Assignment Report

Submitted in partial requirement of VI semester

Self-study work related to the course MFEA - 16ME6DCMFE

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM

SUBMITTED BY:
KUNA SHOURYANANDAN - 1BM17ME069
KUSHAL R- 1BM7ME071
LIKHIT B - 1BM17ME073
PRATHIK B MUNVAR - 1BM17ME103

Under the guidance of

Sri. SHASHIRAJ,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BMSCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

(Accredited by NBA, under Tier1, 2014-2019)

B.M.S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum)
Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore-560019

May 2019

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 CERTIFICATE
Department of Mechanical Engineering
B.M.S College of Engineering
Bangalore-560019

This is to certify that the Self-study assignment work in Modelling

and Finite Element Analysis - 16ME6DCMFE has been successfully
carried out by,

• KUNA SHOURYANANDAN - 1BM17ME069

• KUSHAL R- 1BM7ME071
• LIKHIT B - 1BM17ME073
• PRATHIK B MUNVAR - 1BM17ME103

As a part of the 6th semester curriculum in Bachelor of Engineering

in Mechanical Engineering, B.M.S College of Engineering, an
Autonomous College under Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum during the Academic Year 2018-19.

MARKS OBTAINED: -
05

Sri Shashiraj
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BMSCE

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PROBLEM
A cylindrical tank is penetrated radially by a small pipe at a point on its axis
remote from the ends of the tank. The inside of the tank is exposed to a fluid of
450°F (232°C). The pipe experiences a steady flow of 100°F (38°C) fluid, and the
two flow regimes are isolated from each other by a thin tube. The film
coefficient in the tank is a steady 250 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (1420 watts/m2-°K). The film
coefficient in the pipe varies with the metal temperature and is given in the
material property table below. Determine the temperature distribution at the
pipe-tank junction.

TABLE: MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THE MODEL

TEMPERATURE ( 0F ) 70 200 300 400 500

DENSITY (lb/in3) 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285

CONDUCTIVITY (Btu/hr-ft-0F) 8.35 8.90 9.35 9.80 10.23

SPECIFIC HEAT (Btu/lb-0F) 0.113 0.117 0.119 0.122 0.125

FILM COEFFICIENT (Btu/hr-ft2-0F) 426 405 352 275 221

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Introduction

What is Finite element analysis?

Finite element analysis (FEA) is the process of simulating the behaviour of a part
or assembly under given conditions so that it can be assessed using the finite
element method (FEM). FEA is used by engineers to help simulate physical
phenomena and thereby reduce the need for physical prototypes, while
allowing for the optimisation of components as part of the design process of a
project.

FEA uses mathematical models to understand and quantify the effects of real-
world conditions on a part or assembly. These simulations, which are conducted
via specialised software, allow engineers to locate potential problems in a
design, including areas of tension and weak spots.

With the use of mathematics, it is possible to understand and quantify

structural or fluid behaviour, wave propagation, thermal transport and other
phenomena.

What is Ansys?
Ansys is a complete software package for FEA for numerically solving wide
variety if mechanical problems. Ansys Mechanical finite element analysis
software is used to simulate computer models of structures, electronics, or
machine components for analyzing strength, toughness, elasticity, temperature
distribution, electromagnetism, fluid flow, and other attributes.

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Analysis of the problem:

The above problem states that a cylindrical tank in which liquid is to be stored is
connected by a thin pipe for the flow of liquid in it. The pipe is connected at a
particular point from the axis of the tank.

The liquid in the tank is at certain temperature and the liquid that flows in from
the pipe is at a different temperature. Due to this temperature difference there
is temperature distribution at and near the junction of the pipe and tank.

Thus, to obtain the temperature distribution we need to perform thermal

analysis. Thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution and thermal
quantities such as the change in heat, thermal gradient and thermal flux.
Thermal analysis is basically of two types, steady state and transient.

