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻀﻤﻨﻴﺎ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ
" ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ" ﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 1978ﻭﺴﻌﺕ
) (WHOﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺴﻨﺔ 1992ﻟ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ(Kinget Hinds, 1996 :16) .
ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺅﺭﺓ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ
ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ 1998ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ " ﻤﺎﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﻠﺠﻤﺎﻥ" ) ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ
ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﻜﻝ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺄﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺒﻤﺎ
ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ
ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺄﻥ
ﺘﻌﺎﻴﺵ(Crystal L. Park , 2003, 3) .
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ " ﺴﻴﻠﺠﻤﺎﻥ" ) (2005ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻁﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺎ ﻜﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ
ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ:
.1-7ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ :ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺴﻬﻴﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ) (99 :2008ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ) ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺃﻭ
ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻼﺘﻬﻡ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻨﺎﺠﺤﺔ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
.2-7ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ) " : (186 :2001ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ
ﻓﺭﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻴﻤﻴﻝ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﻁ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺤﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ.
.4-7ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﻭ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ) ﺍﻟﺩﺴﻭﻗﻲ (6 :1998 ،ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﺴﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ
ﻟﻅﺭﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ .ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺠﺴﺎﻡ )(2009
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠ ﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﻤﺩﻯ
ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺘﺸﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻤﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ
ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ– ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ) .ﺠﺴﺎﻡ(33 :2009 ،
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻀﻪ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻋﺩﻩ "ﺒﻴﻜﺭ" ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ 1993ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ...ﻭﻴﺘﻔﻕ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﻤﻪ "ﻟﻴﻤﺎﻥ" ) (Lehman, 1988ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ
ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ
ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﺘﻔﻴﺩ "ﻜﺭﻴﺴﺘﺎﻝ ﺒﺎﺭﻙ" (2003) Crystal L. Parkﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ
ﺒﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ) ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩﻤﻪ ﻜﻝّ ﻤﻥ " ﻤﺎﺭﺘﻥ ﺴﻴﻠﺠﻤﺎﻥ" ﻫﻭ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ
ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺜﻝ :ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫ ﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ( ﺍﻷﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺅﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ
ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺫﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﺒﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻤﺢ ،ﺍﻷﺼﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﻁﻠﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺤﻲ(20) .
ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺫﺭ
ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻊ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻭﺍ
ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻋ ﻥ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺫﻭ
ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻵﺨﺭ.
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ
ﻤﺜﻝ :ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻝ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ.
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻥ
ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫ ﻱ ﻴﺤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﺜﻝ :ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺤﻴﺩ ،ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ،
ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﺅﺍﻝ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﻤﺜﻝ :ﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺼﻑ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ.
ﻗﺴﻡ "ﻭﻴﻜﻼﻨﺩ" ) (Wiklund and others, 2000ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ 3ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ:
ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ،ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﺨﺎﺹ.
ﻭﻀﻊ " ﺭﺍﻴﻑ ﻭ ﻜﻴﺯ" ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ(Ryff et Keyes, 1995) .
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻓﺔ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ
ﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ "ﻤﺎﻨﺸﺴﺘﺭ" ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ
ﻭﻤﻌﺩﻟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ.
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ) ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ( ﻭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ 14ﻤﺠﺎﻝ
ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ...ﺍﻟﺦ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ.
ﻭﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺴﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻋﺭﻑ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻭﻋﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ " :ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭﻫﻡ
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ(WHO, 1996) .
(1ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺩﻴﺔ.
(2ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.
(3ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ.
(4ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
(5ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ.
(6ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ.
-9ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ " ﻤﺎﺴﻠﻭ" ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ -ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ) .ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺩﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻑ(123 :1999 ،
ﻓﺘﺭﻯ " ﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻜﺭﻭﺒﻲ" ) (Barry, M.M and Crouby, C. 1993ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺇﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﻝ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ
ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ
ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺴﺠﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ،ﻭﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ "ﻤﺎﻨﺸﺴﺘﺭ" ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜﻝ ) (LQLPﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ
ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ.
ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ) .ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻫﺎﺸﻡ(30 ،
-1.9ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ:
ﻭﺼﻤﻡ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺴﺅﺍﻻ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺜﻝ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
"ﻓﻼﻨﺠﺎﻥ" ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺭﻀﺎﻫﻡ ﻋﻥ 15ﻤﺠﺎﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
-2.9ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ:
ﻟﻪ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻭﺼﻤﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ
ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻩ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻴﻁﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻫﻲ ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺘﻪ.
ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻩ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﺘﻘﻠﻴﻝ ﻤﻌﺩﻝ
ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻓﺭﺹ
ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺸﻴﺩﺓ
ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ
ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ
ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
ﺠﻴﺩﺓ
ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺩﻯ
ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝ
ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ
ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻥ
ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻡ
ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
-10ﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ:
ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭﺒﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﻀﻌﻑ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺒﻝ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻝّ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ.
ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ -ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻨﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ -ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻨﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
-ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺤﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ -ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ
-ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ -ﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ
-ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
-11ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻ ﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ :
ﻤﺩﻯ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻠﺒﻪ ﻟﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ
ﻭﺘﺤ ﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻓﻌﺘﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﻔﺭﺩ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭ ﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺜﻤﺔ
ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﻤﺜﻝ ﺃﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻓﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ .
ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ " :ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ
ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ " .
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ
ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻭﻓﻬﺎﻥ ) (1991ﻓﺈﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺄﻨﻪ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻫﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ،
ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﻜﻝّ ﻤﻥ ) (Ries and Murphy, 1999ﺨﻁﺔ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ "ﺘﻴﻠﻭﻴﻥ" ) ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﺭﺍﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﺤﻭﻝ :ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
) ﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ( :ﺃﻥ ﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ
95
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺩﺍﻋﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﻜﻤﻝ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻭﻝ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻵﺨﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺍﻩ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ:
(1ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ.
(2ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ.
(3ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ.
ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﺄﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻭﺃﺨﺫ (4
ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ.
(5ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ.
ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ.
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻘﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ
ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻭﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ،
ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻬﻡ
96
ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ
ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺸﻜ ﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺂﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺒﻝ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﻩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ
ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ:
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ.
ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ.
ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﺄﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺨﻝ .
ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ.
ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ،
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﺘﺘﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ "،ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﺔ" ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﺘﺭﻯ ) ﻤﺠﺩﻱ (71 ،2009 ،ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻻﺒﺩ
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻜﻔﺎﻓﻲ" :(1995) ،ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻪ
ﻭﺘﺫﻜﺭ )ﻓﺭﻏﻠﻲ " :(1994 ،ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ :ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ".
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﻙ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺩﺭ
ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﺭﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﺠﺎﻫﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ،
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺭﻀﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻓﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ
ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ "ﻏﻨﺩﻭﺭ" ) (1999ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
"ﻤﺎﺴﻠﻭ" ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻟﺩﻯ
ﺃﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ "ﻤﺎﺴﻠﻭ" ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺸﺘﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ:
oﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ.
oﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﻤﻥ.
oﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ.
ﻭﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻝ ﻓﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻗﻴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﺨﺎﺹ ،ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ
ٕﻭ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺩﺨﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍ ﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ.
ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﺎﻤﺎ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ "ﻓﺎﺭﻨﻜﻝ") » (Frankl, 1969ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﺠﺏ
ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻅﻝ
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﻨﻜﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻁﺭﻕ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ« ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻜﻝ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺨﺎﺹ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ
ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺤﺏ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺨﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ،
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﺔ :Attitudinal Valuesﻭ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺨﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ
ﻓﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺨﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﻝ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ) .ﻤﺠﺩﻱ(77 – 76 : 2009،
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻓﻭﺯﻱ (1999 )،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ
ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻴﺸﺒﻊ ﻏﺭﺍﺌﺯﻩ ،ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ،
ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻌﺩﻩ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺭﻀﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﻭﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﻤﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ،
ﻭﻫﺩﻓﺎ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻜﻝ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﺩ
ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺤﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﺵ.
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺨﺼﺎﻝ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺍ ﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ
ﺨﺼﺎﻝ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺘﻤﻜﹼﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺩﻱ ﻟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺭﺓ
ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻴﺵ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ«.
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ
ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﺯﻴﻤﺘﻪ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻤﺘﻼﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻪ.
ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺸﻘﻴﺭ ) (2005ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻜﻝ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺨﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﻝ ﻴﻨﺠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ
ﻟﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﻴﺌﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺅﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺄﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﻭﺨﻁﻴﺭ ،ﻜﺎﻻﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺭ .ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ
ﻗﺩ ﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺅﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ
ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﺨﺎﻁﺊ؛ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﻘﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻩ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻋﺭ
ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ،ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺒﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻻ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺨﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ.
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ )ﺤﺒﻴﺏ (2006 ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ
– ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ.
ﻭﻴﻠﺨﺹ ﺤﺒﻴﺏ (2006) ،ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ
ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ
ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ،ﻭ ﻗﻠﻴﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺯﻥ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ
ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺒﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ
ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ .
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ "ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻥ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ،
ﻭ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ
ﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ.
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ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ:
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ -ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ
ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ -ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻋﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻗﺎﺼﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﻝ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﺸﺎﻤﻼ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﺩﺭ
ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺴﺩ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﺍﻀﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻝ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ:
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ،
ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺜ ﻡ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇ ﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌﻝ ﺍﻹ ﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ.
-1ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ :ﺸﻬﺭ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻝ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﺒﻠﻘﺎﻴﺩ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻁﻭﻴﻝ .ﻭﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ )-1974
(1980ﺠﺫﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ .ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻜﻝ ﺴﻨﺔ ،ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ .ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻤﺱ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﺒﻠﻘﺎﻴﺩ ،ﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ
ﻭﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ.
ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ،ﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ،
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺸﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﺘﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ 25ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﻥ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍ ﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
107
ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﺔ :ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ،
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ.
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒـ %32ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ
%24ﻟﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﻤﻥ 31ﺇﻟﻰ 40ﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ 41ﺇﻟﻰ 50ﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ 50ﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ 25ﺇﻟﻰ 30ﺴﻨﺔ
03 06 04 01 ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒـ %40
ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ) (30 – 25ﻭ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ) ،(50 – 41ﻭ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ %12ﻟﻔﺌﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ،ﺇﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺫﻭ
ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺒـ %68ﻭ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻤﺼﻔﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺒـ ،%32ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺩﺨﻝ
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ 15ﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ 11ﺇﻟﻰ 15ﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻤﻥ 5ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ 5ﺇﻟﻰ 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ
ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺇﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻗﺩﻤﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ 11ﺴﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ 15ﺴﻨﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ
109
ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺃﺭﻤﻝ )ﺓ( ﺃﻋﺯﺏ )ﺓ( ﻤﻁﻠﻕ )ﺓ( ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ )ﺓ( ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
00 05 08 ﺫﻜﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻐﻠﺏ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺒـ %64ﻭ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ %36ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﺏ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ:
-1.4.1ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺒﺎﻨﺔ Questionnaire
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤ ﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ
ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺼﺤﺘﻬﺎ.
110
ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺕ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ " ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ" ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ 5ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺇ ﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ
ﺘﻤ ﺕ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺜﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺩ 1997ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﺘﻬﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻭﺒﺭ ) (cooper, 1993ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻋﺒﺩﻩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ 2006ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ
ﻟﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴ ﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ
ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻕ
ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻔﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺯﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺎﺕ ﻤﺒﺩﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ،ﺜ ﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ،ﻭﺘﻤ ﺕ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ،
ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ.
(4ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻲ.
ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺘﺤﻜﻴﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ،ﺘﻤﺨﺽ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺒﺩﻝ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:
ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ) :(10ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ:
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
-1.2.4.1ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ:
-1.1.2.4.1ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﻴﻥ:
ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻀﻌﻭﺍ ﻷﺠﻠﻪ
ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ.
ﺘﻡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ 06ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ
ﺭﻗﻡ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺘﻬﺎ
ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻌﺩﻨﺎ ﻜﻝ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻗﻝ ﻤﻥ ، %40ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ 40
%ﻭ % 60ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .%80
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ
ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ.
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻗ ﻝ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﻴﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ
ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺘﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻟﻼﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻟﻼﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ
ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺭﻋﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ
ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ.
ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻥ
ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ
ﺇﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭ ﺇﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ
ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻝ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻼﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ
ﻤﻨﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺒﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺃﺤﺒﺫﻫﺎ
ﺇﻋﻼﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭ ﻅﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺜﻘﺔ
ﻭﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ
ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﺭﺴﻭﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﺃﺴﻔﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ.
ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺫ ﻟﻙ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼ ﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻝ
ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ
"ﺒﻴﺭﺴﻭﻥ" ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻝ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﻜﻝ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ) :(13ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼ ﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﻭ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﻜﻝ ،ﻤﻤﺎ
ﻴﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻷﺠﻠﻪ.
-2.2.4.1ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ:
ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﻻ ﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ،ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﺴﺕ
ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ.
ﻭﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺸﻬﺭ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻝ ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻝ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ
ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ 30ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ 25ﺍ ﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ 5
ﺍ ﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺃﺼ ﺒﺢ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﺍﻻ ﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ 25ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ 13ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺫﻜﺭ ،ﻭ 12ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﻨﺜﻰ .ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍ ﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻻ ﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻡ
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻴﻥ
ﻭﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ "ﺒﻴﺭﺴﻭﻥ" ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
" ﺴﺒﻴﺭﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﻭﻥ" ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ "ﺠﻭﺘﻤﺎﻥ" ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺴﻔﻠﻪ:
ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ "ﺠﻭﺘﻤﺎﻥ" ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ " ﺴﺒﻴﺭﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﻭﻥ" ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺨﻀﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻝ ،spssﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ
ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ،ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻟ ﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭ ﺏ 0.62ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻷﻥ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻗﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﺭﺴﻭﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺃـﻔﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﻭﻤﺎ .
ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﺭﺴﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﻥ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻭﻨﻅﺭ ﺍ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻ ﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺍ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺎ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﺜﻨﺘﻲ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﻟﻐﺔ
ﻭ ﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻨﻭﻋ ﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺒﻨﻭﺩﺍ
ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ) (235ﺒﻨﺩﺍ ﻭ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ
ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺍ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻝ ﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺒﻨﺩ ﻭﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ، WHOQOL -100ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ
ﻭﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺎ ،ﻜﻝ ﻤﻘﻴﺎ ﺱ ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ) (96ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺩﺨﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ
ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻜﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
"ﻟﻴﻜﺭﺕ" ،ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺱ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ
ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ
ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻭﻴﺎﺀ )ﻥ= (=4802ﻋﺒﺭ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺍ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ
119
ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ:
ﻭﻨﻘﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ )ﺩ .ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ (2011 -ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺒﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ /ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺭﺓ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺭﻴﻭﻨﺱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺈﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
(1ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺨﺎﻁﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
(2ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﺠﻤﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺍﻋﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻟﻼ ﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﻭﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻨﺤﻭﻴﺎ.
(3ﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.
ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒ ﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻜﺭﻭﻨﺒﺎﺥ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ.
ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(15ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺠﻴﺩ
ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻟﻠﺼﺩﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻴﺭﻯ
ﺃﻥ ﻜﻝ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ
)ﺃﻨﺴﺘﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎ (1997 ،ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻕ
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )ﺼﻔﻭﺕ ﻓﺭﺝ (283 :2007 ،ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) ،(3ﻭﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (4ﻗﻴﻡ
ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟ ﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ:
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ) :(16ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ
ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ )(0.01
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(17ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) (0.01ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻝ
ﻭﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ) .ﺩ .ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ(
-2ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ:
ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ
ﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ .
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ " ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ" » ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻩ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻗﺼﺩ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻻ ﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎ
ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻨﺒﺅﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ) .ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ،1999 :ﺹ(47
-2.2ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁ :ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ،ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ:
ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ) ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ – ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ (
ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ )ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ– ﺃﻋﺯﺏ– ﻤﻁﻠﻕ– ﺃﺭﻤﻝ(
ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ) ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ (
ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ) ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻥ (
ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
-3.2ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
-1.3.2ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ:
ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﻭﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ 4ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ:
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
– ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ.
– ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ.
-2.3.2ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ:
ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﺌﻝ ﻤﺎﻱ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺠﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺒﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻ ﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﻜﺎﻤﻝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ.
ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘ ﻭﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻓﺭﺼﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻅﻬﻭﺭ .ﻓﻬﻲ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻴﺸﻜﻝ
ﺠﺎﻨﺒﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﺼﻔﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍ ﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ 4ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭﻥ ﻤﻬﻨ ﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﺒﻠﻘﺎﻴﺩ ،ﻋﻴﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ 100ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃ ﺒﻭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﺒﻠﻘﺎﻴﺩ– ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ– ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ
ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ) (..ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ 4ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
21 – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
24 – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ
20 – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
25 – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ 53 %ﻭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﺒـ 47%
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺒـ %59ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﺏ ﺒـ 32%ﻭﻜﺫﺍ
ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ 5ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ %62ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ
126
ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
-1.5.2ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ :ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍ ﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻑ
ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺤﻝ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻀﻌﺕ ﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ
ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ 43ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 5ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ
)ﻤﻠﺤﻕ( .ﻭﺍﺸﺘﻤﻝ ﺍﻻ ﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ.
ﻭ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺩ .ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ( ﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺘﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ
ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ:
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ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ:
ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒ ﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻟﻤﻸ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺒﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻟﻐﻴﺕ ) (10ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺃﻟﻐﻴﺕ 20ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻋﻬﺎ.
ﺃﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ،ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ
) (SPSSﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ 15.00 :ﻭﺫ ﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
– ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭ ﻭﻕ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺒ ﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻟﻜﻝ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻝ ﺒﻌﺩ
ﻭ ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺓ ﻜﻜﻝ.
– ONE WAY ANOVA
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ:
ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻜﻨﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ،
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺒﻨﻴﻨﺎﻩ
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ .
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﺴﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﻟ ﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺤﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) (Pearson Correlation Matrixﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﺭﺴﻭﻥ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ،ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻑ ) (Analysisﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﻴﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ.
ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﻜﻝ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ.
-ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ:
-1ﻋﺭﺽ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ:
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ .
ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (22ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ
ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺼﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ SPSS.
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ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟ ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (23ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
-ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
-ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
-ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
-ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
-ﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ.
-ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ.
