“The beautiful thing about learning is

that no one can take it away from you.”

…B.B. King

8
CHAPTER

Miscellaneous

Level-1 (A) Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

(B) Norton’s Theorem
1. Power amplifier in which the output signal (C) Thevenin’s Theorem
varies for a full 360o of input signal (D) Power = (voltage)2 /R L
(A) Class A power amplifier
(B) Class B power amplifier 7. The transistor amplifier with 85% of
(C) Class AB power amplifier efficiency is likely to be [EC-ISRO-2011]
(D) Class C power amplifier (A) Class A (B) Class B
(C) Class AB (D) Class C
2. Power amplifier in which power efficiency of
an amplifier will be highest 8. In a Class AB amplifier, the current flows
(A) Class A (B) Class AB through the active device for
(C) Class B (D) Class D [EC-ISRO-2011]
(A) less than half of the duration of input cycle
3. In a class-A power amplifier, the collector (B) half duration of input cycle
dissipation is maximum when [JTO-2006] (C) more than half but less than full cycle
(A) no signal is present duration
(B) signal swing is maximum (D) full duration of input cycle
(C) signal swing is (1/1.414) of its maximum
(D) None of the above 9. In a feedback series regulator circuit, the
output voltage is regulated by controlling the
4. Where does the operating point of a class-B [EC-ISRO-2012]
power amplifier lie? [EC-ISRO-2008] (A) magnitude of the I/P voltage
(A) At the middle of ac load line (B) gain of the feedback transistor
(B) Approximately at collector cut-off on (C) voltage drop across the series pass
both the d.c. and a.c. load lines transistor
(C) Inside the collector cut-off region on a.c. (D) reference voltage
load line
(D) At the middle point of d.c. load line 10. Conduction angle of a class AB amplifier is
[EC-ISRO-2013]
5. An amplifier has an input power of 2 (A) < 180o
microwatts. The power gain of the amplifier is (B) between 180o and 360o
60 dB. The output power will be (C) 360o
[EC-ISRO-2008] (D) 90o
(A) 6 microwatts (B) 120 microwatts
(C) 2 milliwatts (D) 2 watts 11. Class C amplifier operates [EC-ISRO-2017]
(A) entire cycle of i/p signal
6. Which of the following principles is applied (B) half of the cycle of i/p signal
while designing the output matching network (C) slightly more than half of the cycle of i/p
for a high power Class – C amplifier? signal
[EC-ISRO-2010] (D) less than half of the cycle of i/p signal

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 Miscellaneous
12. The operating point is established for getting 19. In Class B power amplifier, which of the
less amount of distortion in Class A power following parameters are true
amplifier at (A) operating point is established at the edge
(A) middle of dc load line of dc load line
(B) centre of active region (B) operating point is established towards
(C) cut off region cut off region
(D) both (A) and (B) (C) overall conversion efficiency is 78.5%
(D) All of these
13. Power amplifier in which loss of information
is very less 20. Which power amplifier is used for tuned
(A) Class A power amplifier amplifier amplification
(B) Class B power amplifier (A) Class A (B) Class B
(C) Class AB power amplifier (C) Class AB (D) Class C
(D) None of these

14. In which type of Class A power amplifier, Level-2

maximum AC power is delivered to load
(A) Series fed Common Data for Question No. 1 & 2
(B) Transformer coupled Following timer circuit as shown in figure
(C) Both a/b Vcc (5V)
(D) None of these

15. An amplifier having an input resistance is RA 7.5kΩ

2 MΩ and output resistance is 10 kΩ, that 8
4
gives an open-circuit output voltage of 7
20 V(RMS), the maximum power that can be RB 7.5kΩ 555
delivered to load is ____________ mW. 2 timer
6 3 output
16. Performance of power amplifier is measured
1 5
in terms of following parameters 0.1μF
(A) conversion of efficiency
(B) figure of merit 0.01μF
(C) thermal runaway
(D) both (A) and (B) 1. Figure represents the multivibrator circuit is
(A) astable multivibrator
17. For ideal power amplifier, value of figure of
(B) monostable multivibrator
merit is
(C) bistable multivibrator
(A) zero (B) infinity
(D) None of these
(C) less than 1 (D) greater than 1

18. The name of the circuit as shown in figure 2. The frequency of the above circuit shown in
below, is the figure is __________ Hz.

