Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Ranga Reddy District – 501 301 (T.S)

(AUTONOMOUS)

Computer Programming – II
COURSE FILE

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
1
S.No Contents Page No.
1 Cover Page 3
2 Syllabus copy 4
3 Vision of the Department 6
4 Mission of the Department 6
5 PEOs, POs and PSOs 7
6 Course objectives and outcomes 9
7 Brief notes on the importance of the course and how it fits into the 9
curriculum
8 Prerequisites if any 10
9 Instructional Learning Outcomes 10

10 Course mapping with POs 10

11 Class Time Table 12
12 Individual Time Table 17
13 Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted 19
14 Detailed notes 21
15 Additional topics 99
16 University Question papers of previous years 99
17 Question Bank 102
18 Assignment Questions 107
19 Unit wise Quiz Questions and long answer questions 109

20 Tutorial problems 118

21 Known gaps ,if any and inclusion of the same in lecture schedule 118
22 Discussion topics , if any 118
23 References, Journals, websites and E-links if any 119
24 Quality Measurement Sheets 119
a. Course End Survey
b. Teaching Evaluation

25 Student List 119

26 Group-Wise students list for discussion topics 139

Course coordinator Program Coordinator HOD

2
 GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CSE
Name of the Subject : Computer Programming - II

JNTU CODE: 16CS1201 Programme : UG

Branch: All Branches Version No : 01

Year: I Updated on : 21/12/2016

Semester: II SEM No. of pages : 139

Classification status (Unrestricted / Restricted )

Distribution List :

Prepared by : 1) Name : Y.V.N. Phanikishore 1) Name: J. Uma Mahesh, M. Ravinder

2) Design: Asst. Prof 2) Design: Asst. Prof, Asst. Prof.

3)Sign : 3) Sign:

4) Date : 4) Date:

Verified by : 1) Name : N. Chandrakanth * For Q.C Only.

2) Sign : 1) Name :

3) Design : PROFESSOR 2) Sign :

4) Date : 3) Design :

4) Date :

Approved by : (HOD ) 1) Name : Dr. S. Nagender Kumar

2) Sign :

3) Date :

3
 2. SYLLABUS
Computer Programming II
Code: 16CS1201 1st year Semester–2 L-3, C- 3

UNIT – I
Strings – Concepts, C Strings, String Input / Output functions, string manipulation functions,
arrays of strings, string / data conversion, C program examples.
Enumerated – The Type Definition (typedef), Enumerated types
Preprocessor commands, C program examples.

UNIT – II
Structure and Union Types – Structures –Declaration, initialization, accessing structures,
operations on structures, Complex structures, C program examples.
Structures in C - Structures and functions, passing structures through pointers, self
referential structures, unions, bit fields, C programming examples

UNIT – III
Sorting –selection sort, bubble sort, insertion sort and merge sort techniques (Using Arrays)
Searching - linear search, binary search, binary recursive search techniques (Using Arrays)

UNIT - IV
Linear list – singly linked list implementation, insertion, deletion and searching operations
on linear list
Stacks - Push and Pop Operations, Introduction to In-fix and Post-Fix Notation. (Arrays and
List impl.)
Queues - Enqueue and Dequeue operations. (Arrays and List impl.)

UNIT – V
File Input and Output – Concept of a file, streams, text files and binary files, Differences
between text and binary files, State of a file, Opening and Closing files, file input / output
functions (standard library input / output functions for files), file status functions (error
handling), Positioning functions, C program examples.
Command line arguments, C program examples.
Program Development – Simple file, Multi-function, Multi-source files, Separate
Compilation of functions

4
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C, B.A.Forouzan and
R.F. Gilberg, Third Edition, Cengage Learning.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. The C Programming Language, B.W. Kernighan and Dennis M.Ritchie, PHI.
2. Programming in C. P. Dey and M Ghosh , Oxford University Press.
3. Programming with C, B.Gottfried, 3rd edition, Schaum‟s outlines, TMH.
4. Problem Solving and Program Design in C, J.R. Hanly and E.B. Koffman, 7th
Edition, Pearson education.
5. C& Data structures – P. Padmanabham, Third Edition, B.S. Publications.

5
 3. VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To produce globally competent and socially responsible computer science engineers

contributing to the advancement of engineering and technology which involves creativity
and innovation by providing excellent learning environment with world class facilities.

4. MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. To be a centre of excellence in instruction, innovation in research and scholarship,

and service to the stake holders, the profession, and the public.

2. To prepare graduates to enter a rapidly changing field as a competent computer

science engineer.
3. To prepare graduate capable in all phases of software development, possess a firm
understanding of hardware technologies, have the strong mathematical background
necessary for scientific computing, and be sufficiently well versed in general theory
to allow growth within the discipline as it advances.

4. To prepare graduates to assume leadership roles by possessing good communication

skills, the ability to work effectively as team members, and an appreciation for their
social and ethical responsibility in a global setting.

6
 5. PEOs, POs & PSOs

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) OF C.S.E. DEPARTMENT

1. To provide graduates with a good foundation in mathematics, sciences and

engineering fundamentals required to solve engineering problems that will facilitate
them to find employment in industry and / or to pursue postgraduate studies with an
appreciation for lifelong learning.
2. To provide graduates with analytical and problem solving skills to design algorithms,
other hardware / software systems, and inculcate professional ethics, inter-personal
skills to work in a multi-cultural team.
3. To facilitate graduates to get familiarized with the art software / hardware tools,
imbibing creativity and innovation that would enable them to develop cutting-edge
technologies of multi-disciplinary nature for societal development.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (CSE)

Engineering Graduates would be able to:

PO 1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.

PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO 3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.

PO 4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge

and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO 5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

7
 PO 6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO 7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO 11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as
a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

PO 12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change..
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO 1: To identify and define the computing requirements appropriate for its solution
under given constraints.

PSO 2: To follow the best practices, namely, SEI-CMM levels and 6-sigma which
varies from time to time for software development projects using open-ended
programming environments to produce software deliverables as per customer needs.