-2ﻋﺭﺽ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ:
ﻤﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎ ،,ﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ
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ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﺍﻟ ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(24ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻻ ﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﻭ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ) ﻤﺴﺘﺎﺀ– ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺎﺀ–
ﺭﺍﺽ( ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
-ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎ ﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ
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ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﺍﻟ ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(25ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ "ﺕ" ﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﺕ" ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ
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ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ:
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ 0.01ﻭ"ﺕ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ
"ﺕ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴ ﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻜﻜﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ.
ﻭ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.01ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘ ﻭﺴﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭ"ﺕ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ 2.25ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﺕ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ 1.98ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﻓﺭﻕ.
-4ﻋﺭﺽ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ:
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃ ﺠﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ.
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ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﺍﻟ ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(26ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﻑ" ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
0.05
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ 1.13 2.141 3 6.423 ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ 1.60 118.440 3 325.320 ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﻜﻝ
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ
ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭ ﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ 5ﺇﻟﻰ 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ .
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ
ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭ"ﺕ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﺕ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
-5ﻋﺭﺽ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺴﺔ:
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(27ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﻑ" ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻻ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ.
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ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
-6ﻋﺭﺽ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ :
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(28ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﺕ" ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ
ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻻ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ.
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﺘﻌﺯﻱ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ.
137
ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(29ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ "ﺕ" ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ
98 ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ 0.21 2.06 14.30 53 ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ
98 ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ 0.23 0.90 9.41 53 ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
98 ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ 1.02 2.55 23.09 53 ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ
98 ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ 0.53 0.79 3.94 53 ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ
98 ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ 1.75 4.36 74.05 53 ﺫﻜﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭ ﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻪ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ"ﺕ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﺕ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﻘ ﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ "ﺕ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ
ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ" ﺕ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﺕ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
138
ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ "ﺕ'" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﺕ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ
ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠ ﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
139
ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ " ﺕ" ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ):(30
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ .
140
ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﻭ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ:
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ
ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ ( ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ "ﻑ"
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﻑ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ
ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ( ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ
ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ( ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ
ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ ( ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭ" ﻑ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ
ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ " ﻑ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ( ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭ"ﻑ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ "
ﻑ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ .
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ ( ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ( ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ.
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ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) :(31ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﺕ" ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﻑ" ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ 0.98 19.343 3 58.02 ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ
19.668 96 1888.08 ﺩﺍﺨﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ
99 1946.11 ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻱ
ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ "ﻑ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﻑ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ:
ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇ ﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻝ
ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅ ﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻟﺩﻯ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻭﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻹ ﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼﻝ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤ ﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﺊ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻟ ﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺠﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺼﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﺍﺘﻔﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ) ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ (2004 ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻋﻬ ﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ) ﺸﺎﻫﻴﻥ ﺭﺴﻼﻥ (2009 ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﻫﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻴﻥ .ﻭ ﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺸﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻴﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﻀﻐﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺸﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ .ﻭ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻴ ﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺨﻤﻴﺱ ) (2010ﺤﻭﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻗﻠﻕ
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ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ 200ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ
ﻭﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻪ
ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ (2011 ،ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ
" ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ" ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻀﻭﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻤﺕ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ
ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ .ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ) (2010ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ:
"ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ
ﻏﺯﺓ".
ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻏﺯﺓ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ 293ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻭ 144ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﻭ 149ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻻﹰ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ،%64,24ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ،ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ) (Macan, 1990ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ .
ﻭ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻝ -ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ 5ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ
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ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺩﻱ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺘﻪ
ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻋﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺯﺍﺤﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻨﺕ
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺴﺭﺍﺝ ﺠﺎﻥ ) (2008ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ) (764ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻭﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻋﻀﻭﺍﺕ
ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺃﻜﺴﻔﻭﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ " ﺃﺭﺠﺎﻴﻝ" ،ﻭﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ .ﻭ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻠﻜﺎﻭﻯ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ) (1995ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻓﻨﻲ
ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻴﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻴﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﺍﺽ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺤﺘﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ 22.85ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﻤﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻜﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻥ
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ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ 11.93ﻭﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ.
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻤﻐﺯﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﻭﺤﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ "ﺒﻴﻬﺎ" ) (sim et bilﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﺼﻭﺭﺍﺕ
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ
ﻭﻴﻭﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻴﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ،ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﻫﺎ
" ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﻭﻜﺎﻅﻡ" ) (2008ﺍﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﻁﻨﺔ
ﻋﻤ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ :ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺸﻐﻝ ﻭﻭﻗﺕ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻔﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻊ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ " ﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ" ) (2008ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻥ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ.
ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ) .(cooper, 1993
ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ 638ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ
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ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ– ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ– ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ،ﻭﻨﻔﺴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭ ﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ
ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ
ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ 10.09ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ 08.23ﻭﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟ ﻌﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻤﻨﻌﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ
ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷ ﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻠﺒﻲ
ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤ ﺎ ﻴﺸﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺃﺠﺭﺍﻫﺎ " ﻨﻌﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ" ) (1991ﺃﺴﻔﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ
ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻭ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﻜﺎﻴﺩ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ) (1993ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺴﻔﺭﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ.
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺏ
) ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ( ،ﻭﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻤﺠﺯﺌﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ
ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ " ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﺩ" ﻭ"ﺃﺤﻼﻡ ﺭﺠﺏ" )،(1996
ﻭ) (collier, 1992ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍ ﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ
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ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﺃﻤ ﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ) (2.77ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ) (2.99ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ
ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ" ﻑ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﻑ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ
ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ 11ﺴﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ 15ﺴﻨﺔ ﺭﺍﺠﻌﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻤﺎﻥ
1995ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻝ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎ،
ﻭﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺨﻤﻴﺱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻬﻨﺘﻬﻡ ﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻜ ﺜﺭ ﺃﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻗﻊ
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺸ ﻐﻝ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻼﺯﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﻁﻭﻝ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ "ﺕ" ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻜﻠﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻜﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ
ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺩﺍﻏﻭﺠﻲ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﺩﻯ
ﻜﻝ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ) Royen
(Nicole, 2001ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺄﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ
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ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ "ﺕ" ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ( ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﻤﺼﻔﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻨﹼ ﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎ ﻋﺩ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ
ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻴ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻴﺠﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﺩﺍﻏﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻲ"
) (2002ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﻭﺃﻥ ﺼﻨﻑ ) ﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ( ﻫﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻓﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ) ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﻭﻤﺴﺠﻠﻴﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ( ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
ﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻑ ) (2ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ
ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ) (62ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺼﻔﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﻴﺔ ) (38ﻭﺒﺎﻟ ﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﺒﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕ ﺒﺄﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ.