Vi Vo 3. If the load power is 3 mW and the dc power is

Unregulated R regulated 150 mW, the efficiency is
( ) ( )
voltage R L voltage (A) 0% (B) 2%
VZ (C) 3% (D) 20%

4. The period of the output waveform for the

(A) series regulator
circuit as shown in figure when triggered by
(B) shunt regulator
negative pulse, is
(C) op-amp series regulator
(D) None of these

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 Miscellaneous
+5V VCC
n1 : n2

7.5kΩ RA
8 R1 RL
4
C→∞
7
555
IC
6 3 output Vi + R2
− RE CE → ∞
C 2 1 5
0.1μF
0.01μF
Trigger
input
8. Class B push pull amplifier as shown in figure
(A) 1 ms (B) 2 ms below. it providing a 20 V peak signal to a
(C) 0.825 ms (D) 1.5 ms 16 Ω load (speaker) and a power supply of
VCC = 30 V, the conversion efficiency (in
5. The circuit of a one-shot using a 555 timer to percentage) is __________
provide on time period of 20 μs. If R A = 7 kΩ, +VCC
then the value of C needed in (pF)
(A) 300 pF (B) 2597.4 pF
(C) 383 pF (D) None of these

6. The efficiency of following circuit as shown

below for a supply of 12 V and output Vp = 3V
VL
is __________
IL
VCC = 12V
Vin ~ R L (speaker)

V1 VL R L = 8Ω
R1 −VCC

N1 : N2 = 3: 1 9. The output voltage and zener current in

regulator circuit as shown below for
Vi
R L = 2 kΩ, are respectively
β = 100

R2 RE Vi
CE R
(25V) Vo (Regulated )
(Unregulated) 200Ω

(A) 3.125% (B) 12.5% 2kΩ

10V
(C) 1.39% (D) 15%

7. The parameters for the transformer-coupled (A) 3.9 V, 74.95 mA (B) 74.95 V, 3.9 mA
common-emitter circuit shown in figure are (C) 9.3 V, 74.95 mA (D) 74.95 V, 9.3 mA
VCC = 36 V and n1 : n2 = 4 ∶ 1. If the signal
power delivered to the load is 2 W, then the 10. It is required to design a Class B output stage
RMS voltage across the load is __________Volts. (as shown below) to deliver an average output
power of 12. 5 W to load of 4 Ω. The power
supply is selected so that VCC is 5 V greater

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 Miscellaneous
than the peak output voltage. The power 13. The circuit current IC (in mA) for shunt
conversion efficiency of the circuit is regulator as shown in figure.
[EC-ISRO-2010] 100Ω
+VCC Vi Vo
IS +
(22V)
9V IC R L = 100Ω
3 IZ
2 −
1 +
Vi 1 VBE
2 −
4Ω
3
14. A shunt regulator is used in figure to regulated
−VCC the output voltage constant, the value of
(A) 48% (B) 50% regulated output voltage that is controlled by
(C) 52% (D) 60% zener diode and transistors is __________ Volts.
RS
11. The regulated output voltage in the circuit Vi Vo
Vi + regulated
shown below is Unregulated
( )
( ) voltage
Q1 voltage 5V VZ
Q2 RL
−
Vi (36V) Q1
Vo

1kΩ
30kΩ
R1
+
−
6.2V 15. Consider the Class AB stage amplifier shown
10kΩ in figure with Vthermal = 25 mV. If both
transistors have reverse saturation current
IS = 10−15 A then the value of Quiescent
(A) 24 V (B) 24.8 V current IC (in μA) is __________.
(C) 30 V (D) 12 V +10V

12. Consider the Class A power amplifier circuit IC

given below
+12 V Q1
RL
VCC 1.3V +
−
CE 100 Ω
RB Q2
→∞ RL
RL V
VCC VCC o
R
CE CE =L 0.7V
VBEV
→∞ → ∞RCC −10 V
βC
=EL60
~+− Vi →
R L∞
16. The regulated output voltage of regulated I.C
RL VCC
LM317 is __________Volts. If Vref = 1.25 V
VCC
and IADJ = 100 μA
CE of R B (in kΩ) that locate the Q-point
The value
at the→ ∞ of the load line is __________
centre

