PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY:

FATIMA ZULFIQAR

AFSHAN RAHEEM

BUSHRA FARASAT

SAMINA AZAM

AMINAH ALI

SADIA RIAZ

SUBMITTED TO:

MA’AM MUNAZZA NAZ

SUBJECT:

ODE

DEPARTMENT:

MATHEMATICS

FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY RAWALPINDI

1
MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
LINEAR & NON-LINEAR

2
 Content

• Introduction
• Growth and decay problems
• Newton’s law of cooling
• Logistic growth
• Mixture problems
• Electrical circuits
• Falling body problems
• References

3
Introduction to Mathematical Modeling with ODEs
“Mathematics consists of the study and development of methods for prediction”
Modeling is the use of mathematics as a tool to explain and make predictions of
natural phenomena

The Five Stages of Modeling

1. Ask the question.

2. Select the modeling approach.
3. Formulate the model.
4. Solve the model. Validate if possible.
5. Answer the question.

Growth & decay problems

Let N(t) denote the amount of substance (or population) that is either growing or
decaying.If we assume that dN/dt, the time rate of change of this amount of substance ,is
proportional to the amount of substance present ,then dN/dt=kN, or

dN/dt-kN= 0

Where k is the constant of proportionality.

4
The differential equation is solved by the method of separation of variables:

Incorporating the initial value gives:

5
 Example
The population of a certain city was 292000 in 1998, and
the observed relative growth rate is 2% per year.
Find a function that models the population after t years.
Find the projected population in the year 2004.
In what year will the population reach 365004?

Solution

Populations are assumed to have continuous growth. Thus

we use the formula

A = Pe rt
We are going to let t = 0 represent the year 1998 and t is the
number of years since 1998.
A = 292000 e .02t
This model will give us the population t years after 1998.

A = 292000 e .02t

Now we plug in for t. We need to know what t will represent the year
2004. We find that using a subtraction problem. 2004-1998 = 6 tells
us that 2004 is 6 years since 1998 and thus our t is 6.

A = 292000 e ( .02 *6 )
A = 329229 .0807

This is not the answer. People must be whole, thus we must round this
number. Either 329229 people or 329230 people would be considered
correct. 6
Now we plug in 365004 for A and solve for t.

365004 = 292000 e .02t

365004
= e .02t
292000

Take a logarithm of both sides of the equation

365004 
 = ln (e )
.02t
ln 
292000 
365004 
ln  = (.02t ) ln e
292000 
365004 
ln   = (.02t )
292000 
365004 
ln 
292000  = t
.02
t = 11 .15772551

We know that 11.15772551 years after 1998 the population

will reach 365004. We need to know what year that is. We
find this by adding
1998 + 11.15772551 = 2009.15772551
Now do we round up to 2010 or keep it at 2009. We
must always keep it at the lower year (no matter what the
decimal). Any decimal part of a year is still during that year.
That the answer to the question is in the year 2009, the
population will reach 365004.

7
 Half life

Half life is the time it takes for one-half of the atoms in initial
amount A0 to disintegrate into atoms of another element.
Not all elements are radioactive. Those that are the most useful
for geologic dating are:
U-238 Half-life = 4.5 years
K-4 Half-life = 1.25years
C-14 Half-life = 5.73 years

Simple arithmetic plot of a universal isotopic decay curve. After 1 half-

life 50% of parent isotope remains; after 2 half-lives, 25% remains.

8
 Schematic diagram showing decay of radioactive parent isotope (e.g. U-238)
to a daughter (e.g. Pb-206). Note changing ratio of parent/daughter after 2
half-lives. Note that to get an estimate of the geologicc age, you need the ratio
of the parent isotope to the daughter isotope, e.g. two measurements.

Example
The half-life of strontium-90 is 28 years. Suppose we have
a 80 mg sample.

Find a function that models the mass m(t) remaining

after t years.
How much of the sample will remain after 100 years?
How long will it take the sample to decay to a mass of
20 mg?

9
Solution

In order to make a model, we need an initial amount and a

decay rate. We are given the initial amount is 80 mg. We will have to
calculate r. In order to do this, we will use the definition of half-life.
Half-life is the number of years it takes to get from one
amount to half of that amount. Thus for our problem, we know that in
28 years we will have 40 mg (half of 80). Now we plug all this into the
continuous decay formula (same as continuous growth formula).
A = Pe rt
40 = 80e ( r *28 )
40
= e ( r *28 )
80
1
= e ( r *28 )
2
1
ln = r * 28
2
1
ln
2 =r
28

 ln(.5 ) 
 *t 
A = 80e  28 

10
 We will use the model found in the previous part of the problem
and plug in 100 for the t.
 ln(.5 ) 
 *100 
A = 80e
 28 

A = 6.729500963

In 100 years, there will be 6.729500963 grams

We will plug in 20 for A and solve for t.

 ln(.5 ) 
 *t 
A = 80e  28 

 ln(.5 ) 
 *t 
20 = 80e  28 

 ln(.5 ) 
20  *t 
= e 28 
80
 ln(.5 ) 
 *t 
.25 = e  28 

ln(.5)
ln(.25) = *t
28

ln(.25)
=t
 ln(.5) 
 
 28 
t = 56
It will take 56 years to get down to 20 mg. You could also
have done this just using the definition of half-life.

