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A Quick Guide to AASHTO LRFD at Caltrans,
With reference to present LFD Methods
Concept AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Caltrans Bridge Design
Specifications w/Caltrans Specifications, based on
Amendments AASHTO Standard Specs
GENERAL
Scope Structural and Geotechnical Structural
Notation
• Stress • f (Note: This change • σ
eliminates confusion with
σ=standard deviation as
used in the calibration.)
• ϕ • “resistance factor” • “strength reduction factor”
Primary Design LRFD—Eqn. 1.3.2.1 LFD—Eqn. 3-10
Method φR n ≤ Ση i γ i Qi (GroupN ) = γ [Σβ iQi ]
Note: ηi=1.0 at Caltrans
Safety (LL’s) Calibrated to Pf = 1 : 4200 Experience-based
Scour
Considerations
• Footing • Top-of-pile cap above • “Footings on piles may be
locations degradation+contraction. located above the lowest
Bottom-of-pile-cap above anticipated scour level
degradation + contraction + provided the piles are
local pier scour, unless designed for this
piles are designed for condition.” (4.4.2.2)
bending (2.6.4.4.2).
• Stability • Factored live loads with • Not specified
50% channel degradation
• Seismic • Seismic loads with • Varies
degradation effects, only
Slab thickness, Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 Additional Table 8.9.2
min. cover of 0.5 in. required when
grinding is anticipated.
Seismic CA Seismic Design Criteria CA Seismic Design Criteria
superceeds AASHTO LRFD superceeds AASHTO Std
provisions Specs, CA BDS provisions
Temporary • “temporary” defined as 5 Not addressed
structures years (3.10.10)
• MTD 15-14 applies to both
LFD and LRFD
LOADS
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Vehicular LL HL93 (3.6.1.2): HS20 truck or HS20 truck, alternate military
tandem, AND HS20 lane load vehicle, or HS20 lane load
Short, heavy LL “Design Tandem”--Two 25k “Alternate Military Load”--Two
axles, 4’ c-c (3.6.1.2.3) 24k axles, 4’ c-c (3.7.4)
Vehicular Live • 90%*[Two trucks, 50 ft min. HS20 lane loading with
Loads, -M and between axles+lane load] shear, moment riders (3.7.6)
reactions • 100%[Two tandems, 50 ft.
between ft., rear axles
Braking; 3.6.4 25% of truck or tandem; 3.9.1 5% of HS 20 truck
longitudinal forces 5% of truck or tandem + lane
Permit Design Live P15 longdeck (3.6.1.7) P5, P7, P11, P13 (Figure
Loads 3.7.7B)
Column collision 400k (3.6.5.2) Not addressed
Surcharge 3.11.6.4 (due to LL only; 3.20.3
• abutments separate load for earth) • 2 ft, if traffic is within one-
• 2 to 4 ft depending on ht, half the wall ht away
• retaining walls may be reduced with slab • 2 ft, if traffic is within one-
• 2 to 5 ft depending on ht, half the wall ht away
2 ft if traffic is > 1ft away
Temperature 3.12 3.16
• Longitudinal • TU—Procedure A w/2 air • 3 air ranges, concrete and
ranges; Procedure B steel
w/maps and movement eq.
• Vertical • TG—FYI; not in CTBridge • not addressed
Load Factors Table 3.4.1-1 Table 3.22.1A
• Dead load • Maximum and minimum γ’s • Footnote to Table 3.22.1A
provided in Table 3.4.1-2 regarding β = 0.75
• Wearing • Less predictable than deck, • Same load factor as deck,
surface, utilities girders; higher load factor girders
• Dynamic Load • IM=33% (Table 3.6.2.1-1) • 3.8.2 I=50/(L+125)
Allowance Note: 75% at joints; 15% for
(Impact) fatigue
• Multiple • Included in load distribution • 100% for 2 lanes; 90% for
Presence tables; 1.2 for 1 lane, 1.0 3 lanes; 75% for > 4 lanes
for 2 lanes, 0.85 for 3
lanes, 0.65 for 4 lanes
Load Table 3.4.1-1 Table 3.22.1A
Combinations
• Service loads • Strength I • Group IH
• Overloads • Strength II (2 lanes) • Group IPC
• Widely-spaced • Strength II (refined anal.) • Group IPW, Group IP3D
• Subst. Design • Strength II-sub • Group IPW
• Wind • Strength III • Group II
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• DL only • Strength IV (long-span br.) • (not addressed)
• Wind+LL • Strength V • Group III
• Earthquake • Extreme Event I • Group VII
• Prestressing • Service I, III • Group I, Table 3.22.1B
• Fatigue • Fatigue I, II-III (coming) • (not addressed in Chpt. 3)
ANALYSIS Note: axles not contributing to
extreme force effect are
neglected (3.6.1.3.1)
LL Distribution for • Expressions in 4.6.2.2.__-_ • “s-over” per Table 3.23.1,
• beam-slab Moment, interior girder, 2b-1 unlimited range of
bridges Moment, exterior girder, 2d-1 applicability
Shear, interior girder, 3a-1
Shear, exterior girder, 3b-1
• concrete • Whole-width design--take • “overall width÷7” per Table
box girders interior girder factors, 3.23.1; unlimited range of
above, and multiply by applicability
number of girders. Range
of applicability expanded
per study by UCD.