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 Miscellaneous
If transformer has 80% efficiency, then the
+ VIN VOUT Vo maximum efficiency of the Class A amplifier is
LM317
(A) 50% (B) 33.33%
ADJ
Vref 240Ω (C) 24.6% (D) 78.6%
Iref
19. For a Class B amplifier providing a 20 V peak
VIN A
IADJ signal to 16 ohm load and a power supply of
2.4kΩ VCC = 30 V, the efficiency will be.
[EC-ISRO-2011]
Ix (A) 52.3% (B) 25.65%
(C) 75% (D) 78.6%
−
20. The approximate output frequency of 555
(A) 13.97 V (B) 10 V Oscillator for R A = R B = 2.2 kΩ and
(C) 13 V (D) 12 V C = 2000 pF [EC-ISRO-2016]
(A) 110 kHz (B) 109.3 kHz
17. For the circuit in figure, if the value of the (C) 120.5 kHz (D) 108.9 kHz
capacitor C is doubled, the duty-cycle of the
output waveform Vo [DRDO-2008]
Level-3
+VCC

1. The regulated output voltage (in volts) of

following circuit as shown in figure is _________.
RA 8 4 3 Vo (Given that = Vref = 1.25 V, IADJ = 100 μA)
7
D1
RB 555
2
C 6 5 1 VIN VOUT Vo
LM317
0.01μF

240Ω
ADJ R1
120 VRMS D2
C1
C 470μF 1.8kΩ
(A) increases by a factor of 2 R2 10μF
C2
(B) increases by a factor of 1.44
(C) remains constant
(D) decreases by a factor of 1.44 2. Consider the transformer-coupled common-
emitter circuit shown in figure. The
18. Consider the circuit Class A amplifier shown in parameters are: VCC = 10 V, R L = 8 Ω,
figure below. n1 : n2 = 3 ∶ 1, R1 = 0.73 kΩ, R 2 = 1.55 kΩ and
VCC = +13V R E = 20 Ω. The transistor parameters
are β = 25 & VBE (on) = 0.7 V. The amplitude
of the sinusoidal input voltage is 17 mV.
VCC
4.7 kΩ RL 56 Ω n1 : n2
ICQ = 5mA
CC R1 RL

C→∞

3.7 kΩ CE
1 kΩ + V
− i
− R2 RE CE → ∞
−

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 Miscellaneous
The ac power (in mW) delivered to the load is (A) Vo
__________.

3. For a Class-A power amplifier, supply dc 0.7V

voltage is ± 12 V, the quiescent collector Vi
0.7V
current is 72 mA and the load resistance is
100 Ω. If the output voltage across the load is
12 V peak-to-peak, the efficiency of the
amplifier is (neglect the loss occurring in the (B) Vo
biasing resistors [DRDO-2009]
(A) 10.4% (B) 20.8%
(C) 25% (D) 33.3%
Vi
1.4V
4. An improved series regulator circuit as shown
in figure below what regulated output voltage
is, provided that the circuit having elements
(C) Vo
R1 = 20 kΩ, R 2 = 30 kΩ and VZ = 8.3 V
Q1 1.4V
Vi Vo
Unregulated R4 Vi
( ) R1
voltage RL −0.7 V
Vz
− +
Q2
R2 Vo
R3 (D)

(A) 15 V (B) 9 V
(C) 10 V (D) 8.3 V 0.7V
Vi
1.4V
5. Consider the Class–B output stage shown in
figure below. For the transistor, assume the
VBE = 0.7 V in the active and VCE(sat) = 0.2 for
saturation 6. The range of Vo value in the given circuit
+15V diagram is
Vin Q3 Vo
R1 = 1kΩ RL
Q2
Q3 R4
β3 = 50 R5 = 2kΩ
Q1 = 2kΩ
β1 = 10
Vi +
~
− Vo Q1 R 2 = 1kΩ

Q4 +
Q2 8Ω R 3 = 1kΩ
β2 = 50 5V
β4 = 50
−

(A) 8.55 to 17.1 (B) 15.21 to 17.1

−15V
(C) 8.55 to 15.21 (D) 15.21 to 17.1
The transfer characteristic (Vo versus Vi ) for
the circuit is

