753 CS 15 - COMPUTER

STUDIES I
Bachelor of Arts in Secondary
Education

By:
V. FELSHI SHEEBA, B. Tech., M.E.,
753 CS 15 - COMPUTER
STUDIES I

DAY – 1 :
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

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 Sub Topics
• What is a computer?
• History of the computers.
• Evolution of the Computer
• Generations of computers.
• Questions & Answers

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 What is a computer?
• The computer is a man made electronic
device.
• It is operating with under the control of
instruction.
• It performs tasks or calculations according to
the set of instructions given.

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Parts of a Computer

CPU

Monitor

Mouse

Keyboard

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• It works through hardware and software
interactions.
• Hardware refers to the parts of a computer
that you can see and touch, including the case
and everything inside it.
• Software refers to the instructions, or
programs, that tell the hardware what to do.

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 Examples Of Hardware & Software
• It has many hardware and software parts.
• Examples of hardware:
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, CPU, Monitor,
Printer etc..
• Examples of software:
Ms office, Visualbasic etc..

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Examples Of Hardware
Scanner

Keyboard

CPU
Mouse

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H Hardware – CPU Parts

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 Printer
Monitor

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 History of the Computer
• Abacus
• Pascal Calculating Machine
• Punched Card Machine
• Charles Babbage Engine

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 Abacus
• The abacus is a simple counting aid, invented
by the Chinese in 4th Century B.C.

• This device allows users to make

computations using a system of sliding beads
arranged on a rack.

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Abacus

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 Pascal calculating machine

• In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal developed a mechanical

calculating machine.

• It was the first real desktop calculating device that could

add and subtract.

• It consists of a set of toothed wheels or gears with each

wheel or gear having digits 0 to 9 engraved on it. Arithmetic
operation could be performed by turning these wheels.

• Pascal’s concept can still be seen in the conventional

electric meters and taxi meters.

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Pascal’s calculating machine

Gears (or) Toothed Wheels

Display
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 Punched card Machine

• Around this period only, Herman Hollerith came up with

the concept of punched cards, which were extensively
used as input medium in computers even in late 1970s.
• In 1801, a French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard
invented the first punched card machine.
• The presence and absence of the holes in the card
represent the digits.

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Punched card Machine

Holes

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 Charles Babbage Engine
• Charles Babbage invented a calculating
machine in 1822.

• Babbage designed a “Difference Engine” in

the year 1822, which could produce reliable
tables.

• In 1842, Babbage came out with his new idea

of Analytical Engine, which was intended to
be automatic.

• The machine took input from the punched

card. The Analytical engine had a memory
which will perform arithmetic operations.
Charles Babbage

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 Evolution Of Computers
• Mark I Computer
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• EDSAC
• UNIVAC I
• IBM

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 Mark I Computer
• The Mark I Computer (1937- and used till 1944)
• Also known as Automatic Sequence Controlled
calculator, this was the first fully automatic calculating
machine designed by Howard A. Aiken of Harvard
University, in collaboration with IBM (International
Business Machines) Corporation.
• Its design was based on the techniques already
developed for punched card machinery. It was an
electro-mechanical device, since both mechanical and
electronic components were used in its design.

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Mark I Computer

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 Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-
1942).
• This electronic machine was developed by
Dr. John Atanasoff to solve certain
mathematical equations.
• It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer,
or ABC, after its inventor’s name and his
assistant, Clifford Berry.

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Atanasoff-Berry Computer

Vacuum Tubes

Capacitors
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 ENIAC
• The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
(ENIAC) was the first of all electronic computers.
• The ENIAC (1943-1946).
• It was constructed at the Moore School of Engineering
of the University of Pennsylvania in U.S.A by a design
team led by Professors J. Prosper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
• It took up the wall space in a 20 X 40 square feet room
and used 18,000 vacuum tubes. The addition of two
numbers was achieved in 200 microseconds, and
multiplication in 2000 microseconds.