• decks • Strength method with • Working Stress (3.24.3.1);
equivalent strip widths, M=P*(S+2)/32 ft-k/ft
Table 4.6.2.1.3-1. HL93
design moments in A4-1.
• slab bridges • For one design lane • Distribution width, E, for
loaded, Eq. 4.6.2.3-1 one lane of traffic is
(4+0.06S)<7ft, for truck
E = 10.0 + 5.0 L1W1
loads; and 2E for lane
• For two design lanes loads (reinforcement
loaded, Eq. 4.6.3.2-2 parallel to traffic). 3.24.3.2
12.0W
E = 84.0 + 1.44 L 1 W 1 ≤
NL
L1=span length < 60 ft
W1<30 ft (1 lane);60 ft (2+lane)
• Not designed for, but 2
• Edge bm dgn—1 lane of
#10’s T & B (BDA)
wheels (4.6.2.1.4b)
Skew—LL’s BDA p5-32 or shell-model BDA p5-32
Braced, unbraced 4.6.2.5 CA amendments, Not addressed
frames; effective AASHTO ’06 Interims
length factors
CONCRETE
Methodology Unified Concrete Design RC and PS separate
Units, Terminology • f’c (KSI) • f’c (PSI)
• compression member • column
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• flexural member • beam
Lightweight ’05 Interims for shear, flexure Recent research NOT
concrete based on recent research incorporated
Service load Service I—compression SLD Group I on Table
combo’s for Service III--tension 3.22.1B of BDS April ‘00
allowable f check Table 3.4.1-1, AASHTO LRFD
Allowable Stresses
• Concrete Before losses Before losses (9.15.2.1)
• Compression (5.9.4.1.1): • Compression, post-
fci=0.60fci tensioned: fci=0.55fci
• Compression, pre-
tensioned: fci=0.60fci
• Tension (Table 5.9.4.1.2- • Tension: 200 psi or 3√f’ci
1): 0.0948√f’ci<0.200 ksi psi w/o bonded
w/o bonded reinforcement; reinforcement; 7.5√f’ci
0.24√f’ci w/ bonded w/bonded reinforcement
reinforcement
After losses, compression After losses (9.15.2.2),
(Table 5.9.4.2.1-1): compression:
• DL+PS, only: 0.45f’c • 0.40f’c
DL+PS+LL: 0.60f’c
0.5(DL+PS)+LL: 0.40f’c
After losses, tension (Table After losses (9.15.2.2),
5.9.4.2.2-1): tension:
• Bonded tendons: 0.190√f’c • 6√f’c psi
• Unbonded tendons: not • Env. Area III, 3√f’c psi
used at Caltrans • DL, only: 0
• Stressing Steel At transfer (Table 5.9.3-1) At transfer (9.15.1)
• Post-tensioned: 0.75fpu • Post-tensioned: 0.70f’s
• Pre-tensioned: 0.75fpu • Pre-tensioned: 0.70f’s
• Pre-tensioned, low-
relaxation strand: 0.75f’s
In service (Table 5.9.3-1) In service (9.15.1)
• 0.80*0.90f’s • 0.80*0.90f’s
• Low-relaxation strand: • Low-relaxation strand:
0.80*0.85f’s 0.80*0.85f’s
Losses (post- (5.9.5) (9.16.2.2)
tensioning)
• Anchor Set • 0.375 in. • 0.375 in.