8
 6. COURSE OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Course Objectives
Develop ability to
1. Understand the concepts of String Manipulation Functions using C language in
programming.
2. Introduce the structure, union, and enumerated types
3. Understand the classical approaches to sorting arrays: selection, bubble, insertion,
merge sorting; sequential and binary searching algorithms.
4. Introduce the basic concepts of lists, stacks and queues and their applications.
5. Understand the basic characteristics of text, binary files and C implementation of
file I/O using streams.

Course Outcomes
After completion of the course, student would be able to

CO1. Write and execute programs that read, write and manipulate strings using C
language program.

CO2. Use the type definition, enumerated types, define and use structures, unions in
programs using C language.

CO3. Write programs that sort data using selection, bubble, insertion techniques and
perform search mechanisms either by sequential or binary search techniques using C
language program.

CO4. Demonstrate the basic operations of stacks and queues using C program.

CO5. Write programs that read and write text, binary files using the formatting and
character I/O functions

7. BRIEF NOTES ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COURSE AND HOW IT FITS

INTO THE CURRICULUM

1. Learn the advanced concepts in C programming language.

2. Gain the knowledge about strings and how strings can be handled in C
programming.
3. Understand the concepts of how to develop and build user defined data types using
structure concepts.
4. Use the concepts of programming to implement the same for searching, sorting and
build basic data structures.
5. Use the concept of files in C programming to work with persistent data.
6. Provide programmers with the means of writing efficient, maintainable, and
portable code.

9
8. PREREQUISITES IF ANY

i) Computer Programming - I.
ii) Mathematics of 10+2 helps in understanding the logic required.

9. INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completing this course, it is expected that a student will be able to do the following:

a) Coding in C: Create and work with strings and user defined data types using
structures.
b) Sorting and Searching: To work with unstructured data and use various sorting
techniques to structure the data. Search for elements within the given data.
c) Data Structures: Understand and implement the basic data structures used in C.
d) Files: Work with files using C programming concepts.
e) Modular approach: Can divide a program into several modules and make them
work together

10. COURSE MAPPING WITH PEOS AND POS

Mapping of Course with Programme Educational Objectives

S.No Course code Course Semester/ PEO 1 PEO 2 PEO 3

component Year

Computer Computer II Semester

1 16CS1201 √ √
Science Programming II I Year

Mapping of Course outcomes with Programme outcomes:

*When the course outcome weightage is < 40%, it will be given as moderately correlated (1).
*When the course outcome weightage is > 40%, it will be given as strongly correlated (2).

POs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
Computer Science

Computer Programming
CO1. Write and execute 1 2 1 1
programs that read, write
and manipulate strings
using C language program
CO2. Use the type 2 1 1 1
definition, enumerated
types, define and use
structures, unions in
10
programs using C
language
CO3. Write programs that 2 1 2 1 1
sort data using selection,
bubble, insertion
techniques and perform
search mechanisms either
by sequential or binary
search techniques using C
language program
CO4. Demonstrate the 2 1 2 1 1
basic operations of stacks
and queues using C
program.
CO5. Write programs that 2 2 1 2 1 1
read and write text, binary
files using the formatting
and character I/O functions

11
11. CLASS TIME TABLE

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-
II Semester-CSE -A Acad Year 2016-17,
Section WEF: 27/12/2016
LH: As
Versio indicated
Class Incharge: Ms. Lalitha n-1 below
12.00
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.40- 1.30- 2.20- 3.10-
Time -
10.20 11.10 12.00 1.30 2.20 3.10 4.00
12.40
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ENG( CP- CP- M- M-
SP(LH Sport
Monday LH- II(LH- II(LH- II(LH- II(LH-
-222)
211) 211) 211) 222) 222) s
M-
SP(LH WS(L Ment
Tuesday CM LAB III(LH
-222) H-222)
-222) oring
M- CP- CP- WS(L

LUNCH
Wednesday ENG-II LAB III(LH II(LH- II(LH- H-
-221) 221) 221) 221)
M- CP-
SP(LH Libra
Thursday II(LH- II(LH-
-231)
CP-II LAB
231) 231) ry
M- M-
SP(LH Ment
Friday III(LH
-221)
II(LH- SP/ITWS LAB
-221) 221) oring
M- ENG(
SP(LH Libra
Saturday -222)
II(LH- LH- SP/ITWS LAB
222) 222) ry

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
CSE -B Section 27/12/2016
Dr. SK. Nuslin
Class Incharge: Bibi Version - 1 LH: 211
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 1.30- 2.20- 3.10-
Time
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 2.20 3.10 4.00
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monda Mentori
ENG -II LAB SP CP-II M-II
y ng
Tuesda
ENG CP-II SP M-II CP-II LAB
y
LUNCH

Wednes
M-II M-II CP-II M-III SP SP Library
day
Thursd
SP M-III CP-II CM LAB Sports
ay
Mentori
Friday SP/ITWS LAB CP-II ENG WS
ng
Saturda
SP/ITWS LAB WS M-III M-II Library
y
12
 Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
CSE -C Section 27/12/2016
Version -
Class Incharge: Dr. J.Shankar 1 LH: 221
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday SP/ITWS LAB SP M-II M-III Sports
Mentori
Tuesday CP-II LAB SP M-II WS
ng

LUNCH
Wednes
CP-II CP-II SP SP/ITWS LAB Library
day
Thursda
SP ENG M-III M-II ENG -II LAB
y
Mentori
Friday CM-LAB CP-II WS M-II
ng
Saturda
M-III ENG SP M-II CP-II CP-II Library
y

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
CSE -D Section 27/12/2016
Mr. Y. Phani Version -
Class Incharge: Kishore 1 LH:222
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday M-II M-II SP CP-II LAB Library
Mentori
Tuesday SP M-II M-III ENG-II LAB
ng
LUNCH

Wednes
SP/ITWS LAB M-III CP-II CP-II Sports
day
Thursda
CP-II CP-II SP M-II SP/ITWS LAB
y
Mentori
Friday M-III CP-II ENG M-II SP WS
ng
Saturda
CM LAB SP ENG WS Library
y

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
CSE -E Section 27/12/2016
Version -
Class Incharge: Mrs. C.Kalyani 1 LH:231
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
LUNC

Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
H

Monday CP-II M-III M-II SP/ITWS LAB Library

13
Tuesday M-II SP CP-II SP/ITWS LAB Sports
Wednes Mentori
CP-II LAB ENG CP-II WS
day ng
Thursda Mentori
CM LAB SP M-III M-II
y ng
Friday CP-II SP SP WS ENG-II LAB
Saturda
SP M-III ENG M-II M-II CP-II Library
y

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
EEE -A Section 27/12/2016
Mr. A. Shiva Version -
Class Incharge: Kumar 1 LH:212
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday CP-II SP M-II M-II ENG-II LAB
Mentori
Tuesday SP/ITWS CP-II SP M-III
ng
LUNCH

Wednes Mentori
CM LAB WS M-II CP-II
day ng
Thursda
ITWS/SP M-III SP CP-II Library
y
Friday SP ENG WS CP-II M-II M-II Sports
Saturda
ENG SP M-III CP-II LAB Library
y

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
EEE -B Section 27/12/2016
Version -
Class Incharge: Mr. G.Mahesh 1 LH:237
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday M-II M-III CP-II SP/EWS LAB Library
Tuesday CM LAB ENG M-II SP Sports
LUNCH

Wednes Mentori
CP-II CP-II SP SP/EWS LAB
day ng
Thursda
M-III CP-II M-II WS ENG SP Library
y
Mentori
Friday CP-II LAB SP M-III CP-II
ng
Saturda SP M-II M-II ENG-II LAB WS
14
y

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF: 27-
ECE -A Section 12-2016
Dr. Version LH:As indicated
Class Incharge: K.Venkateshwarlu -1 below
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 1.30- 2.20-
Time 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 2.20 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
M- Eng -
Mond M-II(LH- CP (LH- CP (LH- M-III Mentoring(
II(LH- II(LH-
ay 233) 234) 234) (LH-234) LH-235)
233) 233)
Tuesd AP(LH- CP(LH- M-II(LH- Mentoring(
EWS/AP LAB
ay 235) 235) 235) LH-233)
AP

LUNCH
Wedne Eng - II M-II (LH- ENGLISH II - LAB (L.H - R
(LH-236)
(LH-
236) 207 to R 210)
Library
sday 236)
Thurs CP (LH- AP (LH- WS (LH-
CP-II LAB
233) 233) 233)
Library
day
M-III M-II AP (LH-
Friday AP/EWS LAB
(LH-236) (LH-236) 236)
SPORTS
AP
Saturd M-III CP (LH- WS (LH-
(LH- CM LAB
ay (LH-236) 236) 235)
236)

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
ECE -B Section 27-12-2016
Version
Class Incharge: Dr. B. Mamatha -1 LH:233
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mentori
Monday EWS/AP LAB WS AP ENG
ng
Tuesday M-III AP ENG M-II CM LAB
LUNCH

Wednes
M-II M-II AP CP CP M-III Sports
day
Thursda Mentori
AP/EWS LAB CP WS AP
y ng
Friday CP CP M-II CP-II LAB Library
Saturda ENGLISH II - LAB (L.H - R 207
to R 210)
AP M-III M-II Library
y

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
ECE -C Section 27-12-2016
Version
Class Incharge: Ms.V.Manjula -1 LH:234

15
 09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ENGLISH II - LAB (L.H - R Mentori
Monday M-II CP-1I WS
206) ng
Tuesday AP M-II M-II M-III CP-1I CP-1I Library

LUNCH
Wednes
M-III ENG CP-1I M-II CP-II LAB
day
Thursda Mentori
ENG AP M-III AP/EWS LAB
y ng
Friday AP AP CP-1I CM LAB Library
Saturda
EWS/AP LAB M-II AP WS Sports
y

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
ECE -D Section 27-12-2016
Version
Class Incharge: Ms.M.P.Molimol -1 LH: 235
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday CP-II LAB AP M-II CP-1I Library
Mentori
Tuesday
AP/EWS LAB AP M-III CP-1I ng
LUNCH

Wednes
day CP-1I AP M-III ENG CM LAB
Thursda Mentori
y M-II M-II AP CP-1I CP-1I WS ng
ENGLISH II - LAB (L.H - R 207
Friday to R 210) M-II ENG WS Sports
Saturda
y M-III AP M-II EWS/AP LAB Library

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Science & Humanities
Year/Sem/Sec: I-B. Tech-II Semester- Acad Year 2016-17, WEF:
ECE -E Section 27-12-2016
Version
Class Incharge: Mr.Uma Mahesh -1 LH:236
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 2.20-
Time 1.30-2.20 3.10-4.00
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 3.10
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday M-II AP M-III WS CM LAB
LUNCH

Mentori
Tuesday M-II M-II CP-II CP-II WS AP
ng
Wednes Mentori
AP/EWS LAB AP CP-II M-III
day ng
16
Thursda ENGLISH II - LAB (L.H - R
AP M-II CP-II Library
y 206)
Friday ENG AP M-III AP/EWS LAB Sports
Saturda
CP- II LAB ENG CP-II M-II Library
y

12. INDIVIDUAL TIME TABLE

09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 1.30- 2.20- 3.10-

Time
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 2.20 3.10 4.00
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday CSE A CSE A CSE B
Tuesday CSE B CSE B

LUNCH
Wednesd
CSE B CSE A CSE A
ay
Thursda
CSE A CSE B CSE A (Lab)
y
Friday CSE B
Saturday Campus connect Prog.

