∆l = αl0 ∆T ~ = Q1 Q2 r̂ = kQ1 Q2 r̂

F
4π0 r2 r2

∆V = βV0 ∆T ~ = QE
F ~

P V = N kT = nRT ~ = dQ k dQ
dE r̂ = 2 r̂
4π0 r2 r
1 3
mv 2 = kT dQ dQ dQ
2 2 ρ= , σ= , λ=
dV dA dl
d
Eint = N kT
2 ~ = Qd~
p

Q = mc∆T = nC∆T
~τ = p ~
~ × E, U = −~ ~
p·E
Q = mL (For a phase transition) Z
ΦE = ~ · dA
E ~
∆Eint = Q − W
I
~ = Qencl
~ · dA
E
dEint = dQ − P dV 

Z U = QV
W = P dV
Z Z Z
~ · d~l = dQ k
V =− E = dQ
CP − CV = R = NA k 4π0 r r

P V γ = const. (For a reversible adiabatic process) E = −∇V

CP d+2 Q = CV
γ= =
CV d
d Ceq = C1 + C2 (parallel)
CV = R
2
dQ dT 1 1 1
= −kA = + (series)
dt dx Ceq C1 C2
Wnet
e=  = κ0
Qin
TL
eideal = 1 − C = κC0
TH
Z
dQ
S= (For reversible processes) Q2
T U=
2C
dQ = T dS 
Z
U= ~ 2 dV,
|E|
2
∆Ssyst + ∆Senv > 0 (For irreversible processes)
dQ
I=
I I dt
dE = dS = 0
∆V = IR
Q W
Isobaric CP n∆T P ∆V
P = IV
Isochoric CV n∆T
  0 
V Vf
Isothermal nRT ln Vf0 nRT ln V0
ρl
Adiabatic 0 − d2 (Pf Vf − P0 V0 ) R=
A
 Z
Req = R1 + R2 (series) ΦB = ~ · dA
B ~

1 1 1
= + (parallel)
I
Req R1 R2 E= ~ · d~l = − dΦB
E
dt
X
I=0
dI
junction E = −L
X dt
V =0
loop Φ1 Φ2
M = N1 = N2
I2 I1
~m = I d~l × B
dF ~
N
L= ΦB
~ = q(E
~ + ~v × B)
~ I
F
1 2
U= LI
µ ~
~ = N IA 2
Z
1 ~ 2 dV
~
~ ×B
~τ = µ U= |B|
2µ0

U = −~ ~
µ·B ZR = R
I
~ · d~l = µo Iencl
B 1
ZC =
iωC

I d~l × r̂
Z
~ = µ0
B
4π r2 ZL = iωL
 Z ∞
1
g(v) = g(v)f (v) dv dy
N 0 = −ay + b,
dt
~ = ∂f r̂ + 1 ∂f θ̂ + ∂f ẑ
 
∇f (cylindrical) b −at b
∂r r ∂θ ∂z solved by: y(t) = y(0) − e +
a a

dV = ρ dρ dφ dz (cylindrical)
sin(x) ≈ x

~ = ∂f r̂ + 1 ∂f θ̂ + 1 ∂f φ̂
∇f (spherical) x2
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ cos(x) ≈ 1 −
2
dV = r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ (spherical) x2
ex ≈ 1 + x +
2
dA = r dr dθ (polar)
(α − 1)α 2
(1 + x)α ≈ 1 + αx + x
Z ∞
2
n!
xn e−ax dx =
0 an+1 x2
ln(1 + x) ≈ x −
2
∞
Z r
2n −ax2 (2n)! π
x e dx =
0 n!22n+1 a2n+1 sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x)
Z ∞ 2 n!
x2n+1 e−ax dx =
0 2an+1 cos(2x) = 2 cos2 (x) − 1
Z p
(1 + x2 )−1/2 dx = ln(x + 1 + x2 )
sin(a + b) = sin(a) cos(b) + cos(a) sin(b)
Z
(1 + x2 )−1 dx = arctan(x)
cos(a + b) = cos(a) cos(b) − sin(a) sin(b)
Z
x
(1 + x2 )−3/2 dx = √ 1 + cot2 (x) = csc2 (x)
1 + x2
Z
x 1
dx = ln(1 + x2 ) 1 + tan2 (x) = sec2 (x)
1 + x2 2