University of Sharjah
Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng.
Chapter 5
Pumps &
Hydraulic Control Devices
Dr. Mohsin Siddique
Email:
[email protected] Dr. Tarek Merabtene
Email:
[email protected]1
Pumps
Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy
A pump usually refers to a machine used for incompressible fluids
(water, oil); fans, blowers
Types of pumps
Positive displacement
Centrifugal pump
Axial flow pump
Mixed flow pump
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Pumps: Types
Positive Displacement Pump
These types of pumps displace fixed
volumes of fluid during each cycle or
revolution of the pump.
No longer used for distribution system
pumping in most water systems, but
portable units may be used for
dewatering excavations during
construction.
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Pumps: Types
Centrifugal Pump
Frequently used in water
distribution systems.
Water enters the pump through
the eye of the spinning impeller
and goes outward from the
vanes to discharge pipe.
A centrifugal pump consists of: a
rotating element (impeller) and
housing which encloses the
impeller and seals the
pressurized liquid.
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Pumps: Types
Axial Flow pumps
In axial-flow pumps, the flow
enters and leaves the pump
chamber along the axis of the
impeller, as shown in Figure
In mixed flow pumps,
outflows have both radial and
axial components.
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Total
dynamic
head
(TDH)
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Head Developed by Pump
Head developed by a pump. In this case ps/γ is negative.
The net head h delivered by the pump to the fluid
pd Vd2 ps Vs2
h H d H s zd z s
2g 2g
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Performance of Pump
Head and Capacity (Q)
BHP (Brake Horsepower) and Capacity
Efficiency and Capacity
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) and Capacity
(Q)
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Pump Curve vs System Curve
With increasing discharge (Q) head losses (hL) in pipeline increase
and at the same time head provided (h) by pump reduce.
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Specific Speed
For pumps, the commonly used definition of specific speed (also called
shape number), ns , is given by
where any consistent set of units can be used. In SI units, w is in rpm, Q in
m3/s, g in m/s2, and hp in meters.
It is common practice in the United States to define the specific speed,
Ns, as
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Specific Speed Eqs.
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Problem 1:
It is desired to deliver 100L/s at a head of 270m with a single stage pump.
(a). What would be the minimum rotative speed that could be used.
Assuming that the minimum practical specific speed, Ns, is 10.
(b). For the conditions of (a) how many stages must the pump (Ns=10)
have if a rotative speed of 600 rpm is to be used.
Q1/ 2
3/ 4
N s hp
a. Ns 3/ 4
hp Q1/ 2
10270
3/ 4
2106 rpm
100 / 10001/ 2
b.
Q1/ 2 6000.1
1/ 2
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3/ 4
hp
Ns 10
Total Reqd. Stages=270/50.6=5.34
hp 50.6m per stage 6 stage are required
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Total Dynamic Head
To determine the size of the pump, one must know the total dynamic head
that the pump is expected to provide.
Total dynamic head (TDH) consists of
The difference between the center line of the pump and the height to
which water must be raised.
The difference between the suction pool elevation and centerline of the
pump
Frictional losses in the pump and fitting
Velocity head
Mathematically, it can be written as;
TDH = Hs + HL + Hv
Hs = Total static head (difference between elevations of pumping source and point of delivery
HL = Friction losses in pipes and fittings
Hv = Velocity head due to pumping
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Total Dynamic Head (Head Added by Pump)
If a pump has been selected, Bernoulli’s equation can be rearranged to solve
for the head added by a pump
P2 P1 V22 V12
ha Z 2 Z1 h f
Where,
ha =head added by pump (TDH)
hf = head loss in attached pipe and fittings
P =Atmospheric pressure
V =velocity
Z =elevation
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Calculation of the theoretical required
power of a pump
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Calculation for Pump Efficiency
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Head Added by Pump
Problem 2: A pump is being used to
deliver 35gpm of hot water from a tank
through 50feet of 1-inch diameter smooth
pipe, exiting through a ½ inch nozzle 10
feet above the level of tank. The head loss 10’ 50’
due to friction in the pipe is 26.7 feet. The
specific weight of water is 60.6 lb/ft3.