09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 1.30- 2.20- 3.10-

Time
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 2.20 3.10 4.00
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday CSE D (Lab)
Tuesday CSE C (Lab)
LUNCH

Wednesd
CSE C CSE C CSE D CSE D
ay
Thursda
CSE D CSE D
y
Friday CSE D CSE C
Saturday CSE C CSE C

09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 1.30- 2.20- 3.10-

Time
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 2.20 3.10 4.00
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday ECE C
Tuesday ECE C ECE C
LUNCH

Wednesd
ECE C ECE C (CP Lab)
ay
Thursda
y
Friday ECE C
Saturday

09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 1.30- 2.20- 3.10-

Time
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 2.20 3.10 4.00
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
LUNCH

ECE
Monday ECE D ( CP Lab)
D
ECE
Tuesday ECE E ECE E
D
17
Wednesd
ECE D ECE E
ay
Thursday ECE D ECE D ECE E
Friday
Saturday ECE E (CP Lab) ECE E
Hare
Krishna
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 1.30- 2.20- 3.10-
Time
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 2.20 3.10 4.00
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monday CSE E ECE A ECE A
Tuesday ECE A CSE E

LUNCH
Wednesday CSE E (CP Lab) CSE E
Thursday ECE A (CP Lab) ECE A
Friday CSE E
CSE
Saturday ECE A
E
Rad
ha
3.10
09.30- 10.20- 11.10- 12.00- 12.40- 1.30-
Time 2.20-3.10 -
10.20 11.10 12.00 12.40 1.30 2.20
4.00
Peri
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
od
Mon
EEE A EEE B
day
Tues
EEE A
day
LUNCH

Wed
nesd EEE B EEE B EEE A
ay
Thur
EEE B EEE A
sday
Frid
EEE B (CP Lab) EEE A EEE B
ay
Satu
EEE A (CP Lab)
rday
Rajaku
mari
3.10
09.30- 11.10- 12.00- 1.30- 2.20-
Time 10.20-11.10 12.40-1.30 -
10.20 12.00 12.40 2.20 3.10
4.00
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monda
y
Tuesda
y
LUNCH

Wedne
ECE B ECE B
sday
Thursd
ECE B
ay
Friday ECE B ECE B ECE B (CP Lab)
Saturd
ay
18
13. LECTURE SCHEDULE WITH METHODOLOGY BEING USED / ADOPTED

Unit Number Topics to be covered Regular / Teaching aids used Remarks

of Additional (LCD / OHP / BB)
periods
I 1 Concepts of Strings & C Strings Regular BB

2 String I/O fucntions Regular LCD

2 String Manipulation Functions Regular BB and LCD
2 Array of Strings, String Data Regular BB
Conversions
2 Example Programs on Strings Regular LCD
1 Enumerated Types: Typedef and Enum Regular
2 Preprocessor Commands Regular
Tot : 12

1 Introduction to Structures Regular BB

2 Structure Initialization, Declaration Regular LCD/BB
and Accessing
II 2 Operations on Structures Regular LCD/BB
2 Complex Structures Regular LCD/BB
2 Structures and Functions Regular LCD/BB
1 Passing Structures through functions Regular BB
1 Self Referential Structures Regular LCD/BB

1 Unions Regular LCD/BB

1 Bit Fields Regular LCD/BB

Tot: 13
1 Introduction to Sorting Regular BB
III 1 Selection Sort Regular BB
1 Bubble Sort Regular BB
1 Insertion Sort Regular BB
1 Merge Sort Regular BB
1 Introduction to searching Regular BB
1 Linear Search
1 Binary Search Regular BB
1 Binary Search (Recursive) Regular BB

Tot: 8

19
 1 Introduction to Lists Regular BB
5 Singly Linked List: Insertion, Deletion Regular BB
Searching
IV
1 Introduction to Stacks Regular BB
1 Stack Operations Regular BB
2 Stack notations : Infix, Postfix Regular BB
2 Infix, Postfix conversions Regular BB

2 Introduction to Queues: Enqueue, Regular BB

Dequeue
Tot: 14
V 2 Introduction to Files: Concept of Regular BB
Files, Streams, Text and Binary Files
1 State of files, opening and Closing Regular BB
Files
3 File I/O Functions Regular BB
2 File Status Functions Regular BB
1 Positioning Files Regular BB
1 Command line arguments Regular BB
3 Program Development Regular BB
Tot: 13

Total Number of periods required: 60

20
 14. DETAILED NOTES

UNIT – I
Strings:
A string is a one dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character(\0).a string
constant in c can be represented by enclosing its characters with double quotes without a null
character.

The string “TESTING” is stored in the memory as

„T‟ „E‟ „S‟ „T‟ „I‟ „N‟ „G‟ „\0‟

String Declaration

Syntax: char string_name[size];

Example: char student_name[20];

Whenever we declare a String then it will contain garbage values inside it. We have to
initialize String or Character array before using it. Process of Assigning some legal default
data to String is Called Initialization of String. There are different ways of initializing String
in C Programming –

1. Initializing Unsized Array of Character

2. Initializing String Directly

3. Initializing String Using Character Pointer

1.Initializing Unsized Array of Character

1. Unsized Array : Array Length is not specified while initializing character array using

this approach

2. Array length is Automatically calculated by Compiler

3. Individual Characters are written inside Single Quotes , Separated by comma to form
a list of characters. Complete list is wrapped inside Pair of Curly braces

4. Please Note : NULL Character should be written in the list because it is ending or
terminating character in the String/Character Array

char name [] = {'P','R','I','T','E','S','H','\0'};

2. Initializing String Directly

21
 1. In this method we are directly assigning String to variable by writing text in double

quotes.

2. In this type of initialization , we don‟t need to put NULL or Ending / Terminating

character at the end of string. It is appended automatically by the compiler.

char name [ ] = "PRITESH";

3.Initializing String Using Character Pointer

1. Declare Character variable of pointer type so that it can hold the base address of

“String”
2. Base address means address of first array element i.e (address of name[0] )
3. NULL Character is appended Automatically

char *name = "PRITESH";

Topic: String Input / Output functions

String Input functions:

In c 3 input functions are there to read a string. They are

1.scanf() 2.getchar() 3.gets()

1.scanf():In C Programming we can use scanf function from stdio.h header file to read
string. scanf function is commonly used for accepting string.

1. Format Specifier %s is used for Accepting String

2. scanf() function accepts only String before Space

Syntax:
scanf("%s",Name_Of_String_Variable);

Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[20];

22
 printf("\nEnter the Name : ");
scanf("%s",name);

printf("Name of the Company : %s",name);

return(0);
}

2.getchar()

getchar() function is also one of the function which is used to accept the single character

from the user.