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 Miscellaneous
7. A linear regulator is attempted using discrete For the NPN transistor, IS = 10−15 A, and for
components as shown below. The output PNP transistor IS = 10−16 A. Assume that βF is
voltage in volts is __________ [EC-ISRO-2013] very large and output voltage is Vo = 0 V. If
IB = 250 μA, the value of quiescent current
2k ICQ (in μA) is __________.
+ 2k
10V Vo
− +
2.5V 1k
− 4mA

(A) 9.3 V (B) 7.5 V

(C) 0 V (D) 2.5 V

8. A Class-C amplifier is driven by a 200 kHz

signal. The transistor is ON for 1 μs and the
amplifier is operating over 100% of its load
line. If IC(sat) = 100 mA and VCE(sat) = 02 V,
the average power dissipation in mW is _______.

9. Following figure as shown below, determine

the value of Vo and IC1 , If IL = 2A
NOTE: [β1 large, β2 large, β3 = 100]
VS = 20 V
Q3 Vo
1kΩ
R S = 100Ω
I C1 C R2 IL = 2A
I C2 = 2kΩ RL
Q1 Q2 B
+
A
5V I C1 I C2 R1 = 1kΩ
−
Io = 8 mA

(A) 15 V, 23.55 mA (B) 15 V, 20 mA

(C) 15.7 V, 19.85 mA (D) 20 V, 4.3 mA

10. Consider the Class-AB stage amplifier shown

in the figure having Vthermal = 25 mV.
VCC

IB
IC
Q1

5 kΩ Vo

Q2
RL
+
Vs ~
−

−VEE

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 Miscellaneous
9. [Ans. C]
Answer keys and Solutions In regulator circuit, output voltage is
regulated by controlling the voltage drop
Level-1 across the series pass transistor.

1. [Ans. A] 10. [Ans. B]

In class A power amplifier Condition angle of class AB
OUTPUT signal varies a full 360o of input > 180o
signal < 360o
In class B power amplifier output signal varies
a 180o of signal 11. [Ans. D]
In class AB power amplifier, output signal It will conduct for an angle which is less than
swings between 180o of signal 180o . So class-C amplifiers operates less than
In class AB power amplifier, output signal half cycle of input cycle.
swings between 180o and 360o
In class C power amplifier, output signal 12. [Ans. D]
swings less than 180o If transistor delivers current into the load for
full cycle over the entire full cycle of input
2. [Ans. D] signal in amplifier circuits, so that less amount
Comparison of amplifier classes: of distortion is obtained in output. This is
Class possible in “Class A power amplifier”, because
A B AB D it conducts current for 360o over full cycle of
1. Operating 180o 180o Pulse input signal, if operating point is established
cycle 360o + 360o operation in middle of dc load line, (or) centre of active
2. Power 78.5Between typically region.
efficiency % 25% over 90%
25% to (50%) 13. [Ans. A]
50% and In class A power amplifier, output signal
78.5% varies a full 360o of input signal. So loss of
Class D power amplifier has highest power information is very less in Class A power
efficiency over 90%. amplifier.

3. [Ans. A] 14. [Ans. B]

In series fed Class A power amplifier, 25% of
4. [Ans. B] AC power is delivered to load. So efficiency is
25%. In transformed coupled Class A power
5. [Ans. D] amplifier, 50% of AC power is delivered to
Pi = 2 μW load. So efficiency is 50%.
Power gain = 60 dB
Po
60 dB = 10 log10 ( ) 15. [Ans. *]Range: 10 to 10
Pi
10kΩ
Po 6
= 10
Pi +
IL
Po = 106 × Pi Vs ~ 2MΩ +
−
20V
RL
= 106 × 10−6 × 2
Po = 2 watts −

To deliver maximum power to load

6. [Ans. A]
R L = R o = 10 kΩ
R L = 10 kΩ
7. [Ans. D]
VL 20
IL = = = 1 mA
R o + R L 10 kΩ + 10 kΩ
8. [Ans. C]

