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Yield and quality of spring Chinese cabbage as affected by different

temperature conditions during seedling production

Article  in  Folia Horticulturae · January 2006

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Temperature treatment of seedlings and Chinese cabbage yield 3
FOLIA
HORTICULTURAE
Ann. 18/2, 2006, 3-15

Yield and quality of spring Chinese cabbage

as affected by different temperature conditions
during seedling production

Andrzej Kalisz, Piotr Siwek

Department of Vegetable Crops
Faculty of Horticulture, Agricultural University in Kraków
29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]

Key words: Chinese cabbage, yields, bolting, chemical composition, seedlings,

temperature

ABSTRACT

The objective of the two-year studies was to estimate the effect of differentiated
temperature conditions during seedling production on the yield and content of
certain compounds in Chinese cabbage grown in the field for spring harvest. A part
of the seedlings subjected to natural low non-freezing temperature for the last 16
days before planting, while the remaining plants grew in optimal conditions
(control). The marketable yield increased by 6.37-9.33 t ha-1 as a consequence of
low temperature stress during period of seedling raising. Despite of the fact that
some plants formed external flower stalks (3.1%) in one year of the experiment, the
share of Chinese cabbage heads suitable for trading in the total yield was also
higher (by 1.2-5.2%) compared to control plants. However, all plants from
4 Andrzej Kalisz, Piotr Siwek

seedlings raised at low temperatures formed internal bolts, while there were no
flower stalks inside the heads of control cabbage. Seedling treatment had no
distinct effect on the accumulation of dry matter, soluble sugar and L-ascorbic acid
in Chinese cabbage heads. There was only a slight and not statistically confirmed
tendency to the decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoids content in Chinese cabbage
grown from seedlings of low temperature. The level of thiocyanates and crude fiber
was the highest in control plants, differences amounted to 4.82-5.60 µg KSCN g-1
f.m. and 2.09-2.43% d.m., respectively. Results obtained in this study indicated
that either temperature during raising seedlings or weather conditions influenced
the Chinese cabbage yield and chemical composition of the heads.

INTRODUCTION

It is well known that the use of seedlings, well adapted for field environment, is
essential for obtaining high yield and quality of the final products. Chinese cabbage
seedlings should be acclimated before they are transplanted so the plants can more
successfully withstand adverse weather conditions of spring season. Short-term
exposure of plants to lower temperatures prior to transplanting is one of the used
hardening techniques (Kalisz and Cebula 2001). The result of this stress is often
long lasting and may affect the subsequent yields as well as nutrient content in
heads at harvest (Daly and Tomkins 1995, Kalisz et al. 2006). Pattern of weather
conditions during field cultivation also influences the yielding of vegetable crops
and may further modify the consequences of low temperature exposure during
seedling growth (Korkmaz and Dufault 2001).
The effect of low temperatures prevailing at early stages of plant growth is
sometimes associated with the premature flowering (Moe and Guttormsen 1985,
Felczyński 1995). Bolting is of economic importance to the Chinese cabbage
industry because advanced flower stalk development results in an unmarketable
head. On the other hand, seedling hardening with low temperature often makes
plants yield higher as far as they do not bolt prematurely (Kalisz et al. 2006). It is
hypothesized that use of cold-tolerant cultivars for early production and row covers
in the field should be sufficient to reduce bolting in Chinese cabbage, even in case
of applying such method of hardening. Therefore, the objectives of this study were
to determine the long-term effects of low temperature during seedling raising
period as well as weather conditions after transplanting on the yield of Chinese
cabbage and nutritive value of mature heads.
Temperature treatment of seedlings and Chinese cabbage yield 5

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The effect of different temperature conditions during seedling production upon the
yield and quality of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.) cv.
‘Sapporo F1’ (Vikima Seeds) in 2004 – 2005 was investigated. The seeds were
sown in the greenhouse on March 26 (2004) and March 23 (2005) into VEFI trays
(96 cells per tray, cell volume of 53.0 cm3), containing peat-based substrate. After
10 days (2004) or 12 days (2005) from sowing, a half of the seedlings were placed
in unheated part of the greenhouse and exposed to uncontrolled low temperature
conditions until planting, the remaining plants were kept in standard temperature
and treated as a control group. The mean values of air temperature in different parts
of greenhouse were presented in Table 1. Detailed characteristic of temperature
conditions during Chinese cabbage seedling growth was described in separate
research work (Kalisz and Cebula 2006).