In steady state thermal analysis, the loading conditions have come down to a
steady level and also with very little or no time dependency. In transient
thermal analysis, the conditions are changing with time. Using finite element
analysis method, we calculate the nodal solutions and use these values to
obtain different thermal quantities.
The thermal analysis associated with our problem is of steady state thermal
analysis.

This temperature distribution can be analysed and worked upon with the help
of Ansys using thermal analysis.

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Modelling
Assumptions: -
• Since the tank-pipe junctions have two axes of symmetry, the problem is
represented as Quarter symmetry
• We assume that the constant temperature at the tank 450F is constant till its
remote end of the length. A similar assumption is made at the Y=0 plane of
the tank.

Element Selection and loads

(reference:https://www.mm.bme.hu/~gyebro/files/ans_help_v182/ans_elem/Hlp_E_SOLID90.html)

Solid90 – 20 nodes thermal solid

The element has 20 nodes with a single degree of freedom, temperature, at
each node. The 20-node elements have compatible temperature shapes and are
well suited to model curved boundaries. The 20-node thermal element is
applicable to a 3-D, steady-state or transient thermal analysis. If the model
containing this element is also to be analysed structurally, the element should
be replaced by the equivalent structural element.

Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Convection or heat flux (but not
both) and radiation may be input as surface loads at the element faces. Heat
generation rates may be input as element body loads at the nodes. If the node I
heat generation rate HG(I) is input, and all others are unspecified, they default
to HG(I). If all corner node heat generation rates are specified, each midside

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node heat generation rate defaults to the average heat generation rate of its
adjacent corner nodes.

Geometric modelling
Since the analysis is to be done in 3-D, and the problem is symmetric, only a
section of the intersection of the two pipes is modelled and studied. Predefined
shapes such as circles and rectangles cannot be used but we can manually
define nodes and their elements. This modelling systems are based on global
coordinate systems, basically the cartesian coordinate system with X, Y and Z
axes. However, there is an option of choosing a different coordinate system.
Modelling uses a working plane and a moving plane for its reference to locate
and to orient the different entities of modelling.

First two primitive cylinders were built and used a Boolean overlap operation to
merge the two cylinders and also removed the unrequired parts of the model
after merging. A mapped-all brick mesh is used.

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ANSYS GUI Procedure
Step1: Assigning title to the Analysis

• Utility menu -> File -> Change Title

• In the change title dialog box enter your desired title for the analysis,
then click ok.
• Because the analysis uses temperature-dependent material properties,
the solution requires multiple sub steps (50 in this case).

Step2: Setting measurement units

• Since the units of the given data in the problem are all based on inches,
we need to change the entire measurements units for ease of input the
data.
• Ansys input window -> Enter ‘/UNITS,BIN’

Step3: Defining the Element type

• Main menu -> Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete.

• In the dialog box click on Add.
• In the left list, scroll and pick “Thermal Solid”.
• In the right list, scroll and pick “Brick20noode90”. Then click on Ok and
close the dialog box.

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Step4: Defining material properties

Step 4(a): Assigning Density of the Tank material:

• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Material Prop - > Material Models.
• In the material model window double click on, Thermal -> Density.
• In the dialog box as shown in the figure below, enter .285 in the DENS
field and click on OK.

Step 4(b): Assigning thermal conductivity of the Tank material at different

temperatures:
• In the material model window double click on, Conductivity -> Isotropic
• In the dialog box as shown in the figure below click on add temperature
button until you get five fields to enter the temperature values given in
the question.
• In the T1 through T5 fields, enter the following temperature values:
1. T1 = 700
2. T2 = 2000
3. T3 = 3000
4. T4 = 4000
5. T5 = 5000
• In the KXX (Thermal conductivity) fields, enter the following values, in
order, for each of the temperatures, then click on OK.
8.35/12 , 8.90/12 , 9.35/12 , 9.80/12 , 10.23/12 .
• The values are divided by 12 to keep the units consistent.

