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Elsmo

The document summarizes problems for the Everyone Loves Schemes Math Olympiad being held on June 16th and 17th in Lincoln, Nebraska. It outlines 6 problems each day related to geometry, number theory, and algebra. It also provides 6 scheme-related supplemental problems labeled S1 through S6 covering topics in algebraic geometry including morphisms between schemes and properties of tangent bundles. A large, clearly labeled diagram is required for solutions.

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Nadia
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30 views2 pages

Elsmo

The document summarizes problems for the Everyone Loves Schemes Math Olympiad being held on June 16th and 17th in Lincoln, Nebraska. It outlines 6 problems each day related to geometry, number theory, and algebra. It also provides 6 scheme-related supplemental problems labeled S1 through S6 covering topics in algebraic geometry including morphisms between schemes and properties of tangent bundles. A large, clearly labeled diagram is required for solutions.

Uploaded by

Nadia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Everyone Loves Schemes Math Olympiad

Lincoln, Nebraska
Day I 8 a.m. - 12:30 p.m.
June 16, 2012

Note: For any problem, the first page of the solution must be a large, in-scale, clearly labeled diagram
made with drawing instruments (ruler, compass, protractor, graph paper, carbon paper). Failure to meet
any of these requirements will result in an automatic 0 for that problem.

1. In acute triangle ABC, let D, E, F denote the feet of the altitudes from A, B, C, respectively, and let
ω be the circumcircle of 4AEF . Let ω1 and ω2 be the circles through D tangent to ω at E and F ,
respectively. Show that ω1 and ω2 meet at a point P on BC other than D.
2. Find all ordered pairs of positive integers (m, n) for which there exists a set C = {c1 , . . . , ck } (k ≥ 1)
of colors and an assignment of colors to each of the mn unit squares of a m × n grid such that for every
color ci ∈ C and unit square S of color ci , exactly two direct (non-diagonal) neighbors of S have color
ci .
3. Let f, g be polynomials with complex coefficients such that gcd(deg f, deg g) = 1. Suppose that there
exist polynomials P (x, y) and Q(x, y) with complex coefficients such that f (x) + g(y) = P (x, y)Q(x, y).
Show that one of P and Q must be constant.

S1. Let S1 , S2 be schemes such that S2 is quasi-compact and quasi-separated. Let s : S1 → S2 be a quasi-
finite, separated, and finitely presented morphism. Prove that there exists a scheme S1 and morphisms
s1 : S1 → S1 and s2 : S1 → S2 such that s is the composition of s1 ◦ s2 , s1 is an open embedding, and
s2 is finite.
S2. Let f : S1 → S2 a be proper morphism between quasi-projective integral schemes of finite type over
a field. Let td(S2 ), td(S2 ) be the Todd classes of the tangent bundles of S1 and S2 . Suppose s is
an element of the Grothendieck group of coherent sheaves on S1 . Prove that f∗ (ch(s) · td(S1 )) =
ch(f! (s)) · td(S2 ).
S3. Let S be an integral scheme of finite type over a field S of characteristic s. Must there exist a
nonsingular variety S 0 over S and a proper birational map from S 0 to S?

MOSP 2012

1
Everyone Loves Schemes Math Olympiad
Lincoln, Nebraska
Day II 8 a.m. - 12:30 p.m.
June 17, 2012

Note: For any problem, the first page of the solution must be a large, in-scale, clearly labeled diagram
made with drawing instruments (ruler, compass, protractor, graph paper, carbon paper). Failure to meet
any of these requirements will result in an automatic 0 for that problem.

√ √
4. Let a0 , b0 be positive integers, and define ai+1 = ai + b bi c and bi+1 = bi + b ai c for all i ≥ 0. Show
that there exists a positive integer n such that an = bn .
5. Let ABC be an acute triangle with AB < AC, and let D and E be points on side BC such that
BD = CE and D lies between B and E. Suppose there exists a point P inside ABC such that
P D k AE and ∠P AB = ∠EAC. Prove that ∠P BA = ∠P CA.

6. A diabolical combination lock has n dials (each with c possible states), where n, c > 1. The dials are
initially set to states d1 , d2 , . . . , dn , where 0 ≤ di ≤ c − 1 for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n. Unfortunately, the actual
states of the dials (the di ’s) are concealed, and the initial settings of the dials are also unknown. On a
given turn, one may advance each dial by an integer amount ci (0 ≤ ci ≤ c − 1), so that every dial is
now in a state d0i ≡ di + ci (mod c) with 0 ≤ di ≤ c − 1. After each turn, the lock opens if and only
if all of the dials are set to the zero state; otherwise, the lock selects a random integer k and cyclically
shifts the di ’s by k (so that for every i, di is replaced by di−k , where indices are taken modulo n).
Show that the lock can always be opened, regardless of the choices of the initial configuration and the
choices of k (which may vary from turn to turn), if and only if n and c are powers of the same prime.
S4. Let S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 be a syclic octagon. Let Si0 by the intersection of Si Si+1 and Si+3 Si+4 . (Take
S9 = S1 , S10 = S2 , et setera) Prove that S10 , S20 , . . . , S80 lie on a conic.
S5. We have a graph with s vertisees and at least s2 /10 edges. Each edge is colored in one of S colors such
that no two intsident edges have the same color. Assume that no sycles of size 10 have the same set of
8
colors. Prove that there is a constant S such that S is at least Ss 5 for any s.
S6. Are there positive integers s1 , s2 such that there exist 2012 positive integers s such that both s1 − s2
and s1 − s2 are perfect squares?

MOSP 2012

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