Table 1. Means of air temperature in heated and unheated greenhouse for the last 16 days before
seedling planting in 2004 and 2005 (°C)

Maximum Mean daily Minimum

Greenhouse
2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005

Heated 29.6 27.0 19.8 18.6 13.7 12.4

Unheated 22.1 21.9 11.6 12.9 4.7 6.0

The field experiment was conducted at the Research Station of the Agricultural
University in Kraków. Chinese cabbage seedlings were set-out at a density of 7.1
plants per m2 on April 21 (2004) and April 20 (2005). Directly after planting the
plants were covered with non-woven propylene (Agrowłóknina 17 g m-2) by period
of 26 days. Cultivation practices (fertilization, irrigation, plant protection) were
carried out in accordance with the currently accepted recommendations.
All data concerning the weather conditions during the experiment were
obtained from the meteorological station in Kraków-Balice, located in the close
vicinity of the field.
The course of weather conditions was rather uniform in 2004 (Fig. 1). Mean
daily air temperature fluctuated in range from 7.4°C in the last ten days of April to
19.0°C at the end of vegetation period. In this year temperatures were moderated,
especially during development of Chinese cabbage heads and in time of harvests.
Minimum temperature was not lowest by whole period of field cultivation from
1.9°C (in the middle of May), the maximum temperature of 25.6°C was recorded in
the first ten days of June. Temperature of air was changed in considerably wider
6 Andrzej Kalisz, Piotr Siwek

range in 2005. There occurred a considerably drop in temperature directly after

planting the seedlings, minimum temperature down to -2.0°C, also mean daily
temperature reached its lowest value at this time (3.6°C). After transitory warming
on early May, it had come again cool weather lasting to the middle of this month.
End of May and early June of this year was a very warm with highest value of
mean daily and maximum temperature (25.5°C and 32.6°C, respectively). Total
precipitation during plant growth in the field amounted to 83.8 mm (2004) and 95.4
mm (2005). Distribution of atmospheric rainfalls was more uniform in the first year
of the experiment. Total precipitation was 34.3 mm higher in the first three weeks
after planting in 2005 than in similar period of 2004.

°C 2004 mm
35 16
30 14
25 12
20 10
15 8
10 6
5 4
0 2
-5 0
April May June Month

°C 2005 mm
35 16
30 14
25 12
20 10
15 8
10 6
5 4
0 2
-5 0
April May June Month

Temperature: maximum mean minimum Precipitation

Fig. 1. Pattern of weather conditions during Chinese cabbage growth in the field
Temperature treatment of seedlings and Chinese cabbage yield 7

The Chinese cabbage was collected as it reached harvest maturity and divided
into marketable and unmarketable yield. The weight of the crop and the number of
heads from each plot were recorded. Marketable yield involved heads of the
highest quality (class I) and slightly deformed or damaged (class II). The plants
with visible bolting shoots were treated as a separate part of unmarketable yield.
Harvest period took place from June 9 to June 15 in 2004 and from June 6 to June
8 in 2005.
Plant samples were collected during harvests in order to determine the content
of dry matter (drying at 105°C to constant weight); soluble sugar (anthrone
method); L-ascorbic acid (Tillmans method), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and
carotenoids (Lichtenthaler method); thiocyanates (Johnston and Jones 1966) and
crude fiber (Jermakov 1972).
The results were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance, significant
differences between means were calculated at α = 0.05 (yield parameters) or
α = 0.01 (laboratory data).

RESULTS

The yield and mean head weight of Chinese cabbage was affected by thermal
conditions during seedling production, however, the results did not always differ
statistically (Table 2). Chinese cabbage produced from seedlings, which had been
exposed to low temperature, gave yields at a distinctly higher level (99.32 t ha-1 in
2004 and 72.87 t ha-1 in 2005), while marketable yield obtained from control plants
was lower by 6.37 and 9.33 t ha-1, respectively. The results pointed out relatively
slight effect of temperature conditions before planting on number of heads suitable
for trading. However, plants of low temperature treated seedlings gave slightly
more marketable heads (by 3 720 and 1 488 numbers ha-1, respectively to the year
of the experiment). It was proved statistically only on the basis of 2-year means.
The mean weight of head calculated in the marketable yield was 1.05-1.52 kg. In
the first year, Chinese cabbage was characterized by a similar head weight, while in
the second one the lowest head weight was obtained from control plants (1.05 kg).
It should be mentioned that plants gave higher yields and produced distinctly
greater heads in 2004 than in 2005.
8 Andrzej Kalisz, Piotr Siwek