-7ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ:
– ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻱ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ.
– ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ "ﺕ" ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ 0.05
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﺎﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ "ﺕ" 2.04ﻭ" ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ 2.31
ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
– ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺩﺍﺨﻝ ﺤﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺭﻀﺎﻫﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ،
ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ
150
ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺱ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ" ) ،(2011ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ " ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻝ")، (2011
ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ " ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼ )" (2009ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﻤﺠﺩﻯ" ) (2009ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﺩﺍﻝ ﻟﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ
ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻨﺎﺙ ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ " ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ") :(2006ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ
ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ " ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﻭﻜﺎﻅﻡ" ) (2006ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻘﻘﻭﺍ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺸﻐﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ
ٕﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ.
– ﻭﺘﻌﺯﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺃﻨﺜﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻜﻝّ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ
ﻟﻠﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻴﺅﺜﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺇﻨﺎﺙ،
ﻭﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟ ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ،ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺤﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻝ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ،ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ "ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﺎﺭ") :(1995ﻓﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻠﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻁﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻕ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻸﻫﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻭﺭﺸﻭﺍﻥ") ، (2006ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩ ﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﺸﻠﺒﻲ" ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺜﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ"
) (2008ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ .ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻁﻤﺄﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﹰ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﻟﻠﻁﻼﺏ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ
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ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻫﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ .ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻤﺄﻨﻴﻨﺔ
ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺤﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ.
ﺃﺴﻔﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ 0.05ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺘﻬﺎ
ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻋﺯﺏ ،ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ( ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ "ﻑ" ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ "ﻑ"
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻔ ﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺠﻭﺩ ) (1994ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ )ﺃ( ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ) ﺍﻟﺤﺏ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺒﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ،ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻤﻥ(،
)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ.
– ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻹﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻘ ﺒﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ) .ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺈﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠ ﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ " ﺘﺸﺎﻤﺒﻝ" ) (1996ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (199ﻓﺭﺩ ،ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ
ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ
ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺁﺩﻤﺯ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ )(1996
ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (126ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺴﺭﻫﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﺭﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺸﻌﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻤﺜﻝ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻠﺠﺌﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺨﻠﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ
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ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻐﻠﺒﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺼﻨﻔﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ) (Park et al, 2007ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ "ﻫﻭﺍﻴﺕ
ﻭﺁﻨﺩﻭﺯ" ) (2004ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﻜﺩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﺸﻜﻝ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﺏ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻜﻝ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﻭﺃﺴﻔﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ 0.05ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻗﺩﻤﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )(0.98
ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﺎﺭ" ) (1995ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻝ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﻟﻭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟ ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﻌﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻤﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺤﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ
ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻜﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺴﺭﺓ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﺼﺤﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻴﻤﻭﺍ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭﺍ
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﻴﻁﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻗﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ
ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺒﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻜﺎﻟﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻕ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ
153
ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ:
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘﺩﺃ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔﹰ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ " ﻫﺎﻤﺒﺘﻭﻥ" (1999):ﻓﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎﻥ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ .ﻭ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻝ " ﺩﺍﻤﻭﺵ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ"
) (1997ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (750ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ
ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﻭﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ
ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺩ
ﻜﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ "ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻤﺩﻱ "ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺩ
ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ ،ﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ .
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﻝ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭﻗﺩ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﻡ ،ﻤﻊ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻌﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ
ﺇﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻤﻴﻠﻭﻥ.
154
ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ:
ﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ:
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺜﻝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺼﺒﻭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻜﻝ ﻓﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺂﺨﺭ
ﻭﻻ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻝ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﻻ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻁﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺫﻭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ،ﻓﻤﺎ
ﻴﻭﺍ ﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻬﻨﺘﻪ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺯﺍﺤﻡ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﺠﻪ،
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻭﻟﻬﻡ ﻟ ﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻭﺇﺸﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻟﺭﻏﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺴﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ
ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻨﺒﺭﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ
ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺇﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻬﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﻭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ
ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺭﻀﺎﻫﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺘﻬﻡ
ﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺘﻬﻡ
ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﺄﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻝ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭﻓﺭ ﻭﻋﻤﻝ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﺘﻘﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻭﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺃﻗﻝ ,ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ.
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ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ:
ﻭ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ :ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺼﻲ ﺒﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ.
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ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ
ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﺄﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻭﺼﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺕ
ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴ ﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ
) ﺇﺴﻨﺎﺩ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ( ،ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ
ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ
ﻭﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺘﻴﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ،ﻭﻋﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺒﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﺄﻨﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ.
ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﺎﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﻫﻠﻪ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ،
ﻭﺭﺍﺠ ﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻀﻼ
ﻋﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺭﻓﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ.
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺅﺴﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺠﻭ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ.
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ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ
ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ
ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻤﻲ ﻨﺎﺠﺢ ،ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺯﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻁﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﺒﺭﻭﺡ
ﺍﻷﺒﻭﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﻭﺓ.
ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻠﻔﺌﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ.
ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺴﻴ ﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﻴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻸﺴﺘﺎﺫ.
ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ.
ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ –
ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ –
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ) ﻤﺤﻜﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ( ﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
159
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ:
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ
ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ .ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﻟﺨﻀﺭ .ﺒﺎﺘﻨﺔ .ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ.
161
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ:
(9ﺒﻭﺤﻔﺹ ،ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﻲ .(2008 ).ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ .ﻭﻫﺭﺍﻥ :ﺩﺍﺭ
(12ﺤﺴﻥ ،ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻲ .(2005 ) .ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ .ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ " ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ" 16-15 .ﻤﺎﺭﺱ .2005ﺹ.ﺹ .23-13ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ :ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺯﻗﺎﺯﻴﻕ.
(13ﺨﻭﺍﺠﺔ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ .(2005 ).ﻤﺩﺨﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ .ﻭﻫﺭﺍﻥ:ﺩﺍﺭ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ :ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺴﻭﻫﺎﺝ.
(15ﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﻥ .(1999 ) .ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ .ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ .
(16ﺭﻭﻨﺎﻟﺩﻭﻱ ،ﺭﻴﺠﻴﻭ .(1999 ) .ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ)ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ
162
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ:
(18ﺯﻴﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻴﺩﻱ .(2004 ).ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ .ﻋﻤﺎﻥ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ.ﻋﻤﺎﻥ.
(19ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ،ﺴﻠﻁﻲ ﻋﺭﻴﻔﺞ .(2001 ).ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ :ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ.
(20ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ .(2007 ).ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻨﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻡ
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ " ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ".ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) -(33ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ
(22ﺴﻨﺎﺴﻲ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺼﺭ .(2011 ).ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘﺩﺉ ﻓﻲ
ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﻴﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ .ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺒﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ.
(23ﺸﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺨﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﻜﺔ .(2010 ).ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﻴﻥ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺘﻴﺯﻱ ﻭﺯﻭ ،ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ .ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ :ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻴﺯﻱ ﻭﺯﻭ.
(24ﺼﻼﺡ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻭﻱ .(1994 ).ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ :ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ.
(26ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺒﺭ ،ﺘﻴﻡ .(1999).ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ.ﻋﻤﺎﻥ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ
163
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ:
ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ
ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ، 26ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(2-1ﺹ .642 – 599
(29ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﻭﻴﻼﺭ .(2006) .ﺃﺼﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ .ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﺭﺍﻥ.
(32ﻓﺭﺡ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﻪ .(2003 ).ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ :ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﻟﺨﻀﺭ.
(35ﻜﻠﻭﺩ ،ﻓﻭﺴﻠﺭ .(2000).ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻝ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ) ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻼ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ
164
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ:
(36ﻟﻴﺙ ،ﺤﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ) ،ﺩﺱ( ،ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ،30
ﺴﺒﺘ ﻤﺒ ﺭ .
(38ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺃﻭﺏ ﺤﻼﻭﺓ .(2007).ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ :ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ،ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺭﻤﻭﻙ ﻟﻠﻜﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻭﻥ .ﺹ .ﺹ .85 -67
ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ،ﻤﺼﺭ :ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻴﻥ ﺸﻤﺱ.
12-10ﻨﻭﻓﻤﺒﺭ.
(41ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ،ﺸﺤﺎﺘﺔ ﺭﺒﻴﻊ .(2006 ).ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻊ ﻨﺩﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻭﺱ.
165
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ:
(46ﻤﺭﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ .(2000).ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ :ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﻕ،
ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ.
(47ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ،ﺤﺴﻥ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ .(2004).ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ
ﺒﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺩﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻭﻴﻥ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ :ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﻋﻴﻥ ﺸﻤﺱ.
(48ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ،ﺨﻠﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﺎﻭﻱ ، (1999 ) ،ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ " ﻜﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨ ﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ.
(50ﻤﻌﻤﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺒﺸﻴﺭ ،(2007 ).ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ:
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭﺓ.
(52ﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻋﺯﺭﻱ .(2006).ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻡ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒﻝ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ، 20ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ .4
166
:ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ
www.kotobarabia.com ،ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻁﻠﺒﺔ.(2012 ). ﻋﻤﺭ ﺸﻌﺒﺎﻥ،( ﻴﺤﻴﻰ57
6. Gaston, Mialaret. (1996). la formation des enseignants ,Paris : Ed. PUF, 4ème
édition.
7. Jean. Guichard et Michel. Huteau. (2001), psychologie de l’orientation.
Paris : Ed DUNOD.
8. Labi, Mauricie. (1964). la grande division des travailleurs, la France : les
éditions ouvrières.
9. Marlou, Bruchon –Schweitzer. (2006). psychologie de la santé bien être et
qualité de vie (modèles, concepts et méthodes) . Paris : Ed DUNOD, Editions
1.
10. Martin, E.P. Seligman , Tracy A. Steen & Christopher, Peterson. (2005).
Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of intervention, U.S.A:
Positive Psychology.
11.Patric Martin, Jean Micheal Azorin, (2004), qualité de vie et schizofrénié,
jean libbey, paris.
12.Pierre, R. Turcotte. (1999). Qualité de vie au travail Anti –Stress et
Créativité. Paris : les éditions d’organisation.
13.RCLL, Pierre. (1971). introduction a la sociologie du travail, Paris : librairie
Larousse.
14.The whoqol group, (1998), development of the word health organization
whoqol– Bref quality of life assessment. The whoqol group psychological
medicine.
15.Whoqo Ol Group. (1998). whoqol user manual division of mental health and
prevention of substance abuse wold health organization, www.who.int
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ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻖ
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ : 1ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﻴﻥ
170
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ : 2ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤﺔ
ﺒـ " :ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ"
ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﺩﻴﻜﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻨﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ،ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﻝ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻜﻡ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺭﺠﻭ ﻤﻨﻜﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﺩﻭﺍ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻜﻡ ﺒﺼﺩﻕ ،ﺇﻥ ﺇﺠ ﺎﺒﺘﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ
ﺘﻭﻅﻑ ﺇ ﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻻ ﻏﻴﺭ.
171
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ:
ﺃﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﻴﻥ:
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ:
ﻀﻊ ) (+ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺃﻴﻙ ﻭﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺃﻴﻙ ﺒﺼﺭﺍﺤﺔ.
172
ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻻ ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻖ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﲢﺪ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ. 01
ﺇﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻤﻬﻢ 02
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺪﺍﻏﻮﺟﻴﺔ 08
ﲤﻜﲏ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻠ ﻘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ 13
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺔ. 14
ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ) ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻵﱄ( ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺒﺎﻁ 21
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺯﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ. 25
173
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻼﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻄﻮ ﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ 26
ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ 30
ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻗﻮﻡ ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﻠﺒﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ 34
ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻧﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ. 37
ﺃﺩﻯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﲏ ﻭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ . 38
ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻃﻴﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻲ. 41
ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ . 42
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﲔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ 45
ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻗﻮﻡ ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﻠﺒﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ 46
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ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ : 3ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ
ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ ﺃﺠﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ،
ﺍ ﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻙ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ ﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ
ﻨﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﺘﻙ ﻭ ﺃﻤﻨﻴﺎﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ .