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ENIAC

Vacuum Tubes

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 EDVAC
• The EDVAC (1946-1952)
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• A major drawback of ENIAC was that its programs were
wired on boards, which made it difficult to change the
programs.
• This problem was later overcome by the “stored program”
concept introduced by Dr. John Von Neumann.
• The basic idea behind this concept is that a sequence of
instructions, as well as data, can be stored in the memory
of the computer, for automatically directing the flow of
operations. This feature considerably influenced the
development of modern digital computers because of the
ease with which different programs can be loaded and
executed on the same computer.

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EDVAC

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 EDSAC
• The EDSAC (1947-1949)
• Almost simultaneously with EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) of U.S.A, the
British developed the Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator (EDSAC).
• The machine executed its first program in May 1949.
• In this machine, addition operation was
accomplished in 1500 microseconds, and
multiplication operation in 4000 microseconds.
• The machine was developed by a group of scientists,
headed by Professor Maurice Wilkes, at the
Cambridge University Mathematical Laboratory.

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EDSAC

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 UNIVAC I
• The UNIVAC I (1951)
• The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
was the first digital computer. Which was not
“one of a kind”, Many UNIVAC machines were
produced, the first of which was installed in the
Census Bureau in 1951 and was used
continuously for 10 years.
• The first business use of a computer, a UNIVAC
I, was by General Electric Corporation in 1954.
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UNIVAC I

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 IBM
• In 1952, the International Business Machines
(IBM) Corporation introduced the 701
commercial computers.
• In rapid succession, improved models of the
UNIVAC I and other 700-series machines were
introduced.
• In 1953, IBM produced the IBM-650, and sold
over 1000 of these computers. The
commercially available digital computers,
which could be used for business and scientific
applications, had arrived.

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 IBM

Monitor

Keyboard

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Generations of Computers

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 Generations of Computers

• 1st Generation Computers (1945 – 1956)

• 2nd Generation Computers (1956 – 1963)
• 3rd Generation Computers (1964 – 1971)
• 4 th Generation Computers (1971 –1990)
• 5th Generation Computers (Present)

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 1st Generation Computers
(1945 – 1956)
• The late 1940’s and the early 1950’s have seen computer
hardware using vacuum tubes as the basic building blocks.
• The first electronic digital computer ENIAC developed in the
late 1940’s and it was based on vacuum tube circuitry.
• The concept of stored program was introduced by Von
Newmann around the same time.
• ENIAC occupied around 1500 square feet of space and
because of the large amount of heat generation. It required
elaborate cooling arrangements.
• No operating system is used in this generation.

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1st Generation Computers
(1945 – 1956)

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 2nd Generation Computers
(1956 – 1963)
• In 1949, Bell Laboratories developed the 1st transistor.
Transistors were smaller, faster and more reliable. It
generated less heat than vacuum tubes.
• The second generation computers replaced the basic
electronic component vacuum tubes with transistors.
• The storage capacity of the second generation
computers was better than 1st generation.
• These were smaller but faster.
• They used Assembly level programming languages and
had a better processing speed.
• During the 1960’s, IBM of USA and ICL of UK were
the leading manufacturer of computers.IBM 1401 and
ICL 1901 were amongst the popular one.
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Transistor

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 3rd Generation Computers
(1964 – 1971)
• 3rd Generation computers were introduced in the mid 60’s.
• These were based on Integrated Circuits (IC).
• The small and medium scale ICs replaced the transistors in
the hardware, while semiconductor memory elements
replaced the magnetic core memory.
• Magnetic disks fully replaced the tapes as the storage
medium.
• The ICs provided vast internal storage and increased the
operational efficiency.
• Another concept developed during this period was an
operating system and high level programming languages are
used. This is very much better than the 1st and 2nd generation
computers.

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Integrated Circuit

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 4 th Generation Computers
(1971-1990)
• In 1972, microprocessor was developed. It
is a significant event of the 20th century.
• When integrated with storage and
input/output units, a microprocessor
produces a micro computer.
• Micro computer is a compact stand alone,
easy to use a device. It offers efficiency over
its earlier alternatives.

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Microprocessor

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 5th Generation Computers
(Present)
• Computers may operate at incredibly fast
speed and perform with unbelievable
accuracy.
• Artificial Intelligent machine could be
developed which will even be in a position to
think and decide.

