Major Project Introduction Chapter Report

On
Design and fabrication of Mechanically Operated Multi-Nozzle
Pesticide Sprayer

By

1. Akshitha. 16R11A0366
2. Srikanth Goud. 16R11A03A8
3. Sukhjinder singh. 16R11A03A9
4. B. Sathish 17R15A0328

Guide

Dr. S. Sapthagiri

(professor)

Signature of guide

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (14)

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated by JNTUH, Accredited by NAAC ‘A’ grade and
NBA)
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal Dist. TS -501301
2019 - 2020
INTRODUCTION:
Agriculture plays a vital role in Indian economy. Around 65% of population in every state is
depending on agriculture. Although its contribution to GDP is now around one sixth, it provides
56% of Indian work force. There are marginal and small farmer is around 81% and land operated
is 44 % in 1960-61. As far as Indian scenario is concerned, more than 75 percent farmers are
belonging to small and marginal land carrying and cotton is alone which provide about 80 %
employment to Indian workforce. So any improvement in the productivity related task help to
increase Indian farmer's status and economy. The current backpack sprayer has lot of limitation
and it required more energy to operate. The percentage distribution of farm holding land for
marginal farmers is 39.1 percentages, for small fanners 22.6 percentage, for small and marginal
farmers 61.7 percentage, for semi-medium farmers 19.8 percentage, for medium farmers 14
percentage and for large farmers 4.5 percentage in year 1960-61. The maximum percentage of
farm distribution belonged to small and marginal category. The invention of a sprayer brings
revolution in the agriculture or horticulture sector, this enables farmers to obtain the maximum
agricultural output. They are used for garden spraying, weed and pest control, liquid fertilizing
and plant leaf polishing. There are many advantages of using sprayers such as easy to operate,
maintain and handle, it facilitates uniform spread of the chemicals, capable of throwing
chemicals at the desired level, precision made nozzle tip for adjustable stream and capable of
throwing foggy spray, light or heavy spray, depending on requirement. The objective of the
application of pesticide is to keep the pest under check. The pest population has to be kept
suppressed to minimum biological activities to avoid economic loss of crop yields. Thorough
killing of pest or eradication of pest is neither practical nor necessary. The objective of pesticide
application besides keeping the pest population under check should also be to avoid pollution
and damage to the non targets.
BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM:

 The Indian farmers (small, marginal, semi medium) are currently using lever operated
backpack type sprayer consists of tank 10 to 20 liters capacity carried by two adjustable straps.

 Constant pumping is required to operate this which results in muscular disorder.

 Also this backpack sprayer cannot maintain pressure results in drifts or dribbling. Developing
adequate pressure is laborious and time consuming. Pumping to perform operation is also time
consuming.

 Moreover, very small area is covered while spraying .so, more time is required to spray the
entire land.

 Back pain problems may arise during middle age due to carrying 10-20 liter tank on back.

 Cotton is one of the most important commercial crops grown in India. Over 4 million farmers
in India grow cotton as their main source as income.

 For cotton about 5 to 6 times spraying of pesticides is done. Cost of bullock driven is about
50000 now a day’s which is expensive for small crop area

OBJECTIVE:

The suggested model can remove the problems of back pain, since there is no need to carry the
tank (pesticides tank) on the back and solder.

We can add more number of nozzles which will cover maximum area in minimum time and at
maximum rate.

Work reliability under different working conditions.

 Decrease the cost of machine.

 Decrease labor cost by advancing the spraying method.

 Machine can be used in small as well as in large crop area.

2. LITREATURE REVIEW:-

2.1 SPRAYING TECHNIQUES:

Most of the pesticides are applied as sprays. The liquid formulations of pesticide either diluted
(with water, oil) or directly are applied in small drops to the crop by different types of sprayers.
Usually the EC formulations, wet table powder formulations are diluted suitably with water
which is a common carrier of pesticides. The important factors for spray volume consideration
are: The volume of spray liquid required for certain area depends upon the spray type and
coverage, total target area, size of spray droplet and number of spray droplets. It is obvious that if
the spray droplets are coarse-size then the spray volume required will be larger than the small
size spray droplets. Also if the thorough coverage (eg. both the sides of leaves) is necessary then
the spray volume requirement has to be more. On the basis of volume of spray-mix the technique
of spraying is classified as: 1. High volume spraying (300-500 L/ha) 2. Low volume spraying
(50-150 L/ha) 3. Ultra low volume spraying (<5 L/ha)

2.2 COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES SPRAYERS

1. Hand operated sprayer

2. Foot operated sprayer

3. Motorcycle operated sprayer

4. Lite-trac sprayer

5. Aerial sprayer

6. Rocker sprayer
MAIN COMPONENTS

1. Reciprocating Pump

2. Nozzle

3. Storage Tank

4. Control Valve

5. Wheel

Reciprocating Pump

These types of pump operate by using a reciprocating piston. The liquid enters a pumping
chamber via an inlet valve and is pushed out via an outlet valve by the action of the piston or
diaphragm. Reciprocating pumps are generally very efficient and are suitable for very high heads
at low, flows. This type of pump is self priming as it can draw liquid from a level below the
suction flange even if the suction pipe is not evacuated. The pump delivers reliable discharge
flows and is often used for metering duties delivering accurate quantities of fluid.