Table 2. Marketable yield and mean weight of head of Chinese cabbage depending on temperature
conditions during seedling production
Marketable yield Number of marketable Mean head weight
Seedling
(t ha-1) heads per ha (kg)
treatment
2004 2005 Mean 2004 2005 Mean 2004 2005 Mean
Control 92.95 63.54 78.25 61 756 60 268 61 012 1.51 1.05 1.28
Low
99.32 72.87 86.10 65 476 61 756 63 616 1.52 1.18 1.35
temperature
LSD0.05 4.67 6.99 4.06 n.s. n.s. 1184 n.s. 0.05 0.05

In both years of the experiment, the share of marketable heads in the total yield
of Chinese cabbage produced from control seedlings was lowest, amounting to
87.4-86.2%, respectively in the 2004 and 2005 (Fig. 2). The results showed that
use of low temperature treated seedlings improved the quality of the yield,
especially in the first year (92.6%), despite of the fact, that part of plants formed
external flower stalks before harvests (3.1%). In the next year, the share of heads
suitable for trading was rather similar in both treatments, however, control plants
gave slightly more unmarketable heads (by 1.2%). There was no evidence of
Chinese cabbage bolting in the second year of the experiment.

% 2004 2005 2004 2005

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Control Low temperature Seedling
treatment

marketable yield unmarketable unmarketable – flower stalks

Fig. 2. Structure of total yield of Chinese cabbage depending on temperature conditions during
seedling production
Temperature treatment of seedlings and Chinese cabbage yield 9

Analysis of the marketable yield structure of Chinese cabbage showed that only in
2004 more heads of class I were developed by plants from seedlings of low
temperature (Fig. 3). The share of class I heads was higher by 4.7%, as compared
to control plants. The second group of heads was those in class II which share was
2.5% (plants grown from seedlings subjected to lower temperatures) or 7.2%
(control). In the next year, plants of both treatments gave similar numbers of heads
in the highest class (on average 97.7%).

% 2004 2005 2004 2005

100

90

80

70
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Control Low temperature Seedling
treatment

class I class II

Fig. 3. Quality classes of heads in marketable yield of Chinese cabbage depending on temperature
conditions during seedling production

Growth temperature during seedling production had no distinct effect on the dry
matter, soluble sugar and L-ascorbic acid content in Chinese cabbage heads (Table 3).
The content of dry matter was within the range of 3.50-4.92%, soluble sugar 0.48-
1.81% f.m., and L-ascorbic acid 17.40-24.48 mg% f.m. Great changes in these
compounds were noted in relation to the year of the study, also differences turned out
to be statistically insignificant in a few cases. Nevertheless, it was noticeable that
Chinese cabbage grown from low temperature subjected seedlings contained markedly
more dry matter and L-ascorbic acid in the first year of the experiment, as well as
soluble sugar in the following year. A reverse effect was observed in the last year,
when control plants accumulated the highest amounts of vitamin C.
10 Andrzej Kalisz, Piotr Siwek

Table 3. Dry matter, soluble sugar and L-ascorbic acid content in Chinese cabbage at harvest
depending on temperature conditions during seedling production

Dry matter Soluble sugar L-ascorbic acid

Seedling
(%) (% f.m.) (mg% f.m.)
treatment
2004 2005 Mean 2004 2005 Mean 2004 2005 Mean
Control 4.48 3.71 4.10 1.81 0.48 1.15 21.95 20.10 21.03
Low temperature 4.92 3.50 4.21 1.69 1.03 1.36 24.48 17.40 20.94
LSD0.01 0.22 n.s. n.s. n.s. 0.18 0.09 1.96 0.12 n.s.

The content of pigments in matured Chinese cabbage heads was unaffected by

temperature conditions during seedling production (Table 4). Distinctly higher
amounts of chlorophyll b was found in plants from control seedlings (on average
0.0133 mg g-1 f.m.) as compared with those of other experimental treatment
(0.0074 mg g-1 f.m.), but it was noted only in the case of 2-year means.
Nevertheless, there was a slight and not statistically confirmed tendency to the
decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoids content in Chinese cabbage grown from
seedlings subjected to low temperature before planting.
In all years of the experiment markedly more thiocyanates contained Chinese
cabbage produced from control seedlings – 20.65 µg KSCN g-1 f.m. in 2004 and
18.35 µg KSCN g-1 f.m. in 2005 (Table 5). Plants of the low temperature seedling
treatment had smaller content of thiocyanates by 5.60 i 4.82 µg KSCN g-1 f.m.,
respectively. A similar pattern of changes in crude fiber accumulation was noted.
The highest content of crude fiber was observed for Chinese cabbage grown from
seedlings raised in heated greenhouse prior to transplanting (12.59% d.m. in 2004
and 15.41% d.m. in 2005), differences amounted to 2.09 and 2.43% d.m.,
respectively.