Syntax
char ch = getchar();
Example
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char ch;
ch = getchar();
printf("Accepted Character : %c",ch);
}

3.gets()

Reads characters from the standard input (stdin) and stores them as a C string into str until
a newline character or the end-of-file is reached.

Syntax
gets(<variable-name> );

Example
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char name[20];
printf("\nEnter the Name : ");
gets(name);
printf(“%s”,name);
}

23
String output functions:

C Language supports 3 output functions are there to read a string. They are

1.printf() 2.putchar() 3.puts()

1.printf():

1. printf is included in header file “stdio.h”

2. As name suggest it used for Printing or Displaying Messages or Instructions

Syntax
printf (" Type your Message / Instruction " ) ;
and

printf ("control string ", variable name) ;

Example
#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
char str[10];

printf("Enter the String : ");

scanf("%s",str); // Accept String

printf("String is : %s ",str);
}
2.putchar():
putchar() is used to print one character at a time.to read more than one character write the
putchar() in loop.

Syntax
putchar (char variable name);

Example
#include< stdio.h>

void main()
{
charstring[]="This is an example string\n";
int i=0;

24
 while(string[i]!='\0')
{
putchar(string[i]);
i++;
}
}
3.puts()
puts() is used to print multiple characters includeing white spaces at a time.

Syntax
puts(" Type your Message / Instruction ");
or

puts(string_Variable_name) ;
Example
#include< stdio.h>

void main()
{
char string[] = "This is an example string\n";
puts(string); // String is variable Here
puts("String"); // String is in Double Quotes
}

Topic:String manipulation functions

1. strlen()
2. strcpy()
3. strncpy()
4. strcat()
5. strncat()
6. strcmp()
7. strncmp()
8. strcmpi()
9. strncmpi()

1.strlen()
strlen() function returns the length of the string. strlen() function returns integer value.
Syntax
25
 variable=strlen(string or variable);

Example

char ch=”hello”

int n;

n=strlen(ch);

2.strcpy()

strcpy() function is used to copy one string to another. The Destination_String should be a
variable and Source_String can either be a string constant or a variable.
Syntax:
strcpy(Destination_String,Source_String);

3.strncpy()
strncpy() is used to copy only the left most n characters from source to destination. The
Destination_String should be a variable and Source_String can either be a string constant or a
variable.
Syntax:
strncpy(Destination_String, Source_String,no_of_characters);
4.strcat()
strcat() is used to concatenate two strings.
The Destination_String should be a variable and Source_String can either be a string constant
or a variable.
Syntax:
strcat(Destination_String, Source_String);
5.strncat()
strncat() is used to concatenate only the leftmost n characters from source with the destination
string.
The Destination_String should be a variable and Source_String can either be a string constant
or a variable.
Syntax:
strncat(Destination_String, Source_String,no_of_characters);
6.strcmp()
strcmp() function is use two compare two strings. strcmp() function does a case sensitive

26
comparison between two strings. The Destination_String and Source_String can either be a
string constant or a variable.
Syntax:
int strcmp(string1, string2);
This function returns integer value after comparison.
Value returned is 0 if two strings are equal.
If the first string is alphabetically greater than the second string then, it returns a positive
value.
If the first string is alphabetically less than the second string then, it returns a negative value

7.strncmp()
strncmp() is used to compare only left most „n‟ characters from the strings.
Syntax:
int strncmp(string1, string2,no_of_chars);
This function returns integer value after comparison.
Value returned is 0 if left most „n‟ characters of two strings are equal.
If the left most „n‟ characters of first string is alphabetically greater than the left most „n‟
characters of second string then, it returns a positive value.
If the left most „n‟ characters of first string is alphabetically less than the left most „n‟
characters of second string then, it returns a negative value

8. strcmpi()
strcmpi() function is use two compare two strings. strcmp() function does a case
insensitive comparison between two strings. The Destination_String and Source_String
can either be a string constant or a variable.
Syntax:
int strcmpi(string1, string2);
This function returns integer value after comparison.

9.strncmpi()
strncmpi() is used to compare only left most „n‟ characters from the strings. strncmpi()
function does a case insensitive comparison.
Syntax:
int strncmpi(string1, string2,no_of_chars);
This function returns integer value after comparison.

Topic:Arrays of strings
27
An array of strings is a special form of a two-dimensional array. • The size of the left index
determines the number of strings. • The size of the right index specifies the maximum length
of each string. For example, the following declares an array of 30 strings, each having a
maximum length of 80 characters (with one extra character for the null terminator): Arrays of
strings are commonly used for handling tables of information.

Example:

char string_array[30][81];

C program to read N names, store them in the form

of an array and sort them in alphabetical order.
Output the given names and the sorted names in two
columns side by side.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void main()
{
char name[10][8], tname[10][8], temp[8];
int i, j, n;

printf("Enter the value of n \n");

scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d names n", \n);
for(i =0; i < n; i++)
{
scanf("%s", name[i]);
strcpy(tname[i], name[i]);
}
for(i =0; i < n -1; i++)
{
for(j = i +1; j < n; j++)
{
if(strcmp(name[i], name[j])>0)
{
strcpy(temp, name[i]);
strcpy(name[i], name[j]);
strcpy(name[j], temp);
}
}
}
printf("\n----------------------------------------\n");
printf("Input NamestSorted names\n");
printf("------------------------------------------ \n");
for(i =0; i < n; i++)
{

28
 printf("%s\t\t%s\n", tname[i], name[i]);
}
printf("------------------------------------------ \n");
}

Topic : string / data conversion

1. atoi():Convert a string to an equivalent floating point value.

Syntax: float atoi(const char *s);

2.atoi():Convert a string to an equivalent integer value.

Syntax: int atoi(const char *s);

3.atol():Convert a string to an equivalent long integer value.

Syntax: long atoi(const char *s);

4.ecvt():Convert floating point numbers to an equivalent null terminated strings. It specifies

the total number of characters in the equivalent string.

Syntax: char *ecvt(double value,int ndig,int *dec,int *sign);

5.fcvt(): Convert floating point numbers to an equivalent null terminated strings. It specifies
the equivalent number of characters after the decimal point.

