ASSIGNMENT

NAME – NISHANT YADAV

ROLL NO – 05910102816
CLASS - ECE 1
SEMESTER – 8

Q1: Why Energy efficiency / Energy efficient protocols are

vital for wireless sensors networks ?

Ans: Sensors have battery constraints i.e. batteries are not rechargable
nor replaceble. Therefore, it become significant issue to save the energy
of sensor nodes, in such a way that the overall lifetime can be
increased.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) generally consist of considerable

sensor nodes (SNs) with limited energy. WSNs are randomly deployed
in a particular region to acquire various types of environmental
parameters and transmit information to the base station (BS) for
monitoring and detecting applications . They have been widely applied
in forest fire detection, surveillance, military, human health detection,
etc. Because WSNs are usually deployed in hazardous environments,
recharging or replacing the batteries of the SNs is very difficult.
Moreover, the manual operation of the network is highly difficult,
which brings some challenges regarding the application of WSNs.
To remedy these drawbacks, the efficient use of the battery energy of
SNs should be considered as a primary goal when researchers design
protocols and hardware architectures . Therefore, several routing
protocols have been proposed to render the sensor network more
energy efficient.
Q2: Explain the different types of architecture proposed
for wireless sensor networks ?

Ans :
Wireless sensor networks follows most common architecture OSI
model. Basically, there are five layers in sensor network. These
are application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link
layer and physical layer. There are three cross layers planes added
to those above five layers of OSI model i.e. power management
plane, connection management plane, task management plane.
These layers are used to manage the network connectivity and
allows the nodes to work together to increase the overall
efficiency of the network.

The three cross planes or layers are:

1)Power management plane: It is responsible for managing the
power level of sensor nodes for processing, sensing and
communication.

2)Connection management plane: It is responsible for

configuration or reconfiguration of sensor nodes in attempt to
establish or maintain network connectivity.

3)Task management plane: It is responsible for distribution of

tasks among sensor nodes to prolong network lifetime and
improve energy efficiency.
Q3 : Differentiate between hierarchical routing
protocols and flat routing protocols ?
Ans :

Hierarchical Routing Flat Routing

Reservation based scheduling Contention based scheduling

Collisions avoided Collision overhead present

Reduced duty cycle due to Variable duty cycle by

perodic controlling
sleeping sleep time of nodes

Node on multihop path

Data aggregation by clusterhead aggregates
incoming data from neighbours

Routing can be made optimal

Simple but non-optimal routing but
with an added complexity

Requires global and local Links formed on the fly without

synchronization synchronization

Routes formed only in regions

Overhead of cluster formation that
throughout the network have data for transmission

Latency in waking up
Lower latency as multiple hop intermediate
network formed by cluster heads nodes and setting up the
 multipath.
always available.

Energy dissipation is uniform Energy dissipation depends on

traffic patterns

Energy dissipation adapts to

Energy dissipation cannot be traffic
controlled pattern

Fair channel allocation Fairnes not guaranteed

Q4: Expain LEACH protocol in detail.

Ans : Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)

protocol is a TDMA based MAC protocol. The principal aim of
this protocol is to improve the lifespan of wireless sensor
networks by lowering the energy consumption required to create
and maintain Cluster Heads.
The operation of LEACH protocol consists of several rounds
with two phases : Set-up Phase and Steady Phase.

In the Set-up phase the main goal is to make cluster and select
the cluster head for each of the cluster by choosing the sensor
node with maximum energy. Steady Phase which is
comparatively longer in duration than the set-up deals mainly
with the aggregation of data at the cluster heads and
transmission of aggregated data to the Base station.

The algorithm for LEACH protocol is as follows: The first

phase of LEACH is Set-up phase and it has three
fundamental steps.
1. Cluster Head advertisement
2. Cluster setup
3. Creation of Transmission Schedule

During the first step cluster head sends the advertisement packet
to inform the cluster nodes that they have become a cluster head
on the basis of the formula.
In the second step, the non cluster head nodes receive the cluster
head advertisement and then send join request to the cluster head
informing that they are the members of the cluster under that
cluster head. These non cluster head nodes saves a lot of energy
by turning off their transmitter all the time and turn it ON only
when they have something to transmit to the cluster head.
In the third step, each of the chosen cluster head creates a
transmission schedule for the member nodes of their cluster.
TDMA schedule is created according to the number of nodes in
the cluster. Each node then transmits its data in the allocated time
schedule.