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 Miscellaneous
2
(Pmax )AC = IRMS R L = (1 mA)2 × 10 kΩ 20. [Ans. D]
= 1 × 10−6 × 104 = 10−2 As transistor is kept off for long duration in
= 0.01 Class C power amplifier, overall conversion
= 10 mW efficiency is very high (85% to 95%) and it is
used in the “tuned amplifier amplification”.
16. [Ans. D]
Performance of power Amplifier is measured Level-2
by two parameters.
1. Conversion of efficiency: It is a measure 1. [Ans. A]
of ability of a power amplifier to convert This circuit is called Astable multivibrator, it
DC power to AC power means that state of OP is oscillates between
PAC high and low state [It does not contain any
% n= × 100%
PDC stable state]
If more AC power is delivered to load, VC
VCC = 5V
that means that performance of power 5 2
amplifier is more 4 V = 3.33V
Figure (b) 3 3 cc
2. Figure of merit: It is the ratio of
1
maximum power dissipation in 2 V = 1.67V
1 3 CC
transistor and maximum AC power can
0
be supplied to load Vo Time (ms)
(PD )max High
F=
(PAC )max THigh TLow
Figure of merit is less for increasing Figure (c)
Low
performance of power amplifier.
Time (ms)
17. [Ans. A]
Figure of merit is given by: 2. [Ans. *]Range: 640 to 645
(PD )max Given that
F=
(PAC )max R A = 7.5 kΩ
PD = maximum power dissipation in transistor R B = 7.5 kΩ
PAC = maximum AC power delivered to load, R A + R B = 15 kΩ
for ideal power amplifier power dissipation in C = 0.1 μF
transistor is zero. THigh = 0.693 (R A + R B )C
So figure of merit is zero ideal power = 0.693(7.5 × 103 + 7.5 × 103 )(0.1 × 10−6 )
amplifiers. = 1.0395 ms
TLow = 0.693 R B C
18. [Ans. A] = 0.693 (7.5 × 103 )(0.1 × 10−6 )
This circuit is called as simple series regulator = 0.519 ms
circuit, where transistor acts as a series T = THigh + TLow = 1.0395 ms + 0.519 ms
control element and zener diode provide T = 1.558 ms
reference voltage. 1 1
This circuit is called series regulator circuit. f= = ≃ 642 Hz
T 1.558 × 10−3

19. [Ans. D] 3. [Ans. B]

To improve the performance of power (Pac )o
Efficiency, η =
amplifier operating point should be (Pdc )i
established at the edge of dc load line, and 3m
towards cut off region. Efficiency of Class B = = 0.02
150 m
power amplifier is 78.5 %. % of η = 2%

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 Miscellaneous
4. [Ans. C] 2 2
IDC = IL(P) = × 1.25 = 0.795 A
The circuit as shown above is monostable π π
multivibrator circuit. So this circuit is also Pi (dc) = VCC × IDC = (30 V)(0.795) = 23.9 W
called as a one-shot circuit. VL IL 20 × 1.25
Po (Ac) = VRMS × IRMS = × =
When trigger input signal goes negative, it √2 √2 2
triggers the one shot with output at pin 3, then = 12.5 W
going high for a time period given by Po (AC) × 100 12.5W
THigh = 1.1 R AC %η= = = 52.30%
Pi (DC) 23.9 W
THigh = 1.1 × 7.5 kΩ × 0.1 μF = 0.825 ms
9. [Ans. C]
5. [Ans. B] Vo = VZ − VBE
One shot circuit is called a mono-stable = 10 − 0.7 = 9.3 V
multivibrator VCE = Vi − Vo
As we know T = 1.1 R AC
= 25 − 9.3 = 15.7 V
[T = 20 μS R A = 7 kΩ]
Vi − 10 25 − 10
T = 1.1 R AC IR = = = 75 mA
200 200
20 μs = 1.1 × 7 kΩ × C Vo 9.3 V
20μs IL = = = 4.65 mA
C= = 2.597 × 10−9 2 kΩ 2 kΩ
1.1 × 7 kΩ
IC 4.65 mA
C = 2597.4 pF IB = = = 46.5 μA
β 100
IZ = IR − IB = 75 mA − 46.5 μA = 74.95 mA
6. [Ans. A]
VCE Q = VCC = 12 V
10. [Ans. C]
(VCE )max = (VCE )Q + V(P) = 12 + 3 = 15 V 2
VRMS = P × R = 12.5 W × 4Ω = 50
(VCE )min = (VCE )Q − V(P) = 12 − 3 = 9 V
Vp
VCE max − VCE min
2 VRMS =
% η = 50 ( ) % √2
VCE max + VCE min
VP = √2VRMS
15 − 9 2
% η = 50 ( ) = 3.125 % = √2 × √50
15 + 9
VP = 10 V
7. [Ans. *]Range: 6.3 to 6.4 VCC = 5 + VP = 5 + 10 = 15 V
Assume that the maximum power is being 2
12.5 12.5
IRMS = =
delivered, i.e. R 4
Vo′ (peak) = 36 V IP
IRMS =
Also, we have the voltage gain for transformer √2
Vo′ n1 4 IP = √2IRMS
= =
Vo n2 1
Vo′ 12.5
or Vo = IP = √2 × √
4 4
36
So, Vo = =9V IP = 2.50 A
4
2
Hence, the RMS voltage across the load is Idc = IP
9 π
VRMS = = 6.36 V 2
√2 Pdc = Vcc Idc = 15 × × 2.5
π
Pac 12.5
8. [Ans. *]Range: 52 to 53 η= × 100 = 2 × 100
Pdc 15 × × 2.5
A 20 V peak signal across a 16 Ω load provides π
a peak load current of η = 52.359%
VL(P) 20 V η = 52.36%
IL(P) = = = 1.25 A
RL 16 Ω