Table 4. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids content in Chinese cabbage at harvest

depending on temperature conditions during seedling production

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids

Seedling -1 -1
(mg g f.m.) (mg g f.m.) (mg g -1 f.m.)
treatment
2004 2005 Mean 2004 2005 Mean 2004 2005 Mean
Control 0.0228 0.0253 0.0241 0.0133 0.0133 0.0133 0.0103 0.0125 0.0114
Low temperature 0.0225 0.0085 0.0155 0.0088 0.0060 0.0074 0.0098 0.0050 0.0074
LSD0.01 n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 0.0041 n.s. n.s. n.s.
Temperature treatment of seedlings and Chinese cabbage yield 11
Table 5. Content of thiocyanates and crude fiber in Chinese cabbage at harvest depending on
temperature conditions during seedling production

Thiocyanates Crude fiber

Seedling (µg KSCN g-1 f.m.) (% d.m.)
treatment
2004 2005 Mean 2004 2005 Mean

Control 20.65 18.35 19.50 12.59 15.41 14.00

Low temperature 15.05 13.53 14.29 10.50 12.98 11.74

LSD0.01 0.61 1.80 1.20 0.88 0.87 0.78

DISCUSSION

Results obtained in the study indicated that either temperature during raising
seedlings or pattern of weather conditions during field cultivation influenced the
Chinese cabbage yield and content of certain compounds in the heads. It was
proved on the basis of additionally made statistical analysis, taking into
consideration the year as a factor (data not presented).
In the first year of the experiment, when the climatic conditions were more
beneficial, plants in both experimental treatments gave the highest yield (amounted
to 92.95-99.32 t ha-1) and produced heads of higher mean weight (1.51-1.52 kg).
Many research studies have shown that Chinese cabbage yields varied from year to
year due to weather conditions (Fritz and Honma 1984, Staugaitis and Starkuté
1999, Kalisz and Cebula 2001), which confirm the significance of this factor. It is
interesting that in both years higher marketable yield of better quality was obtained
from low temperature treated seedlings. The reasons for this finding should be seen
in greater acclimation ability to field conditions of plants exposed to lower
temperatures prior to transplanting.
The effect of low temperature conditions during seedling production on bolting
in Chinese cabbage has been confirmed by many authors (Benoit et al. 1981,
Guttormsen and Moe 1985, Moe and Guttormsen 1985, Wiebe 1990, Kalisz and
Cebula 2001). In the present study, there was an effect of such temperatures on
premature flowering of field-grown Chinese cabbage. Plants formed external
flower stalks only in 2004 and the percentage of bolting heads was very small at
that time (amounted to 3.1%). It is generally accepted that mean daily temperatures
higher than 15-18°C during seedling growth significantly reduce bolting compared
with lower temperatures (Daly and Tomkins 1995). Analysis of data, presented in
the earlier research work, showed that mean daily air temperature in unheated
12 Andrzej Kalisz, Piotr Siwek