The second phase of LEACH is the Steady phase during which

the cluster nodes send their data to the cluster head. The
member sensors in each cluster communicate only with the
cluster head via a single hop transmission. The cluster head
then aggregates all the collected data and forwards this data to
the base station either directly or via other cluster head along
with the static route defined in the source code. After the
certain predefined time, which is decided beforehand, the
network again goes back to the Set-up phase.

Advantages of LEACH protocol :

1. The Cluster Heads aggregates the whole data which lead to
reduce the traffic in the entire network.
2. As there is a single hop routing from nodes to cluster head it
results in saving energy.
3. It increases the lifetime of the sensor network. Base Station
Base Station Cluster Cluster Head.
4. In this, location information of the nodes to create the
cluster is not required.
LEACH is completely distributed as it does not need any control
information from the base station as well as no global knowledge
of the network is required.

Demerits of LEACH:
1. LEACH does not give any idea about the number of cluster
heads in the network.
2. One of the biggest disadvantage of LEACH is that when due
to any reason Cluster head dies, the cluster will become useless
because the data gathered by the cluster nodes would never
reach its destination i.e. Base Station.
Q5: Why multihop routing is required for wireless sensor
networks ?

Ans : The purpose is to reduce the energy consumption by

reducing the number of nodes relaying the data from source to
destination. Energy aware routing with the possibility of
energy replenishment of nodes in multihop wireless sensor
networks.
Stochastic geometric and queueing models are used for the
evaluation of different types of scenarios. Energy aware routing
with the possibility of energy replenishment of nodes in
multihop wireless sensor networks.

Q6: Differentiate between Sensor network and Adhoc network

?

Ans :
Adhoc
Feature Sensor Network Network

Number of sensor nodes Large in quantity Medium in

quantity

Deployment type Very much dense Scattered

Rate of failure More Very rare

Change in N/W topology Frequency Rare

Communication mode Broadcast Point to point

Not replaceble
Battery /Not Replaceable
 chargeable

Based on
Centric mode Based on data address

Fusion/Aggregation Possible Not suitable

Computational capacities and Limited Not limited

memory requirement

Data rate support provided Lower Higher

Redundancy High Low

Q7 : List and Explain any power aware routing in WSN ?

Ans: Energy efficiency should always be considered when carrying out

routing, data dissemination or any kind of general network
management, which affects the lifetime of the network. Control packets,
retransmitting collided packets, extra overhead and idle listening may
lead to the waste of energy. The requirement for several WSN routing
protocols like is to bring forward a route to the base station, which
needs low overhead and extremely low control packets.

WSN can broadly divide power aware routing protocols into two
classifications: Activity based and Connectivity based protocols.
Activity based protocols address the issue of power consumption as
it relates to network activity, i.e. the actual transmission of data
between nodes in the network. These protocols focus on making
intelligent, power aware routing decisions that govern the actual
transmission of data. Further divide activity based protocols into
two classifications based on different routing tasks: unicasting and
multicasting/broadcasting. Within the unicasting context note that
existing protocols focus on two separate issues: maximal energy
saving during delivery of a single packet (also known as active
energy saving) and maximizing overall network lifetime. Active
energy saving protocols focus on minimizing the total consumed
power per packet. Their main goal is to choose a routing path for
the delivery of an individual packet that consumes the minimal
amount of energy. For 64 protocols that maximize overall network
lifetime, the main focus is to distribute the energy consumption
among all nodes in a balanced manner. If the route with the
maximal energy saving is always chosen for delivery, the subset of
nodes along this route will be over utilized and therefore drained in
a short period of time, which may lead to network partitioning.
Finally, power-efficient multicasting/broadcasting protocols deal
with power efficiency when a single message is sent to multiple
destinations. With the goal of reducing power consumption while
ensuring effective connectivity for the overall network,
connectivity-based protocols look beyond issues of transmission.
Maintaining effective connectivity for a wireless network is
essential to almost any operation. If the connectivity of a wireless
network is too dense, it causes frequent interference among nodes.
If the connectivity is too sparse, the network is sensitive to node or
link failure. Connectivity based protocols are divided into two
categories: topology control and passive energy saving. Topology
control protocols adjust nodes transmitting power to save energy
while maintaining effective network connectivity. Passive energy
saving protocols save energy by simply turning off some idle
nodes, since energy consumption when a node’s radio is idle is not
negligible.
Q8 : What are the different components of a WSN ?