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 Miscellaneous
11. [Ans. B] 15. [Ans. *]Range: 195 to 197
Vo × 10 kΩ Vo For dc analysis, we redraw the circuit as
V10 kΩ = =
30 k + 10 k 4 +10V
Vo
6.2 V =
4 IC
Vo = 24.8 V
Q1
+
12. [Ans. *]Range: 11.3 to 11.3 VBE1
1.3V + −
For the Q-point to be at the centre of the load − Loop1 +
line, we have VBE2
− Q2
VCC 12
VCE = = =6V
2 2
12 − 6
and IC = = 60 mA
100
−10V
60 mA
Also, IB = = 1mA Applying KVL in loop 1, we get
60
For dc analysis, we redraw the given circuit as VBE1 + VBE2 = 1.3
+12V IC IC
or, VT ln + VT ln = 1.3
RL IS IS
VCC (IS and VT are same for both transistor)
CE IC
100Ω or, 2VT ln = 1.3
R→ B ∞ IS
R L Ic
IB RL 1.3
VCC R L So, IC = 10−15 e(2×25 m)
VCC +
CE VCC = 196 μA
CE V
VCC = 6V
→
CE ∞ CE
→+∞ C−
E
→∞
R0.7
L − → ∞ 16. [Ans. A]
RL
R Vref = 1.25 V
Loop 1 VCCL R L V
CE VCC CC Vref 1.25V
CE Iref = = = 5.20 mA
→ ∞C 240 240
Applying KVL in Eloop →1,∞we have
→∞ At node A: Ix = IADJ + Iref
12 − IB R B − 0.7 = 0
12 − 0.7 Ix = 100 μA + 5.20 mA
or, R B = = 11.3 kΩ Ix = 5.3 mA, V2.4 kΩ = 5.3 mA × 2.4 kΩ
1m
V2.4kΩ = 12.72 V
13. [Ans. *]Range: 26 to 26 Vo = Vref + V2.4 kΩ = 1.25 V + 12.72 V
Vo = VZ + VBE = 13.97 V
Vo = 9 + 0.7 V = 9.7 V Vo = 13.97 V
Vo 9.7
IL = = = 97 mA
R L 100 17. [Ans. C]
22 − 9.7 Duty cycle
IS = = 123 mA
100 ON Time
IC = IS − IL =
ON Time + OFF Time
IC = 123 mA − 97 mA (R A + R B )C
=
= 26 mA (R A + R B )C + R B C
(R A + R B )
14. [Ans. *]Range: 6.4 to 6.4 =
(R A + 2R B )
From the figure
Duty cycle of the output waveform Vo not
Vo = VZ + VBE2 + VBE1 depend upon capacitor ‘C’.
Vo = 5 + 0.7 + 0.7
Vo = 6.4 Volts