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Step 4(d): Assigning values of Specific heat of the tank material at different
temperature:
• In the material model window double click on, Specific Heat.
• Repeat substeps 2 and 3 from step 4(b).
• In the C (specific Heat) fields, enter the following values, in order, for
each of the temperatures, then click on OK.
.113 , .117 , .119 , .122 , .125

Step 4(d): Creating a new material for the pipe and assigning its film coefficient
values at different temperatures:
• In the material model window, click on, Material -> New model,
Then enter 2 for the new material ID. Click on OK.
• In the Material model window available now, double click on, Convection
or Film Coef.
• Repeat substeps 2 and 3 from step 4(b).
• In the HF (Film Coefficient) fields, enter the following values, in order, for
each of the temperatures, then click on OK.
426/144 , 405/144 , 352/144 , 275/144 , 221/144
• The values are divided by 144 to keep the units consistent.

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Step5: Creating the Geometry:

Step5(a): Creating Tank Geometry:

• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Modelling -> Create -> Volumes ->
Cylinder -> By Dimensions.
• In the dialog box as shown in figure below, enter 1.5 in the ‘outer radius’
field, 1.3 in the ‘Optional inner radius’, the ‘Z coordinates’ field to 0 and 2
respectively, and the ‘Ending angle’ field to 90.
• Click on OK.

Step5(b): Offsetting the workplane for the creating pipe:

• Utility Menu -> WorkPlane -> Offset WP by Increments.
• In the dialog box as shown in the figure below, set the ‘XY,YZ,ZX Angles’
field to 0,-90.
• Click on OK.

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Step5(c): Creating the Pipe Geometry:
• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Modelling -> Create -> Volumes ->
Cylinder -> By Dimensions.
• In the dialog box as shown in figure below, enter 0.5 in the ‘outer radius’
field, 0.4 in the ‘Optional inner radius’, the ‘Z coordinates’ field to 0 and 2
respectively, the ‘Starting Angle’ field to -90 and the ‘Ending angle’ field
to 0.
• Click on OK.

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Step5(d): Aligning the workplane with the Global Cartesian:
• Utility Menu -> WorkPlane -> Align WP with -> Global Cartesian.

Step5(e): Overlapping the Cylinders:

• Main Menu-> Preprocessor-> Modelling-> Operate-> Booleans ->
Overlap-> Volumes.
• In the Overlap volumes picking menu, click on ‘Pick All’.

Step6: Reviewing the resulting model:

• Menu-> PlotCtrls-> Numbering.
• In the dialog box as shown in the figure below, Click the Volume numbers
radio button to On, then click on OK.
• Utility Menu-> PlotCtrls-> View Settings-> Viewing Direction.
• In the dialog box appeared set the "Coords of view point" fields to
(-3,-1,1), then click on OK. 5. Review the resulting model.
• Click on SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.

Step7: Trimming of excess Volumes in the model:

• Main Menu-> Preprocessor-> Modelling-> Delete-> Volume and Below.
• A dialog box appears as shown in figure below, in the picking menu, type
3,4 and press the ENTER key.
• Then click on OK.

Step8: Creating a Component called AREMOTE:

Here we select the areas at the remote Y and Z edges of the tank and save them
as a component called AREMOTE.
• Utility Menu -> Select -> Entities.
• The Select Entities dialog box appears as shown in the figure below, in the
top drop-down menu, select Areas. In the second drop down menu,
select By Location. Click on the Z Coordinates radio button and set the
"Min,Max" field to 2. Click on Apply.

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• Click on the Y Coordinates radio buttons, set the "Min,Max" field to 0.
Click on OK.

• Utility Menu -> Select -> Comp/Assembly -> Create Component.

• The Create Component dialog box appears as shown in the figure below,
set the "Component name" field to AREMOTE. In the "Component is
made of" menu, select Areas.
• Click on OK.

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Step9: Overlaying the lines on Top of Areas:
• Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Numbering.
• The Plot Numbering Controls dialog box appears as shown in the figure
below, click the Area and Line number radio boxes to On and click on OK.

