Analytical Geometry & Trigonometry

1. (a) Find equation of the circle with center (−𝟐, 𝟓) that passes through point (𝟏, 𝟕).
SOLUTION:
Standard form of equation of circle with center (h,k) is given by :
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Center of the circle is: (−2,5)
This means ℎ = −2 and 𝑘 = 5
Also circle passes through point (1,7) i.e 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 7
Putting these values in equation of circle
[1 − (−2)]2 + (7 − 5)2 = 𝑟 2
32 + 22 = 𝑟 2
𝑟 2 = 13

𝑟 = √13
So, we can write equation of circle with center (−2,5) that passes through point (1,7).
[𝑥 − (−2)]2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 13
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 13
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 13
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 29 = 13
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 29 − 13 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 16 = 0
b) Find the equation of circle with center (−𝟏, −𝟐) that is orthogonal to the circle in part (a).
SOLUTION:
General form of equation of circle is given by :
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Where center is (−𝑔, −𝑓)
Equation of circle in part (a) is given by:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 – 10𝑦 + 16 = 0
It can be written as:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(2)𝑥 – 2(5)𝑦 + 16 = 0
This means:
𝑔 = 2, 𝑓 = 5, 𝑐 = 16
Equation of circle with center: (−𝑔′, −𝑓′) = (−1, −2) is given by:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(1)𝑥 + 2(2)𝑦 + 𝑐′ = 0
Both of the circles will be orthogonal if:
2𝑔𝑔’ + 2𝑓𝑓’ = 𝑐 + 𝑐’
Here 𝑔 = 2 , 𝑓 = 5, 𝑐 = 16 & 𝑔’ = 1 , 𝑓’ = 2 , 𝑐’ = 𝑐
Put in the above equation:
2(2)(1) + 2(5)(2) = 16 + 𝑐’
24 = 16 + 𝑐’
𝑐’ = 8
So the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to circle in part (a) is given by:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔′𝑥 + 2𝑓′𝑦 + 𝑐′ = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(1)𝑥 + 2(2)𝑦 + 8 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8 = 0
 2. a) The arch of bridge over major haitian highway is semi-elliptical with
horizontal major axis The base of the arch covers the entire 50 – foot width of the two –
lane road, and the highest part of the arch is 15 feet vertically above the centerline of the
road. Can a truck 14 feet high pass under this bridge, staying left of the centerline, if the
truck is 10 feet wide? You must justify your answer showing all your computations.
SOLUTION:

Here 𝑎 = 25 , 𝑏 = 15
We know that equation of ellipse (major axis on x-axis) is given by:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
We also know that if:
𝑥0 2 𝑦0 2
+ 2 ≤1
𝑎2 𝑏
It means that Point (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) lies inside ellipse
𝑥0 2 𝑦0 2
+ 2 ≥1
𝑎2 𝑏
It means that Point (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) lies outside ellipse
𝑥0 2 𝑦0 2
+ 2 =1
𝑎2 𝑏
It means that Point (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) lies on the ellipse
We will put Point 𝑃 (−10,14) in the equation of ellipse to see whether point lies inside or outside the ellipse.
(−10)2 (14)2
+ = 1.03 ≥ 1
(25)2 (15)2
This means that Point 𝑃 (−10,14) lies outside of ellipse.
Thus Truck of width 10ft and height of 14ft can’t pass through bridge.
b) Find the coordinates of focus and the equation of directrix of the parabola
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 and sketch its graph.
SOLUTION:
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 = 0
The equation may be written as: 𝑥 2 + 2(𝑥)(4) + 42 = 𝑦 − 6 + 42
(𝑥 + 4)2 = (𝑦 + 10)
Let 𝑥+4=𝑋 𝑦 + 10 = 𝑌
So the equation becomes: 𝑋2 = 𝑌
We can also write this equation in general form (𝑋 2 = 4𝑎𝑌)
1 1
𝑋 2 = 4(4)𝑌 here 𝑎 = 4

Directrix is 𝑌 = −𝑎 put the value of a.

1
𝑌=−
4
1
𝑦 + 10 = −
4

𝟒𝟏
𝒚=−
𝟒

1
Focus of the parabola lies on 𝑋 = 0 and whose directrix is 𝑌 = − 4
1
i.e., 𝑥+4=0 𝑦 + 10 = − 4
41
𝑥 = −4 𝑦=− 4

𝟒𝟏
So the coordinates of focus are: (−𝟒, − )
𝟒
GRAPH:
 3. Find the center, vertices and foci of the hyper bola
𝟐𝟓 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒚 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒𝟖𝟗 = 𝟎
And sketch its graph.
SOLUTION:
25 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 250𝑦 + 24𝑥 + 489 = 0
This equation can be written as:

25(𝑦 2 − 10𝑦) − 4(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) + 489 = 0

25[𝑦 2 − 2(𝑦)(5) + 52 − 52 ] – 4[𝑥 2 − 2(𝑥)(3) + 32 − 32 ] + 489 = 0

25[(𝑦 − 5)2 − 25] − 4[(𝑥 − 3)2 − 9] + 489 = 0

25(𝑦 − 5)2 − 625 − 4(𝑥 − 3)2 + 36 + 489 = 0

25(𝑦 − 5)2 − 4(𝑥 − 3)2 = 100

Dividing by 100 on both sides.
(𝑦 − 5)2 (𝑥 − 3)2
− =1
4 25
(𝑦 − 5)2 (𝑥 − 3)2
− =1
22 52
Let 𝑌 = 𝑦 − 5 and 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 3
So above equation becomes
𝑌2 𝑋2
− =1
22 52
Hyperbole will have its center at 𝑋 = 0 and 𝑌 = 0
i.e., 𝑥 − 3 = 0 and 𝑦 − 5 = 0
This means 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 5