Ans:
Components of WSN are :
1. Sensor node
2. Rely node
3. Actor node
4. Cluster head
5. Gateway
6. Base station.

Sensor node: Capable of executing data processing, data gathering

and communicating with additional associated nodes in the
network. A distinctive sensor node capability is about 4-8 MHz,
having 4 KB of RAM, 128 KB flash and preferably 916 MHz of
radio frequency.

Relay node: It is a midway node used to communicate with the

adjacent node. It is used to enhance the network reliability. A rely
node is a special type of field device that does not have process
sensor or control equipment and as such does not interface with
the 7 process itself. A distinctive rely node processor speed is
about 8 MHz, having 8 KB of RAM, 128 KB flash and preferably
916 MHz of radio frequency.

Actor node: It is a high end node used to perform and construct a

decision depending upon the application requirements. Typically
these nodes are resource rich devices which are outfitted with
high quality processing capabilities, greater transmission powers
and greater battery life. A distinctive actor node processor
capability is about 8 MHz, having 16 KB of RAM, 128 KB flash
and preferably 916 MHz of radio frequency.

Cluster head: It is a high bandwidth sensing node used to

perform data fusion and data aggregation functions in WSN.
Based on the system requirements and applications, there will
be more than one cluster head inside the cluster. A distinctive
cluster head processor is about 4-8 MHz, having 512 KB of
RAM, 4 MB flash and preferably 2.4 GHz of radio
frequency. This node assumed to be highly reliable, secure and
is trusted by all the nodes in the sensor network.

Gateway: Gateway is an interface between sensor networks and

outside networks. Compared with the sensor node and cluster
head the gateway node is most powerful in terms of program and
data memory, the processor used, transceiver range and the
possibility of expansion through external memory. A distinctive
gateway processor speed is about 16 MHz, having 512 KB of
RAM, 32 MB flash and preferably 2.4 GHz of radio frequency.

Base station: It is an extraordinary type of nodes

having high computational energy and processing
capability.

Q9 : Explain any one method for sensor network localization

?

Ans : Localization schemes are classified as anchor based or

anchor free,
centralized or distributed, GPS based or GPS free, fine grained or
coarse
grained, stationary or mobile sensor nodes, and range based or
range free.

In APIT (approximate point in triangulation) scheme, anchor

nodes get location information from GPS or transmitters.
Unlocalized node gets location information from overlapping
triangles. The area is divided into overlapping triangles. In
APIT , the following four steps are included

1. Unlocalized nodes maintain table after receiving beacon

messages from anchor nodeds. The table contains information of
anchor ID, location, and signal strength.
2. Unlocalized nodes select any three anchor nodes from area
and check whether they are in triangle form. This test is called
PIT (Point In Triangulation) test.
3. PIT test continue until accuracy of unlocalized node location is
found by combination of any three anchor nodes.
4. At the end, Center of gravity (COG) is calculated, which is
intersection of all triangles where an unlocalized node is placed
to find its estimated position.
Q10 : List different factors responsible for defining quality of
a sensor network ?

Ans :
Factors responsible for defining quality of a sensor network are :
1. Number of nodes.
2. Power Comsumption.
3. Life span of the sensors.
4. Information to be sensed and its timing.
5. Geography of where the sensors are placed .
6. The environment.
7. The context.