Determine the head added by pump.
Calculate the power delivered to
water by the pump? If the
efficiency is 60%, calculate the
power delivered to the pump
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Pump Power and Efficiency
Power
Efficiency
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e=0.046mm
Apply energy eq. at water
level in both tanks, we get
P V 2 P V 2
Z hp Z HL
2g 2 g
1 2
26 h p Z H L
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1 e / D 5.74
2 log 0.9
f 3.7 Re
e/ D
e
e/ D
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e/ D
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Pumps in Series and Parallel
Pumps can be arranged in serial or parallel to provide an
additional head or flow rate capacity.
Pumps in Series
When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial their
resulting pump performance curve is obtained by adding
their heads at the same flow rate as indicated in the figure below.
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Pumps in Parallel
When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their
resulting performance curve is obtained by adding their
flowrates at the same head as indicated in the figure below.
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Variable Speed Pump (Affinity law)
Cavitation
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Cavitation
For any operating pump,
a cavitation parameter, σ,
is defined by the relation:
where hp is the head added by
the pump.
For all pumps, there is a critical
value of the cavitation parameter,
σc below which cavitation in the
pump can be expected to occur.
This critical value of the cavitation
parameter is usually provided by
the pump manufacturer and
generally places a limit on the Values of σc as a function of
operating range of the pump specific speed
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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• The absolute dynamic head at the pump inlet (suction) in
excess of the vapor pressure
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) can be defined as two parts:
• NPSH Available (NPSHA): The absolute pressure at the suction port of the pump. NPSHA is
a function of your system and must be calculated,
• NPSH Required (NPSHR): The minimum pressure required at the suction port of the pump
to keep the pump from cavitation. NPSHR s a function of the pump and must be provided
by the pump manufacturer.
** NPSHA MUST be greater than NPSHR for the pump system to operate without cavitation.
You must have more suction side pressure available than the pump requires.
Cavitation
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Cavitation
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Calculation of the theoretical required
power of a pump
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Calculation for Pump Efficiency
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Pump Power and Efficiency
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Pumps in Series and Parallel
Pumps can be arranged in serial or parallel to provide an
additional head or flow rate capacity.
Pumps in Series
When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial their
resulting pump performance curve is obtained by adding
their heads at the same flow rate as indicated in the figure below.
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Pumps in Parallel
When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their
resulting performance curve is obtained by adding their
flowrates at the same head as indicated in the figure below.
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Variable Speed Pump (Affinity law)
Thank You
61
Hydraulic Control Devices
Controls
Check valve (CV)
Pressure relief valve
Pressure reducing valve (PRV)
Pressure sustaining valve (PSV)
Flow control valve (FCV)
Pumps: need a relationship between flow and head
Reservoirs: infinite source, elevation is not affected
by demand
Tanks: specific geometry, mass conservation applies
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Check Valve
Valve only allows flow in one direction
The valve automatically closes when flow begins to reverse
open closed
Warning:
Check valves can cause large transient pressure differences if the flow backwards
through them can occur before the check valve closure is complete. Network
transients analysis must be done to check the pressure effect. Note that modern
check valves are better designed to reduce transient pressure.
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Pressure Relief Valve
closed open
pipeline
relief flow
Low pipeline pressure High pipeline pressure
Valve will begin to open when pressure in the pipeline
________ a set pressure (determined by force on the spring).
exceeds
Where high pressure could cause an explosion (boilers, water heaters, …)
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Pressure Regulating Valve
sets maximum pressure downstream
closed open
High downstream pressure Low downstream pressure
Valve will begin to open when the pressure
___________ is _________
downstream less than the set point
pressure (determined by the force of the spring).
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Pressure Sustaining Valve
sets minimum pressure upstream
closed open
Low upstream pressure High upstream pressure
Valve will begin to open when the pressure
________ is _________
upstream greater than the setpoint pressure
(determined by the force of the spring).
Similar to pressure relief valve
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Flow Control Valve (FCV)
Limits the ____ ___ through
flow rate
the valve to a specified value,
in a specified direction
Commonly used to limit the
maximum flow to a value that
will not adversely affect the
provider’s system
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Thank You
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