Scribd
Upload
1K views

Introduction To Construction Materials and Testing

The document discusses different types of solid materials used in civil engineering projects, including their classification and properties. It describes five main classifications of materials: metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and advanced materials. It also discusses various civil engineering materials like wood, cement, concrete and their properties important for engineering applications. Forces, loads, stresses and the concept of stiffness in materials is explained.

Uploaded by

Dopias Fake
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

Introduction To Construction Materials and Testing

The document discusses different types of solid materials used in civil engineering projects, including their classification and properties. It describes five main classifications of materials: metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and advanced materials. It also discusses various civil engineering materials like wood, cement, concrete and their properties important for engineering applications. Forces, loads, stresses and the concept of stiffness in materials is explained.

Uploaded by

Dopias Fake
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

 Civil engineering consists of the design,

construction, maintenance, inspection and


management of characteristically diverse public
works projects, from railroads to high-rise
buildings to sewage treatment centers. Their
construction maybe under or above ground, off
shore, or island.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID MATERIALS

1) Metals
2) Ceramics
3) Polymers
4) Composites
5) Advanced Materials
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID MATERIALS

- based primarily on chemical make up and


atomic structure.

1.) Metals – are composed of one or more metallic


elements (eg. iron, aluminum) and often also
nonmetallic elements (eg. Carbon, nitrogen and
oxygen) in relatively small amount.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID MATERIALS

2) Ceramics – are compounds between metallic


and nonmetallic elements; they are most
frequently oxides, nitrides and carbides.

3) Polymers – include the familiar plastic and


rubber materials, many of them are organic
compounds that are chemically based on
carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
element.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID MATERIALS

4) Composites – engineered combinations of two


or more different materials.

5) Advanced Materials – used in high-technology


applications.
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
 Amorphous materials– materials in which the atoms are
arranged almost randomly, or those that do not have
crystalline structure. Generally these materials are strong
and brittle.
 Construction materials– materials that are used in the
building industry, such as cement, steel, brick, plastics,
wood, glass, ceramics and concrete.
 Composite materials– materials wherein two or more
different types of materials are combined in macroscopic
structural units. Many materials that have two or more
constituents, such are metallic alloys and polymer bonds.
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

 Elastomeric materials– a polymer having elastic


property which means it can be stretched by large
amounts and that will return to its original form.

 Insulating materials– materials that are provided for


sound, thermal and electrical insulation. It is best used by
the C.E. in constructing the roof, applying the insulating
material between the truss and the roof it decreases the
thermal capacity beneath the subjected area.
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

 Metallic Materials – generally classified as ferrous and


nonferrous, metals are used in construction and
manufacturing.
 Raw Materials – natural products or materials that are
transformed through manufacturing processes.
 Repair Materials – these are materials used to repair a
deteriorating structure of concrete or steel. They may
include several classes of materials such as fillers, water
proofing compound and materials for general sealants.
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

 Ductile – is the property that makes it possible for a


material to be drawn out or stretched to a considerable
extent, from a significant sustained load, before rupture.
 Elastic – is the ability of a material to deform under a
load, without a permanent set or deformation upon the
release of the load. A perfectly elastic material should
recover completely it’s original shape and dimensions
when loads are removed.
 Brittle – denotes relatively little or no elongation or
increase in length at fracture.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS:

 wood
 cement and concrete
 bitumens and bituminous
 structural clay and concrete units
 reinforcing and structural steels

These are sometimes called structural materials. Added to these


are plastics, soils and aluminum. All these are employed in variety
of civil engineering structures such as dams bridges, roads,
foundations and liquid retaining structures, waterfront
construction, buildings and retaining walls.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS:

 Wood is derived from trees and can be put to use


directly as pieces of lumber cut from a log.
 Concrete is one of the most common construction
materials in which Portland cement is the essential
ingredient.
 Bitumen which comes in a variety of forms is mixed
with other raw materials for the construction of
pavements, roof shingles, water proofing and many other
materials.
PROPERTIES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

 Materials for engineering application are selected so as


to perform satisfactory during service. The material for a
highway bridge should posses adequate strength rough
surface and sufficient rigidity.

● physical properties
● mechanical properties
● chemical properties
PROPERTIES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

 Physical properties are those derived from the


properties of matter or attributed to the physical
structure. They include density, porosity, void
content, moisture content, sp. gravity, permeability
and structure.
PROPERTIES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

 Mechanical properties measure the resistance of a


material to applied loads or forces. Some reflect the
strength of the material whereas others measure the
deformations, capacity or stiffness.

 Chemical properties – are those pertaining to the


composition and potential reaction of a material. The
compounds composition, such as oxides and carbonates,
describe the chemical nature of the material and the way
it would behave in a certain environment.
FORCES, LOADS AND STRESSES

 When a body is pulled or pushed it is said to be acted upon by a


force. If a chair is push downwards by sitting on it, it does not
move for the solid floor pushes upward against it with an equal
force or so called the equilibrium.

 When a solid body is subjected to external forces called loads,


the body is deformed and internal forces are produced. The
internal forces or internal stresses that act between consecutive
particles are said to be proportional to the external loads.
STIFFNESS

 Stiffness is relative measure of the deformability of a


material under load. A material that develops a high
level of strain at a given is less stiff that a material
showing less strain under the same stress.

 The stiffness of a material is measured in terms of its


modulus of elasticity. Elasticity is that property of a
material that enables to change its length, volume, or
form in direct response to an applied force and to
recover its original size or form when the load is
completely removed.
STIFFNESS

 The elastic limit is the maximum stress below which a


material will fully recover its original form upon the
removal of the applied force.

 The proportional limit is the maximum stress below


which the ratio between the stress and the strain is
constant.

You might also like