Syntax:char *fcvt(double value,int ndig,int *dec,int *sign);

/*program that converts string to its equivalent integer and floating point value*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

void main()
{
char *str=”834.41”;
printf(“string=%s\n\n integer data value=%d\n\n float data value=%.2f”,str,atoi(str),atof(str));
}
Output:

String=834.41

Integer data value=834

Float data value=834.41

C program examples.
29
 1.C program to read line of text character by character.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[30], ch;
int i =0;
printf("Enter name: ");
while(ch !='\n')// terminates if user hit enter
{
ch= getchar();
name[i]= ch;
i++;
}
name[i]='\0';// inserting null character at end

printf("Name: %s", name);

return0;

2. C Program to Replace Lowercase Characters by Uppercase & Vice-Versa

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main()
{
char sentence[100];
int count, ch, i;

printf("Enter a sentence \n");

for(i =0;(sentence[i]=getchar())!='\n'; i++)
;
sentence[i]='\0';
/* shows the number of chars accepted in a sentence */
count = i;
printf("The given sentence is : %s", sentence);
printf("\n Case changed sentence is: ");
for(i =0; i < count; i++)
{
ch=islower(sentence[i])?toupper(sentence[i]):
tolower(sentence[i]);
putchar(ch);
}
}
3. C program to count the number of vowels, consonants
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char line[150];
30
 int i, vowels, consonants, digits, spaces;

vowels= consonants = digits = spaces =0;

printf("Enter a line of string: ");

scanf("%[^\n]", line);

for(i=0; line[i]!='\0';++i)
{
if(line[i]=='a'|| line[i]=='e'|| line[i]=='i'||
line[i]=='o'|| line[i]=='u'|| line[i]=='A'||
line[i]=='E'|| line[i]=='I'|| line[i]=='O'||
line[i]=='U')
{
++vowels;
}
elseif((line[i]>='a'&& line[i]<='z')||(line[i]>='A'&& line[i]<='Z'))
{
++consonants;
}
elseif(line[i]>='0'&& line[i]<='9')
{
++digits;
}
elseif(line[i]==' ')
{
++spaces;
}
}
printf("Vowels: %d",vowels);
printf("\nConsonants: %d",consonants);
printf("\nDigits: %d",digits);
printf("\nWhite spaces: %d", spaces);
return0;
}

4. C Program to Find the Length of a String

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char s[1000], i;

printf("Enter a string: ");

scanf("%s", s);

for(i =0; s[i]!='\0';++i);

printf("Length of string: %d", i);

return0;
}

4. C Program to Copy String Without Using strcpy()

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
31
 {
char s1[100], s2[100], i;

printf("Enter string s1: ");

scanf("%s",s1);

for(i =0; s1[i]!='\0';++i)

{
s2[i]= s1[i];
}
s2[i]='\0';
printf("String s2: %s", s2);
return0;
}
Topic:Typedef

Typedef is a keyword that is used to give a new symbolic name for the existing name in a C
program. This is same like defining alias for the commands.
Syntax: typedef type identifier;

Where type refers to an existing data type and identifier refers to the new name given to the
data type .typedef cannot create a new type.

Example:

typedef int units;

typedef float marks;

Topic: Enumerated types (enum):

enum is a user defined enumerated data type supported by ANSI C.
Syntax:
enum identifier {value1,value2,….valuen};

The identifier is a user defined enumerated data type which can be used to declare variables
that can have one of the values enclosed within the braces.after this definition we can declare
variables of new type as
Enum identifier v1,v2,….vn;
The enumerated variables v1,v2,….vn can only have only one of the values
value1,value2,…valuen.
V1=value3;
V5=value1;
Example:
32
Enum day {Monday,Tuesday,….Sunday};
Enum day week_st,week_end;
Week_st=Monday;
Week_end=Friday;
If(week_st==Tuesday)
Week_end=Saturday;

Topic: Preprocessor commands

 Before a C program is compiled in a compiler, source code is processed by a program
called preprocessor. This process is called preprocessing.
 Commands used in preprocessor are called preprocessor directives and they begin with
“#” symbol.
Below is the list of preprocessor directives that C programming language offers.

Preprocessor Syntax/Description

Syntax: #define
This macro defines constant value and can be any
Macro of the basic data types.

Syntax: #include<file_name>
Header file The source code of the file “file_name” is included
inclusion in the main program at the specified place.

Syntax: #ifdef, #endif, #if, #else, #ifndef

Set of commands are included or excluded in
Conditional source program before compilation with respect to
compilation the condition.

Syntax: #undef, #pragma

#undef is used to undefine a defined macro
variable. #Pragma is used to call a function before
Other directives and after main function in a C program.

33
 UNIT-II
Structures and Union
TYPE DEFINITION (TYPEDEF)

Typedef enables us to rename existing built-in data types and use defined data types and
there by increases readability of program.

Here is the syntax : typedef data-type NEWTYPE-NAME;

typedef int number

we can now declare variables of type integer using new type_name number x;

ENUMERATED TYPES

Enumerated data type offers us a way of creating our own data type.

The syntax is: enum enum-tag-optional {enum-tags} enum-variable-names-optional;

enum-name variable-name

The values of the enum variable are integers, readability of the program is increased by using enum
instead of integers. Other common enumerated types are weekdays and months.

STRUCTURES

34
 A structure is a user defined data type. Structure is a collection of different data types
referenced under one name, which keeps related information together. The variables which make up a
structure are called structure elements.

STRUCTURE DECLARATION

C keyword struct is used for defining structure

struct addr
{
char name[30];
char street[40];
int postalcode;
};

In this example,addr is known as the structure tag. A structure definition is terminated by a

semicolon.
A structure variable declaration for type addr is:

struct addr addr_info;

Variables may also be declared as the structure is defined. This can be done as follows:

struct addr
{
char name[30];
char street[40];
int postalcode;
} addr_info, binfo, cinfo;

The structure tag is not needed,if only one variable is declared for example:

struct
{
char name[30];
char street[40];
int postalcode;
} addr_info;

INITIALIZATION

A structure is initialized in a way as any other data type in C

struct addr addr_info = {“XYZ”, “Paradise”, 500056};

C compiler will automatically assign

name=XYZ

street=Paradise

postalcode=500056
35
ACCESSING STRUCTURES

The only operation that can be applied to struct variable is assignment. If a and b are
structure variables and if both of them consist of same member name then one variables member
value can be copied to another variables member.