Carbon dating
11
 Carbon dating can be used on material which was living in the last few
tens of thousands of years, and which got its carbon from the air.

Carbon 14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon. Suppose a creature dies, and

the body is preserved. The C14 will undergo radioactive decay, and after 5730
years, half of it will be gone. Eventually, all of it will be gone. So, if we find such a
body, the amount of C14 in it will tell us how long ago it was alive.

12
 Example

A wooden artifact from an ancient tomb contains 35% of the

carbon-14 that is present in living trees. How long ago was
the artifact made?

Solution

For this problem we will need to find a model to represent the

decay of carbon-14. This will require that we find r. Once we have r
and the model, we will be able to solve the problem.
It is assumed that a living tree has 100% of the carbon-14 in
living plants. Once cut down, the amount of carbon-14 starts
decreasing (decaying) based on the half-life. This means that we can
use the half-life information with the staring point 100. The half-life
information tells us that we have 50% of the carbon-14 after 5730
years.

Finding r using the half-life information

This means that our model is

 ln(. 5 ) 
 *t 
A(t ) = 100e  5730 

13
Since the ending amount of carbon-14 is 35%, we will plug 35 in for
A(t) – the amount after time t. Now we solve for t.
 ln(.5 ) 
 *t 
35 = 100e  5730 

 ln(.5 ) 
35  *t 
= e  5730 
100
 ln(.5 ) 
 *t 
.35 = e  5730 

ln(.5)
ln(.35) = *t
5730
ln(.35)
=t
 ln(.5) 
 
 5730 
t = 8678.50428
This means that our wooden artifact is approximately
8678.50428 years old.

14
Newton’s Law of Cooling

The rate at which the temperature T (t) changes in a cooling body is directly proportional
to the temperature difference between the body and the constant temperature Tm, of the
surrounding medium.

The law states that:

dT∕dt = K(T─Tm)

T= the temperature of the object at time t

Tm= the temperature of the surrounding environment (constant)
K= the constant of proportionality

The differential equation is solved by the method of separation of variables.

dT∕dt = K(T−Tm)

• Separate the variables. Get all the T’s on one side and the t on the other
side.
dT∕(T−Tm) = Kdt

• Integrate each side

∫ dT∕(T−T ) = ∫ Kdt
m

• Find the antiderivative of each side

ln(T−Tm) = Kt + lnC
ln(T−Tm) − lnC = Kt

• Applying Natural log Rule

ln(T−Tm ∕ C) = Kt

• Applying Exponential on bothsides

T−Tm ∕ C = eKt
T−Tm = CeKt
T = Tm + CeKt

15
 EXAMPLES

At 9 am on October 19, 2009 a body was found in room 327 at the University
Center. The room is kept at a constant temperature of 72o F. The medical
examiner was called and he arrived in eight minutes. The first thing he did
was to take the temperature of the body. It was 83 o F. Thirty minutes later
the temperature of the body was taken again and it was now 78o F. Help the
police by telling them when the person was murdered.

SOLUTION:

At 9:08 am
T = temperature of body at 0min = 83o F
Tm = temperature of surroundings = 72o F
By putting these values in below equation and calculate the value of C
T = Tm + CeKt
83o = 72o + Ce(0)k
83o−72o = Ceo
11o F = C
At 9:38 am
T = temperature of body after 30mins = 78o F
Tm = temperature of surroundings = 72o F
C = 11o F
By putting these values in below equation and calculate the value of K
T = Tm + CeKt
78o = 72o + (11o )e(30)K
78o−72o = (11o )e(30)K
6o = (11o )e(30)K
e(30)K = 6o∕11o
e(30)K = 0.545
Taking ln on bothsides
ln(e(30)K)= ln(0.545)
30K = −0.6069
K = −0.6069∕30
K = −0.0202
Substituting K into below equation
T = Tm + CeKt
T = 72o + (11o) e(−0.0202)t
16
Since the medical examiner wishes to know the time of death, a solution for “t” is
found by setting the temperature of the body at 98.6o F, normal body temperature.
Solving for “t”
98.6o = 72o + (11o) e(−0.0202)t
(98.6o − 72o ) ∕(11o) = e(−0.0202)t
2.418 = e(−0.0202)t
Taking ln on bothsides
ln(2.418) = ln(e(−0.0202)t)
0.883 = (−0.0202)t
(0.883) ∕ (−0.0202) = t
t = −43.7
Subtracting 43mins from 09:08 am gives the time of death as 08:25 am.