greenhouse was below 15.5°C (2004) and 16.2°C (2005), moreover, the minimum
temperature did not increase above 11°C in both years (Kalisz and Cebula 2006).
Hence, it was expected that such thermal conditions during seedling growth should
promote flower initiation and bolting in a much higher degree than observed. On
the other hand, bolting was also determined by dissecting the heads at harvests. As
noted, all plants from seedlings raised at low temperatures formed internal bolts,
while control cabbage had no flower stalks inside the heads at all (data not shown).
However, internal flower stalks do not cause yield losses as long as they remain
small. Stronger plant response (external bolts), which has been observed in 2004,
may be related to less favorable thermal conditions during seedling growth in that
year (Kalisz and Cebula 2006). It should be pointed out that there is a possibility of
Chinese cabbage yield reduction due to bolting as a result of using seedlings raised
under conditions which induce reproductive development in plants.
Both seedling treatments had no distinct effect on the accumulation of dry
matter, soluble sugar and L-ascorbic acid in matured Chinese cabbage heads. The
content of dry matter was within the range of 3.50-4.92%, soluble sugar 0.48-
1.81% f.m., and L-ascorbic acid 17.40-24.48 mg% f.m., depending on the year and
experimental treatment. It covers average values reported by Xuguang et al. (1991),
Felczyński (1995), Kalisz and Cebula (1996), Staugaitis and Starkuté (1999).
Chinese cabbage contained less these components in 2005 when higher
temperatures at the end of vegetation period were observed in relation to former
year. Hara and Sonoda (1982) found that field-grown cabbage had lower dry matter
content at higher temperatures in comparison to plants cultivated in lower
temperatures. The obtained results may also find explanation in the studies reported
by Lee and Kader (2000) and Tamura (2004) who claimed that lower temperatures
usually induce the accumulation of sugars and L-ascorbic acid in field crops.
Statistical analysis showed that pigment content in matured Chinese cabbage heads
was not affected by different temperature conditions during seedling production.
Insignificant effect of this factor on the accumulation of chlorophyll and
carotenoids in Chinese cabbage seedlings was also presented in other publication
(Kalisz and Cebula 2006). Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that in the present
experiment plants from low temperature treated seedlings had slightly less
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in relation to control ones (on average
by 0.0086, 0.0059 and 0.0040 mg g-1 f.m.). The level of thiocyanate accumulation
in Chinese cabbage was lower than that reported by Kunicki and Capecka (2000)
for broccoli. Studies concerning the effect of temperature on thiocyanate content in
plants present contradictory opinions (Bible and Chong 1975, Capecka 1996).
However, the obtained data suggest that accumulation of thiocyanates may be
reduced by low temperature treatment of seedlings. Chinese cabbage produced
from these seedlings contained on average by 5.21 µg KSCN g-1 f.m. less than
control plants. The content of crude fiber in Chinese cabbage was similar to the
Temperature treatment of seedlings and Chinese cabbage yield 13

results from study by Xuguang et al. (1991) and lower to that presented by Elkner
and Horbowicz (1996). Hara and Sonoda (1982) showed that the crude fiber
content in cabbage increased slightly with increase in temperature before harvests.
It would explain greatest contents of crude fiber in Chinese cabbage harvested in
2005 when higher temperatures before harvests were noted as well as in plants
from control seedlings (grown in more beneficial temperatures prior transplanting).

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research was supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN),
grant No. 3 P06R 112 24.

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 Temperature treatment of seedlings and Chinese cabbage yield 15

PLONOWANIE ORAZ JAKOŚĆ WIOSENNEJ KAPUSTY PEKIŃSKIEJ W

ZALEŻNOŚCI OD RÓŻNYCH WARUNKÓW TERMICZNYCH W CZASIE
PRODUKCJI ROZSADY

Streszczenie: Celem 2-letnich badań było oszacowanie wpływu zróżnicowanych

warunków termicznych powietrza w otoczeniu rozsady na plonowanie oraz
zawartość niektórych składników chemicznych w kapuście pekińskiej uprawianej
w polu na zbiór wiosenny. Rozsadę przygotowywano zarówno w optymalnych
warunkach termicznych (kontrola), jak i stresu temperaturowego oddziałującego na
rośliny przez okres ostatnich 16 dni cyklu produkcyjnego (temperatura niższa od
optymalnej w warunkach niekontrolowanych - zimna szklarnia). Zastosowanie
rozsady poddanej działaniu niższych temperatur przyniosło wzrost plonu
handlowego średnio o 6,37-9,33 t ha-1. W roku 2004 część roślin wytworzyło
zewnętrzne pędy kwiatostanowe (3,1%), lecz pomimo to udział plonu handlowego
w ogólnym również był większy (o 1,2-5,2%) niż u kontrolnych. Wszystkie rośliny
uprawiane z rozsady rosnącej w warunkach stresu temperaturowego formowały
pędy wewnętrzne w główkach, których nie zaobserwowano w roślinach
kontrolnych. Nie stwierdzono jednoznacznego wpływu temperatury w czasie
produkcji rozsady na zawartość suchej masy, cukrów rozpuszczalnych i kwasu
L-askorbinowego w główkach kapusty pekińskiej. Ilość chlorofilu a, chlorofilu b
i karotenoidów była podobna, chociaż nieznacznie mniej tych barwników
posiadały rośliny, których rozsadę produkowano w niższych temperaturach.
W główkach kapusty pekińskiej uzyskanej z rozsady kontrolnej stwierdzono
większą zawartość tiocyjanianów (średnio o 5,21 µg KSCN g-1 św.m.) i włókna
surowego (średnio o 2,26% s.m.) Wielkość plonu oraz skład chemiczny kapusty
pekińskiej były uzależnione zarówno od warunków produkcji rozsady jak
i czynników pogodowych podczas uprawy polowej.
Received March 21, 2006; accepted May 30, 2006

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