• Friction • K=0.0002; µ= (varies) • K=0; µ=0.2
• Elastic • ES=[(N-1)/2N]*fcgpEp/Eci • Included with estimated
Shortening long-term losses
• Long-term • 25 ksi (CA amended per • 20,000 psi
losses (low lax) UCSD, 5.9.5.3)
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Losses (pre- (9.16.2.2)
tensioning)
• Elastic • ES=fcgpEp/Eci • Included with estimated
Shortening long-term losses
• Long-term • Shrinkage=12(1.7-0.01H)(5/(1+f'ci) • 22,000 psi
losses (low lax) Creep=10(fpiAps/Ag)(1.7-
0.01H)(5/(1+f'ci))
Relaxation=2.5 ksi
• Total losses (Totaled in Eq. 5.9.5.3-1)
• ES+long-term losses • 35,000 psi
Flexural Design (Unified Concrete Theory)
(concrete) 5.7.3.2
• capacity— a Conventional RC
M n = Aps f ps (d p − ) + a
rectangular 2 M n = [ As f y (d − )] (8-16)
section a 2
As f y (d s − )
2
Prestressed Concrete (9-13)
ρ ** f su*
M n = A**s f su* d (1 − 0.6 )
f c'
a
M n = A ps f ps ( d p − )+
2 Conventional RC (8-19)
• capacity— a
flanged section As f y ( d s − ) + a
2 M n = ( As − As f ) f y (d − ) +
a hf
2
+ 0.85 f ' c ( b − bw )h f ( − ) Asf f y (d − 0.5h f )
2 2
Prestressed Concrete (9-14)
Asr f su*
M n = Asr f su d (1 − 0.6
*
)+
b' df 'c
0.85 f c' (b − b' )t (d − 0.5t )
• maximum 5.7.2.1; 5.7.3.3.1 Conventional RC
reinforcement Conventional RC ρ max ≤ 0.75 ρbal (8.16.3.1.1)
Limit strain to 0.004
Prestressed Concrete(9.18.1)
Prestressed—use appropriate *
* f su
overstrength (resistance) ρ ≤ 0.30 (9-20)
factor, instead (CA ‘05 f 'c
amendment, ’06 AASHTO *
Asr f su
Interim)* ≤ 0.30 (9-21)
b' df c'
• minimum Conventional RC (?)
ϕM n ≥ min(1.2M cr ,1.33M u ) Prestressed Concrete
reinforcement
ϕM n ≥ 1.2M cr (9.18.2.1)
ϕb (strength) *PC varies from 0.85 in
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compression-controlled to 1.0 ϕ=0.90 (except Group VII)
in tension-controlled regions;
CIP PS—0.85 to 0.95; RC—
0.85 to 0.90
Crack control 700 γ e z
s≤ − 2d c ; decksγe =0.75 fs = ≤ 0.6 f y (8-61)
β s fs
1
(d c a )3
dc
β s = 1+ (5.7.3.4-1)
0.7(h − d c )
Bar cut-offs for Based on flexural and shear M
positive or resistance (horizontal ld ≤ + la
V
negative moment component of inclined
reinforcing compression diagonals)
needed at section, plus ld
requirements 5.8.3.5-1
Mu N V
T= + 0.5 u + u − 0.5Vs − V p cot θ
d vφ φ φ
Shear (concrete) “Sectional Method”- Vc now Vc based on flexural cracking
• Resistance depends on applied strain, ε . + empirical safe margin
(typical flexural Total is lesser of (5.8.3.3):
members) Vn = Vc + Vs + V p Convention RC
Vn = Vc + Vs where
Vn = 0.25 f 'c bv d v + V p
for which Vc = 2 f 'c bw d
Vc = 0.316 β f 'c bv d v Av f y d
Vs =
Av f y d v (cot θ + cot α ) sin α s
Vs = Prestressed Concrete
s
Vn = Vc + Vs where
Obtain θ and β by calculating
strain (ε) and reading off Fig. Av f sy d
Vs = , and
5.8.3.4.2-1. One iteration s
required. Alternatively, use Vc is the lesser of Vci and Vcw
4.8 VM
β= ; θ = 29 + 7000ε x Vci = 0.6 f 'c b' d + Vd + i cr i
1 + 1500ε x
M max
(5.8.3.4.3)
Vcw = (3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f pc )b 'd + V p
Use Strut-and-Tie
• Short, deep
members • Distance from point of (same as above)
zero-shear to face of
support is > 2d
• Plane sections don’t
remain plane i.e. abrupt
change in cross-section i.e.