Shayan and Subhan are playing in park. Reshail is at home making pizza.
He calls Shayan and tells him that he is taking the pizza out from the oven
right now. Shayan and Subhan need to get back home in time so that they
can enjoy the pizza at a warm temperature of 110o F.
The pizza, heated to a temperature of 450o F, is taken out of an oven and placed
in a 75o F room at time t=0 minutes. If the pizza cools from 450 o to 370o in 1minute,
how much longer will it take for its temperature to decrease to 110o F?

SOLUTION:

T = temperature of pizza at 0min = 450o F

Tm = temperature of surroundings = 75o F
By putting these values in below equation and calculate the value of C
T = Tm + CeKt
450 = 75 + Ce0t
450 − 75 = C
375 = C

T = temperature of pizza after 1min = 370o F

Tm = temperature of surroundings = 75o F
C = 375o F
By putting these values in below equation and calculate the value of K
T = Tm + CeKt
370o = 75o + (375o )e(1)K
(370 − 75) ∕ (375) = eK

17
 0.786 = eK
Taking ln on bothsides
ln(eK)= ln(0.786)
K = −0.239
T = temperature of pizza = 110o F
Tm = temperature of surroundings = 75o F
C = 375o F
K = −0.239
“t” = ?
By putting these values in below equation and calculate the value of “t”
T = Tm + CeKt
110 = 75 + (375)e(−0.239)t
(110 − 75) ∕ (375) = e(−0.239)t
0.0933 = e(−0.239)t
Taking ln on bothsides
ln(0.0933) = ln(e(−0.239)t)
(−0.239)t = −2.371
t = −2.371 ∕ −0.239
t = 9.9min
It takes about 9.9mins for the pizza to cool to a temperature of 110o F.

18
REFERENCES
• [Chapter 10] Glyn James,Modern Engineering Mathematics, 4th ed.,
Pearson, 2008.
• [Chapter 8] R. T. Smith and R. B. Minton, Calculus, 3rd ed., Mc-Graw
Hill, 2008.
• [Chapter 8] Dennis g. zill, Differential equations with boundary value
problems,3rd ed.
• Schaum,s series,Richard Bronson,Differential equations,2nd ed.
• Personal notes
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/21514655/Newton-s-Law-of-Cooling-
Finding-the-Time-of-Death-of-a-John-Doe
• http://www.slideshare.net/slee1111/newtons-law-of-cooling-4385942

Mixing problems in ODEs

Suppose that we have two chemical substances where one is soluable
in
the other, such as salt and water. Suppose that we have a tank
containing
a mixture of these substances, and the mixture of them is poured in
and
the resulting “well-mixed” solution pours out through a value at the
bottom.
(The term “well-mixed” is used to indicate that the fluid being poured
in
is assumed to instantly dissolve into a homogeneous mixture the
moment it
goes into the tank.) The crude picture looks like this:

Figure shows solution pours into a tank, mixes with another type of solution.

19
and then pours out.
Assume for concreteness that the chemical substances are salt and water.
Let

• A(t) denote the amount of salt at time t,

• FlowRateIn = the rate at which the solution pours into the tank,
• FlowRateOut = the rate at which the mixture pours out of the tank,
• Cin = “concentration in” = the concentration of salt in the solution
being poured into the tank,
• Cout = “concentration out” = the concentration of salt in the solution
being poured out of the tank,
• Rin = rate at which the salt is being poured into the tank = (FlowRateIn)(Cin),
• Rout = rate at which the salt is being poured out of the tank =
(FlowRateOut)(Cout).

Example:
A tank contains 1000L of brine with 15kg of dissolved salt.
Pure water enters the tank at a rate of 104 min. the solution is
kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at the same
rate. How much salt is in the tank after‘t’ minutes?

SOLUTION:
SUPPOSE:
> A(t) be the amount of salt after ‘t’ minutes in tank.
> dA/dt = (rate in of salt)-(rate out of salt)
dA/dt=(concentration in)(rate of water flow)-(concentration out)(Rate of water
flow)
(0)(10 l/m) – (A(t)/1000)(10)
dA/dt = -A/1000 . 10
dA/dt = -A/100
∫1/A dA = ∫-1/100 dt
ln |A| = -1/100 t +C
20
Suppose: t=0 and A=15
Then , A(0) = 15
Solving the value of constant C
-1/100 (0) = 0
ln 15 = C

℮ln |A| = ℮ (-1/100t + ln 15)

|A| = ℮-1/100t • ℮ln(15)
|A| = ℮-1/100t • 15
|A| = 15 ℮-1/100t

Exercise:
At time t=0 a tank contains 1kg of salt dissolved in 100 Liters
of water. If salty water containing ¼ kg per liter at a rate of 3
liters per minute and the solution is draining from the tank at
3 liters per minute then predict how much salt will be in the
tank at time “t”.

21