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18. [Ans. C] Level-3
For the given circuit, we have dc supply power
Pdc = VCC × ICQ 1. [Ans. *]Range: 10.7 to 10.9
= 13 × 5 m = 65 mW D1
For dc input, indicator behaves as short
circuit. Therefore, by dc analysis, we have
VCC − VCEQ − 1 k × 5 m = 0 VIN VOUT Vo

or VCEQ = 13 − 5 = 8 V ADJ R1 240Ω

The maximum ac power delivered to the 120 VRMS
100μA D2 Iref 1.25V
transformer primary winding is 1.25V
R2 C1
1.8kΩ 1.25V
1
Po′ = VCEQ ICQ 10μF C2
2
1 R2
= × 8 × 5m Vo = Vref (1 + ) + IAdJ ∙ R 2
2 R1
= 20 mW 1.8 k
Vo = 1.25 (1 + ) + (100 μA)(2.8 kΩ)
Since, the transformer efficiency is 80%, so we 240 Ω
obtain ≃ 10.8 V
Po = ηPo′
= 0.8 × 20 m 2. [Ans. *]Range: 344 to 346
= 16 mW For dc analysis, we redraw the circuit as
Thus, we obtain the maximum efficiency as VCC = 10V
Maximum efficiency
AC power
= × 100
Power delivered Vo RL
R1 = 1.55k Vo′
Po
= × 100
Pdc
16 mW
= × 100 VTH = 6.80
65 mW +
VBE −
= 24.6 %
R 2 = 0.73k RE
19. [Ans. A]
A 20 V peak signal across a 16 Ω load provides
a peak load current of
VL (p) 20 V By using voltage divider rule, we have
IL (p) = = = 1.25 A R2
RL 6 VTH =
R1 + R 2
2 2
Idc = IL (p) = × 1.25 = 0.796 A 1.55 k
π π = × 10
1.55 k + 0.73 k
Pi (dc) = Vcc Idc = 30 V × 0.796 = 23.9 W
= 6.80 V
VL2 (20 V)2
Po (ac) = = = 12.5 W and R TH = R1 ∥ R 2 = 1.55 ∥ 0.73 = 0.496 kΩ
2R L (2 × 16) So, we have the simplified circuit as given
Po (ac) 12.5 W below.
%η= × 100% = × 100
Pi (dc) 23.9 W
= 52.3 %
R TH
20. [Ans. B]
1 1 +
f= = VBE
T 0.6931(R A + R B )C + 0.693 IR B C VTH + −
− ① RE
= 109.3 kHz

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 Miscellaneous
Applying KVL in the loop 1, we get 4. [Ans. A]
VTH − IBQ R TH − VBEQ − IE R E = 0 The voltage V2 provided by sensing resistor s
VTH − VBEQ R1 and R 2 must equal to the sum of base-
or IBQ = emitter voltage of Q 2 and zener diode that is
R TH + (1 + β)R E
6.80 − 0.70 R2
= VBE2 + VZ = V2 = V
0.496 + 26 × (0.02) R1 + R 2 o
= 6 mA R1 + R 2
Vo = (VBE1 + VZ )
So, the collector current is R2
ICQ = βIBQ = 150 mA 20 k + 30 k
= (0.7 + 8.3)
Therefore, we obtain the circuit parameters as 30 k
R′L = α2 R L = (3)2 8 = 72 Ω Vo = 15 V
ICQ
and g m =
VT 5. [Ans. D]
150 m For positive value of input voltage
= = 5.77 A/V
26 m (If Vi ≥ 1.4 V), the transistor Q1 , Q 3 will be ON.
by using small signal model, the gain of ciruict is
So, we have the equivalent circuit as
Av = −g m R′L = −5.77(72) = −415
+15V
So, we get Vo′ = |Av |Vi = 415(0.017) = 7.06 V
Now, we have the voltage transfer ratio for the
transformer
n1 : n2 = 3 ∶ 1, So, we obtain
Vo′ 3
= +
Vo 1 0.7
−
Vo′
or Vo = Vi + +
3 ~
− 0.7 −
7.06 Vo
= = 2.35 V
3
Thus, the ac power delivered to the load is
1 Vo2
̅
PL =
2 RL
−15V
(2.35)2
= = 345 mW From the circuit, we obtain
2×8
Vo = Vi − 0.7 − 0.7
= Vi − 1.4 V
3. [Ans. B]
Again, for negative value of Vi , we have the
VCC = 12 V
equivalent circuit
ICQ = 72 mA
Output peak to peak voltage
VP−P = 12 V, R L = 100 Ω
Maximum output voltage
VPP 12
Vm = = = 6V
2 2
Maximum output current 0.7 +
+ Vo
Im =
Vm
=
6
= 0.06 A
Vi ~
−
−
R L 100 8Ω
Efficiency of the Class-A power amplifier
1
VM IM
η=2 × 100
VCC ICQ −15V
1
× 6 × 0.06 From the circuit, we obtain the output voltage
2
= × 100 Thus, the transfer characteristics is
12 × 72 × 10−3
= 20.83%