• Load causing more than ½
of the shear at a support is
l th 2d f th
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closer than 2d from the
face of support
• ϕv • 0.90 • 0.85
Torsion Addressed Not addressed
Tendon debonding Addressed (5.11.4.3) Not addressed
Fatigue resistance • Check not required for
• reinforcing bars deck slabs in multi-girder
applications. Required
only if compressive stress
is less than twice the
tensile live load stress from
fatigue load combination.
5.5.3.2 Reinforcing bars: r
f r = 21 − 0.33 f min + 8 ksi
r h
f r = 21 − 0.33 f min + 8 ksi
h
• 18.0 ksi for radii of • not addressed
• prestressing
curvature>30ft; 10.0 ksi for
tendons
radii of curvature<12.0 ksi.
Column ϕ Varies; terminology changed ϕ=0.75 with spirals
to “compression-controlled” ϕ=1.00 for seismic
Compression 5.7.4.4--Pn(max) same as LFD 8.16.4.2--Pn(max)
5.7.4.5—biaxial same as LFD 8.16.4.3—biaxial
Shear transfer 5.8.4 8.16.6.4.4
(shear friction) Vn = cAcv + µ [ Avf f y + Pc ] Vn = Avf f y µ
not to exceed: not to exceed:
Vn ≤ 0.2 f c' Acv or Vn ≤ 0.8 Acv Vn ≤ 0.2 f c' Acv or Vn ≤ 0.8 Acv
Pierwalls 5.10.11.4.2 MTD 6-5 ρh > 0.0025; 12-in.
(reinforcing reqm.) ρv, ρh > 0.0025; 18-in. max c-c c-c horz., 6-in. max c-c vert.
Inverted-T Bent
Cap 5.13.2.5
• effective ledge • Pad width + 4*av • Pad width + effective
width, shear (av is distance to shear reinf.) depth(?)
• effective width, • Pad width + 2*effective • Pad width +effective depth
punching shear depth
• effective ledge • Pad width + 5*af • Pad width + effective
width, flexure (af is distance to flexure reinf.) depth
• inclined stirrups • Use regular shear • Vn = Avf f y ( µ sin α f + cosα f )
equations; angle = α
• primary 2A 2 Avf
reinforcement • As ≥ vf + An ; Af + An • As ≥ + An ; Af + An
3 3
• secondary • Ah ≥ 0.5( As − An )
tension • Ah ≥ 0.5( As − An )
reinforcement
Footing Shear 5.13.3.6 8.16.6.2.1
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Av f y d v
• One-way Sectional method--see shear Vn = Vc + Vs ; Vs =
s
Action design, above, and 5.8.3.4.1. Vu d
Vc = (1.9 f c' + 2,500 ρ w )bw d
Mu
or Vc = 2 f c' bw d
• Two-way Vn = Vc + Vs ≤ 0.192 f c' bo d
Action 4
Vc = 0.0632 f c' bo d v ksi Vc = (2 + ) f 'c bo d ≤ 4 f 'c bo d
βc
Av f y d v
Vs = ksi psi
s
Segmental AASHTO Guide Specs have Not included (see ’99
Construction been incorporated (5.14.2) AASHTO Guide Specs)
STEEL
Curved girders Addressed Not addressed
Connections and 100% of factored axial, 10.18, 10.19
splices flexural, shear resistance of
members (6.13.1, CA
amendment to match BDS)
Fatigue resistance
(steel)
• weld detail • similar to AISC tables • similar to AISC tables
categories 1
A 3 1
• stress range • (∆F ) n = ( ) ≥ (∆F )TH ; • specified in Table
N 2
where A is a constant, N= 10.3.1 for categories A
(365days)(75yr)(ADTT), through F
∆FTH is specified in Table
6.6.1.2.5-3 for categories A
through F
FOUNDATIONS DOWNLOAD ’06 INTERIMS!!!
Spread Footings • Very similar to Std. Spec • OGS internal procedure
• General 16th Ed. (BDS ’00) used in lieu of BDS ’00?