Center of hyperbola is (𝟑, 𝟓)

Vertices are (0, ±𝑎)
Here a=2

So vertices of hyperbola are : (𝟎, ±𝟐)

Foci are (0, ±𝑐)

We know that 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2

This means that 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

Put values: 𝑐 = √22 + 52 = √29

So Foci are: (𝟎, ± √𝟐𝟗)

GRAPH:
 4. In 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑶𝑨𝑩, 𝑶 is the origin, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑨 = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌 ̂
𝑶𝑩 = 𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
i. Show that 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑶𝑨𝑩 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒔𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒔.
ii. Find 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑨𝑶𝑩 correct to nearest degree.
SOLUTION:
i. Triangle is isosceles if its two sides are equal.
We’ll calculate magnitude of OA and OB.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(4)2 + (−3)2 + (4)2 = √41
|𝑂𝐴
Similarly,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(1)2 + (6)2 + (−2)2 = √41
|𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑂𝐵
Since, |𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |, this means 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is isosceles.

ii. To calculate angle, we will calculate dot product.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 = (4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ). (𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) = 4 − 18 − 8 = −22
𝑂𝐴. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Also we know that,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = |𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | |𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
−22 = (√41) (√41)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
22
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −
41
−1
22
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− )
41
𝜃 = 122.45𝑜
iii. Find the 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
To find the area of triange, we need to calculate first Magnitude of Cross Product.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) 𝑋 (𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ )
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= (4 −3 4 )
1 6 −2
−3 4 4 4 4 −3
= 𝑖̂ | | − 𝑗̂ | | + 𝑘̂ | |
6 −2 1 −2 1 6
= 𝑖̂(6 − 24) − 𝑗̂(−8 − 4) + 𝑘̂ (24 + 3)
= −18𝑖̂ + 12𝑗̂ + 27𝑘̂

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
So, the magnitude is, |𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐵| = √(−18)2 + (12)2 + (27)2 = 3√133
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
And Area of Triiangle is therefore 𝐴 = |𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐵| = 17.3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2
 ⃗ = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝒊̂ + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)𝒋̂. Show that modulus of 𝒓 is independent
5. The vector r is given by 𝒓
of 𝜽.
SOLUTION:

|𝑟| = √(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2

= √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

= √(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) + 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)

= √1 + 4

= √5

|𝑟| ≠ |𝑟|( 𝜃)
 6. a) ⃗ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒋̂ and ⃗𝒃 = 𝒃𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝟐 𝒋̂ with |𝒂
Let 𝒂 ⃗ | = 𝟏𝟑 and |𝒃⃗ | = 𝟏𝟎. Find the value of
⃗ + ⃗𝒃). (𝒂
(𝒂 ⃗ − ⃗𝒃)
b) ⃗ −𝒂
If 𝟐𝒃 ⃗ = 𝟏𝟏𝒊̂ determine the possible values of 𝒂 ⃗ and ⃗𝒃.
SOLUTION:

a. (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗). (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) = [(𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂) + (𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂)]. [(𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂) − (𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂)
= [(𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝑗̂]. [(𝑎1 − 𝑏1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )𝑗̂]
= (𝑎12 − 𝑏12 + 𝑎22 − 𝑏22 )
= (𝑎12 + 𝑎22 ) − (𝑏12 + 𝑏22 )
= |𝑎|2 − |𝑏|2
= 132 − 102
= 69
b. (2𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) = 2(𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂) − (𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂) = (2𝑏1 − 𝑎1 )𝑖̂ + ( 2𝑏2 − 𝑎2 )𝑗̂ = 11𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂
Comparing LHS and RHS components.
2𝑏1 − 𝑎1 = 11 this means 𝑎1 = 2𝑏1 −11 …………eq(i)
2𝑏2 − 𝑎2 = 0 this means 𝑎2 = 2𝑏2 …………eq(ii)
So the 𝑎 becomes:
𝑎 = (2𝑏1 − 11)𝑖̂ + 2𝑏2 𝑗̂
|𝑎| = √(2𝑏1 − 11)2 + (2𝑏2 )2

13 = √(4𝑏12 + 121 − 44𝑏1 + 4𝑏22 )

13 = √4(𝑏12 + 𝑏22 ) − 44𝑏1 + 121

13 = √4|𝑏|2 − 44𝑏1 + 121

13 = √4(10)2 − 44𝑏1 + 121

13 = √521 − 44𝑏1

169 = 521 − 44𝑏1

44𝑏1 = 352
𝑏1 = 8
Also,

|𝑏⃗|2 = 𝑏12 + 𝑏22 = 102

𝑏22 = 102 − 𝑏12 = 100 − 82

𝑏22 = 36
𝑏2 = ±6
Put values of 𝑏1 and 𝑏2 in equ(i) and equ(ii)
Thus equ(i) becomes
2𝑏1 − 𝑎1 = 11
2(8) − 𝑎1 = 11
 𝑎1 = 16 − 11
𝑎1 = 5
And equ(ii) becomes
2𝑏2 − 𝑎2 = 0
𝑎2 = 2𝑏2
𝑎2 = 2(±6)
𝑎2 = ±12
So,

⃗ = 𝟓𝒊̂ ± 𝟏𝟐𝒋̂
𝒂
⃗𝒃 = 𝟖𝒊̂ ± 𝟔𝒋̂