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 Miscellaneous
Vo 7. [Ans. B]
Given circuit is series voltage regulator
In a series voltage regulator
0.7V R2
Vi (Vref or VE ) + VBE = V
R1 + R 2 o
1.4V
Vo = 3(2.5) = 7.5 V

8. [Ans. *]Range: 4 to 4
The power dissipation during the ON time is
6. [Ans. A] PD,on = IC(sat) = VCE(sat)
Vo The total time period of amplifier is
R1 = 1kΩ 1
T= = 5 μsec
200k
A Let the transistor be ON for a short time, t on
R 2 = 1kΩ and OFF for the rest of the input cycle. Since,
the amplifier is operating over 100% of the
B
VZ + VBE1 load line, so we have
R 3 = 1kΩ t on
PD(avg) = P
T D,on
t on
Suppose arrow at point A: = I V
T C(sat) CE(sat)
Vo × (R 2 + R 3 ) 1μ
VZ + VBE3 = = × 100m × 0.2
(R1 + R 2 + R 3 ) 5μ
(5 + 0.7)(3k) = 4 mW
Vo =
2k
Vo = 8.55 V 9. [Ans. A]
Vo IB1 = IB2 = 0
R1 [because B1 , B2 are large in transistor Q1 , Q 2 ]
Vo × R1 Vo × 1 k
A VR1 = =
R1 + R 2 3k
(VR1 ) × (3 k)
R2 Vo = = 3VR1
1k
VZ + VBE3 at node A ∶
R3 VA = 5 − 0.7 = 4.3 V
VB = 4.3 + 0.7 = 5 V
VR1 = 5 V
Suppose arrow at point B: Vo = 15 V
Vo At node A:
R1 IC1 + IC2 = Io = 8 mA
IC1 = 8 mA − IC2 ⋯ ①
R2 At node C:
B IC2 = I1 kΩ − TB3 ⋯ ②
Vo 15
IE3 = IL + =2+ = 2.005 A
VZ + VBE3 R3 R1 + R 2 3k
IE3 2.005
I B3 = = = 19.85 mA
1+β 101
Vo × R 3 At node C:
VZ + VBE3 = VC = Vo + 0.7
(R1 + R 2 + R 3 )
(5 + 0.7) × 3k VC = 15 + 0.7
Vo = VC = 15.7 V
1k
Vo = 17.1 V

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 Miscellaneous
20 − 15.7
I1kΩ = = 4.3 mA
1 kΩ
From equation ②
IC2 = 4.3 mA − 19.85 mA
IC2 = −15.55 mA
IC1 = 8 mA + 15.55 mA
IC1 = 23.55 mA
Vo = 15 V, IC1 = 23.55 mA

10. [Ans. *]Range: 22.5 to 23.2

The base current is zero because β is very
large. So, IB flows through 5 kΩ resistor. For
dc analysis, we redraw the given circuit as
VCC

IB
IC
Q1
+
VBE1 −
+
1.25V 5kΩ Vo
+
− VBE2
Q2
RL

−VEE
From the circuit, we have
1.25 = VBE1 + VEB2
IC IC
or VT ln + VT ln = 1.25
IS1 IS2
IC2
or VT ln = 1.25
IS1 IS2
1.25
So, IC = √10−15 × 10−16 e0.025
= 22.8 μA

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