• Settlements • Use service limit state • Working stress used
• Bearing • Strength limit state; • Working stress used;
pressure Terzaghi and Meyerhof’s Terzaghi and Meyerhof’s
Eqn; inclined loading Eqn; inclined loading not
considered considered
• Factors of • Strength F.S. = ΣγQ/ΣφR • F.S.=1.5 for sliding; 3.0 for
Safety where γ is between 1.25 and bearing
1.75, φ is between 0.45 and
0.90 (Table 10.5.5.2.1-1)
• Total scour • Unfactored LL’s; φ ‘s = 1.0 • Not addressed
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Deep Foundations
• Skin friction; • Provided; strength limit • OGS internal procedure
uplift resistance state
• Punching thru • Suggested • OGS internal procedure
strong soil into
weaker soil
• Depth of fixety • Provided • Not published by OGS
• Factors of • F.S. = ΣγQ/ΣφR, where ϕ’s • F.S. = 2.0; Groups I-VI, ϕ
safety— Piles—Table 10.5.5.2.2-1; = 0.75
strength Shafts—Table 10.5.5.2.3-1
• Total scour • Uplift resistance, ϕ = 0.8 • Group VII, ϕ = 1.00
WALLS, ABUTS
Design • Service limit state for • Service load method
Methodology excessive movement;
overall stability
• Strength limit state for
bearing, sliding, base
contact, pullout of anchors,
structural failure.
Resistance factors in Table
11.5.6-1 (except structural)
Rigid Gravity
Walls, Abuts • ΣγQ/ΣφR where γ is • F.S.>1.5 (sliding); 3.0
• F.S.--Sliding, between 1.25 and 1.75, φ (bearing)
bearing same as for spread ftgs
• Ret. Wall • Service (stability): φ = 0.65 • Trial Wedge Method (Chp.
stability or 0.75 (11.6.2.3) 5, Aug. ’03)
• Overturning; • (Strength) eccentricity • eccentricity <B/6 (soil) or
bearing <B/4 (soil) or 3B/8 (rock) B/4 (rock)
resistance • ko=1-sinφ’ (3.11.5.2); ko • ko=1-sinφ’(1+sinβ) where b
=1-sinφ’(OCR)sin φ’ is slope angle of backfill
• ka (based on Coulomb, (5.5.5.2); kp after Navy ’71
3.11.5.3) (same as ’82)
• ka (Coulomb--5.5.5.3)
Non-gravity 11.8 Spacing between discrete
Cantilevered Walls vertical wall elements
(11.8.5.2) addressed
Anchored Walls 11.9 F.S.=2.0 for structural anchor
• stability • same as ret. walls, above capacity (1.5 for safety
• soil failure • ΣγQ/ΣφR where γ is against rotation)
between 1.35 and 1.50, φ F.S.=1.5 for proof-tested
is 0.90 for anchor tension, ground anchor, 2.0 to 2.5 soil
between 0.50 and 0.70 for bond, 2.5 to 3.0 rock bond
rock/soil failure (φ=1.0 if
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proof test is done)
MSE Walls 11.10
FS varies for sliding, bearing, F.S.>1.5 for sliding
over-turning similar to spread F.S.>2.0 for overturning, and
footings: ΣγQ/ΣφR eccentricity < B/6
Coulomb Theory encouraged F.S.>2.0 for bearing
(simplifies to Rankine) Rankine Theory encouraged
Prefab Modular 11.11
Walls • sliding--ΣγQ/ΣφR where γ is F.S.>1.5 for sliding
between 1.25 and 1.75, φ
is same as spread footings
• bearing—ΣγQ/ΣφR where γ F.S.>3.0 for bearing
is between 1.25 and 1.75,
φ is same as spread ftgs
• overturning—max 80% of F.S.>2.0 for overturning, and
soil-fill is effective resisting eccentricity <B/6
CULVERTS Load—32k axle (3.6.1.3.3): Load—HS-20 (6.3)
Load distribution • < 2 ft fill, traffic || to span— • RC boxes: < 2 ft fill, treat
strip widths in 4.6.2.10.2; as slab bridge; > 2 ft fill,
traffic 90o to span--treat as point load spread to 1:1.75
deck; > 2 ft fill, spread from (6.5.2)
tire contact area to 1:1.15
times depth (3.6.1.2.6)
RAILINGS • Performance-based • Not addressed in Specs
• Design (Section 13; forces for
methodology design of specimen in A13)
• Overhang • Load combo’s and load • Not addressed in Specs
design for distribution for parapets,
collision load post-and-beam, in A13.4
BRGS; JOINTS
Steel elastomeric • (14.7.5) Method B • (14.6.5)
bearings • (14.7.6) Method A— • (14.6.6)
requires more testing, QC
Modular joints Addressed (14.5.6.9) Not addressed
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