Complex structures

A Structure can be defined to be a group of logically related data items, which may be of different
types, stored in contiguous memory locations, sharing a common name, but distinguished by its
member. So far structures used built-in data types char, int, float, etc. Let us now explore the
possibility of making a group of data items of user-defined types also.

struct date
{
-
-
-
};

struct student
{
-
-
-
struct date doa;
};
Here the structure date is also a variable of structure student.

Nested Structure
Nested structure in C is nothing but structure within structure. One structure can be declared
inside other structure as we declare structure members inside a structure.

The structure variables can be a normal structure variable or a pointer variable to access the data.
You can learn below concepts in this section.
1.Structure within structure in C using normal variable
2.Structure within structure in C using pointer variable

1. STRUCTURE WITHIN STRUCTURE IN C USING NORMAL VARIABLE:

This program explains how to use structure within structure in C using normal variable.
“student_college_detail‟ structure is declared inside “student_detail” structure in this program. Both
structure variables are normal structure variables.
Please note that members of “student_college_detail” structure are accessed by 2 dot(.) operator
and members of “student_detail” structure are accessed by single dot(.) operator.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

36
struct student_college_detail
{
int college_id;
char college_name[50];
};

struct student_detail
{
int id;
char name[20];
float percentage;
// structure within structure
struct student_college_detail clg_data;
} stu_data;

int main()
{
struct student_detail stu_data = {1, "Raju", 90.5, 71145,"Osmania University"};
printf(" Id is: %d \n", stu_data.id);
printf(" Name is: %s \n", stu_data.name);
printf(" Percentage is: %f \n\n", stu_data.percentage);

printf(" College Id is: %d \n", stu_data.clg_data.college_id);

printf(" College Name is: %s \n", stu_data.clg_data.college_name);

return 0;
}

output

Id is: 1
Name is: Raju
Percentage is: 90.500000
College Id is: 71145
College Name is: Osmania University

STRUCTURE WITHIN STRUCTURE IN C USING POINTER VARIABLE:

This program explains how to use structure within structure in C using pointer variable.
“student_college_detail‟ structure is declared inside “student_detail” structure in this program. one
normal structure variable and one pointer structure variable is used in this program.
Please note that combination of .(dot) and ->(arrow) operators are used to access the structure
member which is declared inside the structure.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct student_college_detail
{
int college_id;
char college_name[50];

};
37
struct student_detail
{
int id;
char name[20];
loat percentage;
// structure within structure
struct student_college_detail clg_data;

}stu_data, *stu_data_ptr;

int main()
{
struct student_detail stu_data = {1, "Raju", 90.5, 71145,"Osmania University"};

stu_data_ptr = &stu_data;
printf(" Id is: %d \n", stu_data_ptr->id);

printf(" Name is: %s \n", stu_data_ptr->name);

printf(" Percentage is: %f \n\n", stu_data_ptr->percentage);

printf(" College Id is: %d \n", stu_data_ptr->percentage);

printf(" College Name is: %s \n", stu_data_ptr->clg_data.college_name);

return 0;
}

Id is: 1
Name is: Raju
Percentage is: 90.500000
College Id is: 71145
College Name is: Osmania University

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

When the argument of a function is a structure, the entire structure is passed using call-by-value
method. Of course, this means that changes made to the contents of the structure inside the function
do not affect the structure used as the argument.

PASSING STRUCTURES THROUGH POINTERS

Pointer variable holds the address of other variables of basic data types such as integer, float,
character etc.

A pointer also holds the address of structure variables. Pointers along with structures are used to make
linked list, binary trees etc. Following declaration shows the pointer as an object of a structure.

struct data
{
char name[30];
---
---
};

38
struct data *p1;

*p1 is a pointer variable which holds the address of the structure named data. Pointer is declared as
any object of a structure. Pointer structure variable can be accessed and processed by two methods.

 (*p1).fieldname=variable
 p1->fieldname=variable

SELF REFERENTIAL STRUCTURES

A self referential structure creates data structures like linked lists, stacks, etc.

Following is an example :

struct tag_name
{
datatype datatypename;
struct tag_name * pointer_name;
};

A self-referential structure is one which refers to another structure of same type. For example, a
linked list is a self-referential data structure in which next node of a node is being pointed to same
struct type. For example,

struct list_node
{
int data;
struct list_node *next;
} linked_list;

In the above example, the list_node is a self-referential structure – because the *next is of the type
struct list_node.

UNIONS

Unions are similar to structures and have same syntax as structures. But the difference between
them is in terms of storage. Structure members have their its own storage locations, whereas all
members of union use the same location. That is union can handle only one member at a time and that
depends on highest size. Union can be declared sing the keyword union

union student
{
int id;
float marks;
}code;

This declares a variable code of type union item. Union contains three members. For accessing a
union member,we use the same syntax that we use for structure variables.

That is

code.id

39
 code.marks

BIT FIELDS

Till now we have used integer fields of size 16 bits to store data. But there are some situations
where data variables require much less than 16 bits of space. In such cases we waste memory space.
To avoid this we use bit fields whose size can be from 1 to 16 bits in length.

Syntax:
struct tagname
{
datatype var1:bit_length;
...
...
datatype var n:bit_length
}

The datatype is either int or unsigned int or signed int and the bit length is number of bits used.

Example:Personal information of employees

The range of values for each field is as follows

Bit field bit length Range of values

sex 1 0 or 1

age 7 0 or 127(2 (7)-1)

m_status 1 0 or 1

children 3 0 to 7(2(3)-1)

To assign values to bitfields

emp.sex=1

emp.age=50;

We cannot use scanf to read values into a bit field.We have to read into a temporary variable and
then assign its value to bit field.

For example

scanf(%d%d",&eage,&echildren);

emp.age=eage;

emp.children=echildren;

One restriction in acessing bit fields is that a pointer cannot be used.It is possible to combine normal
structure elements with bit field elements.