• Utility Menu -> Plot -> Areas.

• Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Erase Options.
• Set "Erase between Plots" radio button to Off.
• Utility Menu -> Plot -> Lines.
• Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Erase Options.
• Set "Erase between Plots" radio button to On.

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Step10: Concatenating the Areas and Lines:
Here we are concatenating the Lines and Areas at the remote edges of the tank
for mapped meshing.
• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Mesh -> Volumes -> Mapped
-> Concatenate -> Areas.
• The Concatenate Areas picking menu appears, click on Pick All.
• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Mesh -> Volumes -> Mapped
-> Concatenate -> Lines.
• A picking menu appears, enter 12,7 in the picker. Click on Apply.
• Enter 10,5 in the picker. Click on OK.

Step11: Setting Meshing density along the lines:

• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Size Cntrls -> ManualSize
->Lines -> Picked Lines.
• The Element Size on Picked Lines picking menu appears. Enter 6,20 in the
picker. Click on OK.
• The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears. Set the "No. of
element divisions" field to 4. Click on OK.
• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Size Cntrls -> ManualSize ->
Lines -> Picked Lines.
• A picking menu appears. Enter 40 in the picker. Click on OK.
• The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears. Set the "No. of
element divisions" field to 6. Click on OK.

Step12: Meshing the Model:

• Utility Menu -> Select -> Everything.
• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Size Cntrls -> ManualSize ->
Global -> Size.
• In the dialog box as shown in the figure below set the ‘Element edge
length’ field to 0.4 and click on OK.

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 • Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Mesher Opts.
• The Mesher Options dialog box appears, set the Mesher Type radio
button to Mapped and click on OK.
• The Set Element Shape dialog box appears as shown in figure below, In
the 2-D shape key drop down menu, select Quad and click on OK.

• Click on the SAVE_DB button on the Toolbar.

• Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Mesh -> Volumes-> Mapped ->
4 to 6 sided.
• The Mesh Volumes picking menu appears. Click on Pick All.
• In the Graphics window, ANSYS builds the meshed model. If a shape
testing warning message appears, review it and click Close.

Step13: Removing the numbering and display elements:

• Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering.
• The Plot Numbering Controls dialog box appears, set the Line, Area, and
Volume numbering radio buttons to Off.
• Click on OK.

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Step14: Solutions:

Step14(a): Setting the Analysis type:

Here we are telling the Ansys that we want a steady state solution that uses a
program-chosen Newton-Raphson option
• Main Menu -> Solution -> Analysis Type -> New Analysis.
• The New Analysis dialog box appears. Click on OK to choose the default
analysis type (Steady-state).
• Main Menu -> Solution -> Analysis Type -> Analysis Options.
• The Static or Steady-State dialog box appears. Click on OK to accept the
default (“Program-chosen”) for "Newton-Raphson option."

Step14(b): Setting Uniform starting temperature:

• Main Menu -> Solution -> Define Loads -> Apply -> Thermal ->
Temperature -> Uniform Temp.
• In the dialog box, enter 450 for ‘Uniform Temperature’, Click on OK.

Step14(c): Applying load:

This step applies convection loads to the nodes on the inner surface of the tank.
• Utility Menu -> WorkPlane -> Change Active CS to -> Global Cylindrical.
• Utility Menu -> Select -> Entities.
• A dialog box appears as shown in figure below, Select Nodes and By
Location, and click on the X Coordinates and From Full radio buttons.
Set the "Min,Max" field to 1.3 and click on OK.
• Main Menu -> Solution -> Define Loads -> Apply -> Thermal ->
Convection -> On Nodes.
• The Apply CONV on Nodes picking menu appears. Click on Pick All.
• The Apply CONV on Nodes dialog box appears as shown in figure below,
set the "Film coefficient" field to 250/144 and set the "Bulk temperature"
field to 450. Click on OK.