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Artificial Intelligence Machine

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 Classification Of Computers
• Super Computers
• Mainframe Computers
• Mini Computers
• Micro Computers

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 Super Computers
• Super-computers are very fast and powerful
machines.
• Their internal architecture enables them to run at the
speed of tens of MIPS (Million Instructions per
Second).
• Super-computers are very expensive and for this
reason are generally not used for CAD applications.
• Examples of super-computers are:
Cray and CDC Cyber 205.

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Super Computers

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 Mainframe Computers
• Mainframe computers are built for general
computing, directly serving the needs of business and
engineering.
• Although these computing systems are a step below
super-computers, they are still very fast and will
process information at about 10 MIPS.
• Mainframe computing systems are located in a
centralized computing center with 20-100
workstations.
• This type of computer is still very expensive and is
not readily found in architectural/interior design
offices.

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Mainframe Computers

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 Mini Computers
• Minicomputers were developed in the 1960's
resulting from advances in microchip
technology.
• Smaller and less expensive than mainframe
computers, minicomputers run at several MIPS
and can support 5-20 users.
• CAD usage throughout the 1960's used
minicomputers due to their low cost and high
performance.
• Examples of minicomputers are: DEC PDP,
VAX11.

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Mini Computers

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 Micro Computers
• Microcomputers were invented in the 1970s and were
generally used for home computing and dedicated data
processing workstations.
• Advances in technology improved microcomputer
capability, resulting in the explosive growth of personal
computers in industry.
• In the 1980s many medium and small design firms were
finally introduced to CAD as a direct result of the low cost
and availability of microcomputers.
• Examples: IBM, Compaq, Dell, Gateway, and Apple
Macintosh.
• The average computer user today uses a microcomputer.
These types of computers include PCs, laptops,
notebooks, and hand-held computers such as Palm Pilots.

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• Larger computers fall into a mini-or mainframe
category. A mini-computer is 3-25 times faster than a
micro.
• It is physically larger and has a greater storage capacity.
• A mainframe is a larger type of computer and is
typically 10-100 times faster than the micro.
• These computers require a controlled environment both
for temperature and humidity.
• Both the mini and mainframe computers will support
more workstations than will a micro.
• They also cost a great deal more than the micro running
into several hundred thousand dollars for the
mainframes.

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Micro Computers

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Notebook Computers
• Notebook computers
are portable computers
• Notebook computers
are approximately the
size of an 8(1/2) X 11
inch notebook
• They are also known as
laptop PCs (Laptop
Personal Computers)

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PCs (Personal Computers)
• Personal computers are
desktop computers.
• A PC is a non-portable,
general purpose
computer, which easily
fits on a normal size
office table.

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 Question and Answers
2 Marks
1. Define Computer?
• Computer is an man made electronic device.
• It is operating with under the control of instruction.
• Its having many software and hardware parts.
2. Define EDSAC?
Almost simultaneously with EDVAC (Electronic discrete
Variable Automatic Computer) of U.S.A, the British developed
the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC).

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3. What is Abacus?
• The abacus is a simple counting aid, used in 4th Century B.C.
• This device allows users to make computation using a system of
sliding beads arranged on a rack.
4 Marks
1. Define EDVAC?
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The basic idea behind this concept is that a sequence of instructions,
as well as data, can be stored in the memory of the computer, for
automatically directing the flow of operations. This feature
considerably influenced the development of modern digital
computers because of the ease with which different programs can be
loaded and executed on the same computer.

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12 Marks
1. Explain about History of computer?
• Abacus
• Pascal calculating machine
• Punched card Machine
• Charles Babbage Engine
2. Explain the various generation of computer in detail.
• 1st Generation Computers (1945 – 1956)
• 2nd Generation Computers (1956 – 1963)
• 3rd Generation Computers (1964 – 1971)
• 4 th Generation Computers (1971 –1990)
• 5th Generation Computers (Present)

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3.Explain Evolution of Computers from 1947 to till now?
• Mark I Computer
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• ENIAC
• EDSAC
• UNIVAC I
• EDVAC
• IBM
4.Explain about the classification of computers?
• Super Computers
• Mainframe Computers
• Mini Computers
• Micro Computers
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