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻤﻼﺌﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﻘﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻙ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ
ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭﻫ ﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ.
175
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺨﻼﻝ
) ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ( ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺭ ﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ
ﺤﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (5ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ ﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ
) ،(1ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻙ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ
ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻙ .
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -*F1.2ﻫﻞ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻣﱰﻋﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳌﻚ ﻭ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻚ .
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F1.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﱂ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﳝﻨﻌﲏ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﳝﻨﻌﲏ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ - F1.4ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﳌﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻲ ﳝﻨﻌﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ
ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺗﻌﺐ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ - F2.2ﻫﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﺐ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻧﺰﻋﺞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ - F2.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻋﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺒﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ – F3.2ﻫﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺃﻱ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺑﻨﻮﻣﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F3.4ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻚ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻣﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F4.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎﻋﻚ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺎﺓ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F4.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺎ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻚ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F4.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
5 4 3 2 1 ﲣﱪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ -F5.3ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F6.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻙ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
176
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺛﻖ ﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F6.2ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﻘﺘﻚ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺗﻀﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F7.2ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻌ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻙ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F7.3ﻫﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻙ
5 4 3 2 1 ﳚﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻧﺰﻋﺞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F8.2ﻣﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻋﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F8.3ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺍﻥ ﰲ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F8.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻟﻚ ﺷﻌﻮﺭﻙ ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F10.2ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺗﻀﺎﻳﻘﲏ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F10.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺼﲑﻙ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺣﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F11.2ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻚ ﻷﻱ ﺃﺩﻭﻳﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺣﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F11.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻚ ﻷﻱ ﻋﻼﺝ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻃﱯ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺣﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F11.4ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺷﻌﺮ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ -F13.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F25.2ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻋﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺷﻌﺮ ﺑﻀﻴﻖ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F15.4ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻚ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F16.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F16.2ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ؟
177
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F16.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻋﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﻼﻣﺘﻚ ﻭ ﺃﻣﻨﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F17.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺎ
5 4 3 2 1 ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﺣﺒﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F17.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺒﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F18.2ﻫﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F18.4ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F19.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F21.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﲤﺘﻌﻚ ﺑﺄﻭﻗﺎﺕ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F22.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻧﺸﻐﻞ ﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F22.2ﻫﻞ ﺗﻨﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F23.2ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F23.4ﻏﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻘﻴﺪﻙ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﰲ
ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ؟
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺒ ﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ) ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻜﺎﻤﻝ ( ﺨﻼﻝ
ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺜﻝ ) ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ ،ﺍﺭﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ،ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭ ﺒﺸﻜﻝ ﻜﺎﻤﻝ ﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ) (5ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ
ﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ) ،(1ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ 1ﻭ.5
178
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F2.1ﻫﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F7.1ﻫﻞ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻙ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻲ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F10.1ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F11.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F14.1ﻫﻞ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻩ
5 4 3 1 ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F14.2ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀﻙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﳍﻢ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F17.2ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺗﻠﱯ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F18.1ﻫﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻳﻠﱯ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F20.1ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ
5 4 3 2 1 ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟ ﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F20.2ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F21.1ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﰲ
5 4 3 2 1 ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F21.2ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎﺀ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F23.1ﻫﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ؟
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺄﻟﻙ ) ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﻀﺎﻙ ( ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻙ ﺨﻼﻝ
ﺍﻷ ﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ) ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ( ﻨﻘﺭﺭ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺩﻯ
ﺃﻨﺕ ﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻝ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜﻝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻙ .
179
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -G2ﻫﻞ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -G3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﺎﻡ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -G4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺤﺘﻚ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F2.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻚ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F3.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮﻣﻚ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F5.2ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F5.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F6.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F6.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F7.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺴﻤﻚ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F10.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ -F13.3ﻣ ﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ؟ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F15.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺍ ﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F14.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺼﻞ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻚ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F14.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺼﻞ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻚ ؟
180
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F13.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F16.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍ ﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻨﻚ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F17.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿ ﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F18.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F19.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F19.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F20.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﰲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F20.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﰲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F21.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F22.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 )ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ،ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ،ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ،ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ (.
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F22.4ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿ ﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F23.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿ ﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ؟
ﺳﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺣﺰﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﺣﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺰﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﺍ -F13.2ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻚ ﻣﻊ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ؟
ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -G1ﻛﻴ ﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻚ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F15.1ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
181
ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F3.1ﻫﻞ ﻧﻮﻣﻚ ﺟﻴﺪ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F5.1ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺗﻚ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F19.2ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻚ ؟
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ) ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﺕ ﺃ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺜﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ
ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ) ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺘﻙ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌ ﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ
ﻤﺜﻝ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻙ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺕ ﻤﺜﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ ﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ
ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ،1ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺕ ﻤﺜﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ،5ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺜﻡ ﻀﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ
ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﺎﻨﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻡ ﺃ ﺒﺩﺍ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ﻀﻊ
ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ) 1ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺘﻙ ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ(.
ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﺎﱐ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ -F1.1ﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﱂ ﺑﺪﱐ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﺎﱐ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ -F4.2ﻫﻞ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ؟
5 4 3 2 1
ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﺎﱐ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ -F8.1ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ،ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ ،ﺍﻷﺭ ﻕ ،ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺝ (
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ )ﻋﻤﻝ( ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ
ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻙ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﺸﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺘﺸﻌﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﻴﺤﺘﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺘﻙ ﻭ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ.
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ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F12.1ﻫﻞ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ
ﺟﺪﺍ 4 3 2 1 ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ؟
5
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F12.2ﻫﻞ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ
ﺟﺪﺍ 4 3 2 1 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺗﻚ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺗﻚ ؟
5
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴ ﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F12.4ﻫﻞ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F12.3ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ) ﻫﻝ ﺃﻨﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ(
ﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻷ ﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺠﺴﻤﻙ
ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ.
ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F9.1ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F9.3ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F9.4ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ؟
ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ -F9.2ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺗﻚ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ؟
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ) ﺒﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ( ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻙ ،ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍ ﻟﺭﻭﺤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺅﻤﻥ
ﺒﻬﺎ ) ،ﻭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﺴﺄﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ(.
183
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F24.1ﻫﻞ ﻣﻌ ﺘﻘﺪﺍﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﲎ
5 4 3 2 1 ﳊﻴﺎﺗﻚ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F24.2ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺫﺍﺕ
5 4 3 2 1 ﻣﻐﺰﻯ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F24.3ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ؟
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ -F24.4ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
5 4 3 2 1 ﰲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ؟
184
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ :4ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ
ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
-ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ -1 :sexﺫﻜﺭ -2 ،ﺃﻨﺜﻰ
-ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ -1 :etciﻤﺘﺯﻭﺝ -2 ،ﺃﻋﺯﺏ -3 ،ﻤﻁﻠﻕ -4 ،ﺃﺭﻤﻝ
-ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ -1:facﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ -2،ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ -3 ،ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ -4 ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ .
-ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ - 1:Anédeﺃﻗﻝ ﻤﻥ 5ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ -2 ،ﻤﻥ 5ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ 10ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ -3 ،ﻤﻥ 11ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ 15ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ -4 ،ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ 15
ﺴﻨﺔ.
-ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ -1 : catéﻤﺼﻔﻰ ﺍﻷّﺴﺘﺎﺫﻴﺔ -2.ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ
-ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ " ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ" :ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ، or1.or2.or3……….or9 :ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ :
rf1.rf2.rf3………..re6
-ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ d1.d2.d3.d4.d5.d6.d7.d8 :
-ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔin1.in2.in3.in4.in5:
-ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ ph1.ph2.ph3.ph4.ph5.ph6 :
-ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ " ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ" :ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ - ، Quvsp:ﺍﻷﻟﻡ ﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ - ،dou :ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ- ، enfati :ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺨﺎﺀ :
- ،somrexﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ -، senposi :ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻡ -، penapr :ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ -، issoi:ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ - ، img:ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ
- ، pené:ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ -،posidep :ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ - ، acquo:ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ - ،déemé :ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ
- ،catrav :ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ - ،reper :ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ - ،sousoci :ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ - ،acsexi :ﺍﻷﻤﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ،sésupé :
-ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻴﺔ - ،mifami :ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ - ، soufinan:ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩsoisocia : .
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ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ:ﻤﻠﺨﺹ
ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ
ﻭ ﻜﺫ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ،ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺴﺏ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ
ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ100 ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ.ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ،ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
.ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﺭﺴﻭﻥ
ﺨﻠﺼﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ
ﻓﺭﻕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻗﻲ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺒﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
. ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻝ – ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ – ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ:ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴ ﺔ
Résumé: Cette étude vise à explorer la nature de la relation entre la qualité de vie et la nature du travail des enseignants
universitaires et d'identifier les niveaux de qualité de la vie perçue selon lui. L'étude de terrain a été menée à l'Université de
Tlemcen, pour détecter les différentes sources de la nature du travail et la qualité de vie des enseignants universitaires en
raison de la variable sexe, l'état social et l'ancienneté et différent faculté affiliation et catégorie selon l'échelle de
l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. L'échantillon étudié composée de 100 enseignants universitaires , selon le sexe et dans
quatre faculté de l’université de Tlemcen et le questionnaire été conçu pour mesurer les sources de la nature du travail et
l’échelle de la qualité de la vie, nous avons utilisé un certain nombre de méthodes statistiques adaptées à la nature a la
question , et a la méthode utilisée et inclus des moyennes et des écarts l et e coefficient de corrélation Pearson.
En guérie de conclusion nous avons remarqué qu’une présence d'une relation statistiquement significative entre les sources
de la nature du travail et la qualité de vie dans divers domaines. Il n'y a pas de différence significative dans les sources de la
nature du travail chez les enseignant l’universitaire de Tlemcen selon sexe , excepté en matière l'incitations et de promotion
pour sexe masculin , Il n’ ya pas, l'existence de différences dans les sources de la nature du travail chez les enseignant selon
de l'ancienneté, la spécialisation et la catégorie et aussi il n'ya pas des différentes significative de la qualité de vie attribués
aux sexe mais Seulement dans le domaine physique cela d’une part et d’autre part il existe une différente statistique 0.05
dans qualité de la vie selon l'état social et l'ancienneté seulement dans le domaine des relations et de l'indépendance
psychologique .
MOTS Clés : les sources de la nature du travail - la qualité de la vie -les enseignants universitaires.
Abstract: This study aims to reveal the nature of the relationship between quality of life and the sources of the nature of
work for the university teacher and to identify the levels of quality of life that he knows. The Field study was conducted at
the University of Tlemcen, in order to detect differences in the sources of the nature of work and quality of life among the
members of the sample. The sample due to the variable sex, marital status and years of experience; category and different
faculties affiliated the university teacher According to gauge the quality of life scale of the World Health Organization. The
study sample consisted of 100 university teacher, according to sex and from four faculties and has been carrying out a
questionnaire measures the sources of the nature of work and the scale of quality of life and to answer questions about the
study. We have used a number of statistical methods appropriate to the nature of the question in terms of the methodology
used and the nature of the sample included averages, standard deviations, range and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The study concluded the presence of a statistically significant relationship between the sources of the nature of work of the
scholar and the quality of life in various fields and there is no significant difference in the sources of the nature of work in the
average university teacher attributed to sex Except some promotion in favor of males .it Did not prove the existence of
valuable sources of differences in the nature of work averages of teachers due to the variable of work experience and
specialization and category. As there was no significant difference in the six life qualities due to the variable sex except
physical field and the field of independence and also in the quality of life attributed to the variable marital status except some
social relations and autonomy and work experience .
The nature of work; life quality, university, teacher.