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Step14(d): Applying temperature constraints to AREMOTE component:
• Utility Menu -> Select -> Comp/Assembly -> Select Comp/Assembly.
• A dialog box appears. Click on OK to select component AREMOTE.
• Utility Menu -> Select -> Entities.
• The Select Entities dialog box appears as shown on figure below, select
Nodes and Attached To, and click on the Areas, All radio button. Click on
OK.
• Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On
Nodes.
• The Apply TEMP on Nodes picking menu appears. Click on Pick All.
• A dialog box appears, set the "Load TEMP value" field to 450.
• Click on OK and click on SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.

Step14(e): Apply Temperature-Dependent Convection:

In this step, apply a temperature-dependent convection load on the inner
surface of the pipe.
• Utility Menu -> WorkPlane -> Offset WP by Increments.
• A dialog box appears, set the "XY,YZ,ZX Angles" field to 0,-90, then click
on OK.
• Utility Menu -> WorkPlane -> Local Coordinate Systems -> Create Local CS
-> At WP Origin.
• The Create Local CS at WP Origin dialog box appears. On the "Type of
coordinate system" menu, select "Cylindrical 1" and click on OK.
• Utility Menu -> Select -> Entities.
• The Select Entities dialog box appears as shown in the figure below,
select Nodes, and By Location, and click on the X Coordinates radio
button. Set the "Min,Max" field to 0.4. Click on OK.

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• Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Convection> On
Nodes.
• The Apply CONV on Nodes picking menu appears. Click on Pick All. A
dialog box appears as shown in figure below, set the "Film coefficient"
field to -2 and set the "Bulk temperature" field to 100. Click on OK.

• Utility Menu> Select> Everything.

• Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols.
• The Symbols dialog box appears as shown in figure below, On the "Show
pres and convect as" menu, select Arrows, then click on OK.
• Utility Menu> Plot> Nodes.
• The display in the Graphics Window changes to show you a plot of nodes.

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Step14(f): Resetting the working plane and default Cartesian coordinate system:
• Utility Menu -> WorkPlane -> Change Active CS to -> Global Cartesian.
• Utility Menu -> WorkPlane -> Align WP With -> Global Cartesian.

Step14(g): setting substeps with automatic time stepping:

• Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Options> Time/Frequenc> Time and
Substeps.
• The Time and Substep Options dialog box appears, set the "Number of
substeps" field to 50 and set "Automatic time stepping" radio button to
On.
• Click on OK.

Step15: Solve
• Main Menu -> Solution -> Solve -> Current LS.
• A summary of the solution options in a /STAT command window is
displayed.
• Review the summary and close the /STAT command window.

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 • Click on OK in the Solve Current Load Step dialog box, then click yes in the
Verify message window.

Step16: Obtaining the temperature distribution:

• Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Style -> Edge Options.
• The Edge Options dialog box appears, set the "Element outlines" field to
"Edge only" for contour plots and click on OK.
• Main Menu -> General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Contour Plot -> Nodal
Solu.
• The Contour Nodal Solution Data dialog box appears, for "Item to be
contoured," pick "DOF solution" from the list on the left, then pick
"Temperature TEMP" from the list on the right and then click on OK.
• The Graphics window displays a contour plot of the temperature results.

Step17: Exiting Ansys:

• Click on the QUIT button in the Toolbar.

• Choose an exit option and click on OK.

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Result
The temperature distribution at the pipe junction is as shown in the figure
below:

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Conclusion:
From the result obtained it can be observed/concluded that at the junction
there is varying of temperature due to mixing of the two liquids and there is
conduction through the walls.
Therefore, the temperature at the junction is dependent on the material
properties like:
• Thermal Conductivity
• Convection Wall coefficient
• Density, etc.

Reference
• ANSYS Help
• Thermal Analysis Guide by ANSYS
• https://www.mm.bme.hu/~gyebro/files/ans_help_v182/ans_elem/Hlp_E
_SOLID90.html

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