Fig. 1: Reciprocating Pump

Nozzle

The nozzle is a critical part of any sprayer. Nozzles perform three functions:

- Regulate flow.

- Atomize the mixture into droplets.

- Disperse the spray in a desirable pattern.

The hydraulic spray nozzle used in the application of pesticides has several functions. One of its
main purposes is to convert the spray solution into droplets for efficient target coverage. The
target may be foliage, bark, stumps, soil or insects. In association with other variables, e.g. height
above target, travelling speed, operating pressure, the nozzle also has a role in spray pattern
delivery, volume rate delivered and sprays quality produced. Nozzles are made from several
types of materials. The most common are brass, plastic, nylon, stainless steel, hardened stainless
steel, and ceramic. Brass nozzles are the least expensive but are soft and wear rapidly. Nylon
nozzles resist corrosion, but some chemicals cause thermoplastic to swell. Nozzles made from
harder metals usually cost more but will usually wear longer.
 Fig 2: Types of nozzles and sprays

Storage tank

Most sprayers have a single tank that holds mixed pesticide ready to be applied. For some larger
truck mounted sprayers, there are separate tanks for product and clean water, with a much
smaller mixed (injection) tank of mixed product.Some tanks may contain an agitation device,
especially those designed to work with insoluble pesticide formulations such as wet-able
powders. Tanks are typically made of impermeable plastic, or stainless steel.

Tanks should be designed for easy filling and cleaning. It is a requirement that filler caps be
lockable. Further, all tanks are required to be fitted with a device that maintains an air gap to
prevent back flow from the tank into a water supply. As an alternative, the fill hose can be
equipped with an automatic back pressure shut-off device. The tank is also required by
regulation to have an easy-to-read accurate sight gauge or other external means of determining
the internal level.
 Fig 3:A common storage tank.

Control Valves

The importance of pressure control to the quality of chemical applications has been largely
underestimated and under-emphasized by Crop Protection Chemical Companies and knapsack
sprayer manufacturers. Some knapsack sprayers come equipped with pressure gauges. However,
useful gauges should not be considered a means of pressure control. Some knapsack sprayer
brands have an adjustable pressure relief valve. Designed as a pressure limiter, they work by
recycling liquid to the tank through a by-pass once the pressure in the pump exceeds a particular
setting. Pressure relief valves provide limited pressure control, however pressure fluctuations at
the nozzle still occur. Furthermore, pressure relief valves are located on the inside of the tank,
exposing the applicator to contamination when attempting to adjust the setting. However, to be
utilized for the majority of knapsack sprayers, such a device needs to be accurate, effective, and
durable, have little chance for operator error, and be affordable, especially for small-scale
farmers with limited resources. The CF Valve or Constant Flow Valve satisfies all the criteria
required of a pressure control device.

Wheel

A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axial bearing. The wheel is one
of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels,
in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or
transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for
other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.

Experimental Setup
 i. Frame
ii. Tank
iii. Nozzle
iv. Nozzle-bar
v. Adjuster bar
vi. Connecting Rod
vii. Wheel
viii. Tyre
ix. Sprocket
x. Freewheel
xi. Shaft
xii. Wheel shaft
xiii. Hose

CONCLUSIONS
 1. The suggested model has removed the problem of back pain, since there is no need to
carry the tank (pesticides tank) on the back
2. As suggested model has more number of nozzles which will cover maximum area of
spraying in minimum time & at maximum rate.
3. The c.f. valves can also be applied which help in reducing the change of pressure
fluctuation and c.f. Valves helps to maintain pressure.
4. Proper adjustment facility in the model with respect to crop helps to avoid excessive use
of pesticides which result into less pollution.
5. Imported hollow cone nozzles should be used in the field for better performance.
6. Muscular problems are removed and there is no need to operate the lever.
7. This alone pump can used for multiple crops

REFERENCES
C. G. LANDGREN, "Calibrating and using a backpack sprayer", Pacific Northwest Extension
Publication 1987, WA 99164-6230

Laukik P Raut, Smit B Jaiswal, Nitin Y Mohite, "Design, development and fabrication of
agricultural pesticides sprayer with weeder", International Journal of Applied Research and
Studies (IJARS) 2013, ISSN 22789480.

Shivaraja Kumar Parameswaramurthys paper on design and development of wheel and pedal
operated sprayer

Sandeep H. Poratkar, Dhanraj R.Raut,Development of Multinozzle Pesticides Sprayer Pump-