For example:

40
struct personal
{
char name[20];
unsigned sex : 1;
unsigned age : 7;
....
....
}emp[100];

This declares emp as a 100 element array of type struct personal.

COMMAND –LINE ARGUMENTS

Sometimes it is very useful to pass information into a program when we run it from the
command prompt. The general method to pass information into main() function is through the use of
command line arguments. It follows the program‟s name on the command prompt of the operating
system.

For example: TC program_name

There are three special built_in_arguments to main().

They are:

The first argument is argc (argument count) must be an integer value, which represents the
number arguments in the command prompt. It will always be at least one because the name of the
program qualifies as the first argument.

 The second argument argv (argument vector) is a pointer to an array of strings.

 The third argument env (environment data) is used to access the DOS environmental
parameters active at the time the program begins execution.

When an array is used as an argument to function, only the address of the array is passed, not a copy
of the entire array. When a function is called with an array name, a pointer to the first element in the
array is passed into a function. (In C, an array name without as index is a pointer to the first element in
the array).Each of the command line arguments must be separated by a space or a tab.

Declaration of argv must be done properly, A common method is:

char *argv[];

That is, as a array of undetermined length.

The env parameter is declared the same as the argv parameter, it is a pointer to an array of strings that
contain environmental setting.

41
 UNIT-III
Sorting –selection sort, bubble sort, insertion sort and merge sort techniques (Using Arrays)
Searching - linear search, binary search, binary recursive search techniques (Using Arrays)

Introduction To Sorting
Sorting is a technique to rearrange the elements of a list in ascending or descending order, which
can be numerical, lexicographical, or any user-defined order. Sorting is a process through which
the data is arranged in ascending or descending order. Sorting can be classified in two types;

Internal Sorts:- This method uses only the primary memory during sorting process. All data
items are held in main memory and no secondary memory is required this sorting process. If all
the data that is to be sorted can be accommodated at a time in memory is called internal sorting.
There is a limitation for internal sorts; they can only process relatively small lists due to memory
constraints. There are 3 types of internal sorts.

(i) SELECTION SORT :- Ex:- Selection sort algorithm, Heap Sort algorithm

(ii) INSERTION SORT :- Ex:- Insertion sort algorithm, Shell Sort algorithm

(iii) EXCHANGE SORT :- Ex:- Bubble Sort Algorithm, Quick sort algorithm

External Sorts:- Sorting large amount of data requires external or secondary memory. This
process uses external memory such as HDD, to store the data which is not fit into the main
memory. So, primary memory holds the currently being sorted data only. All external sorts are
based on process of merging. Different parts of data are sorted separately and merged together.
Ex:- Merge Sort
1. Selection Sort
In selection sort the list is divided into two sub-lists sorted and unsorted. These two lists are
divided by imaginary wall. We find a smallest element from unsorted sub-list and swap it to the
beginning. And the wall moves one element ahead, as the sorted list is increases and unsorted list
is decreases.

Assume that we have a list on n elements. By applying selection sort, the first element is
compared with all remaining (n-1) elements. The smallest element is placed at the first location.
Again, the second element is compared with remaining (n-1) elements. At the time of comparison,
the smaller element is swapped with larger element. Similarly, entire array is checked for smallest
element and then swapping is done accordingly. Here we need n-1 passes or iterations to
completely rearrange the data.

Algorithm: Selection_Sort ( A [ ] , N )

Step 1 : Repeat For K = 0 to N – 2 Begin

Step 2 : Set POS = K

Step 3 : Repeat for J = K + 1 to N – 1 Begin

If A[ J ] < A [ POS ]

Set POS = J

End For
42
Step 5 : Swap A [ K ] with A [ POS ]

End For

Step 6 : Exit

Ex:- A list of unsorted elements are: 23 78 45 8 32 56

A list of sorted elements now : 8 23 32 45 56 78

Write a program to explain selection sort. Which type of technique does it belong.
/* program to sort elements of an array using selection sort*/

#include<stdio.h> void main( )

int i,j,t,n,min,a[10]; clrscr( );

printf("\n How many elements you want to sort? "); scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\Enter elements for an array:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

min=i;

for(j=i+1;j<n;j++) if(a[j] > a[min])

min=j;
43
 }

t=a[i];

a[i]=a[min];

a[min]=t;

} printf("\nAfter sorting the elements are:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("%d ",a[i]); getch( );

OUTPUT

How many elements you want to sort? : 5

Enter elements for an array : 2 6 4 8 5

After Sorting the elements are : 8 6 5 4 2

2. Bubble Sort:

Bubble sort method the list is divided into two sub-lists sorted and unsorted. The smallest element is
bubbled from unsorted sub-list. After moving the smallest element the imaginary wall moves one
element ahead. The In bubble sort was originally written to bubble up the highest element in the list.
But there is no difference whether highest / lowest element is bubbled. This method is easy to
understand but time consuming. In this type, two successive elements are compared and swapping is
done. Thus, step-by-step entire array elements are checked. Given a list of „n‟ elements the bubble
sort requires up to n-1 passes to sort the data.

44
Algorithm for Bubble Sort: Bubble_Sort ( A [ ] , N )

Step 1 : Repeat For P = 1 to N – 1 Begin

Step 2 : Repeat For J = 1 to N – P Begin

Step 3 : If ( A [ J ] <A[J–1])

Swap ( A [ J ] , A [ J – 1 ] ) End For

End For

Step 4 : Exit

Example:
Ex:- A list of unsorted elements are: 10 47 12 54 19 23
(Bubble up for highest value shown here)

A list of sorted elements now : 54 47 23 19 12 10

Show the bubble sort results for each pass for the following initial array of elements. 35
18 7 12 5 23 16 3 1

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 45

 Write a program to explain bubble sort. Which type of technique does it belong. (b) What
is the worst case and best case time complexity of bubble sort?

/* bubble sort implementation */

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,temp,j,arr[25];
printf("Enter the number of elements in the Array: );
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the
elements:\n\n");
for(i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
{
printf(" Array[%d] = ",i);
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
for(i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
{
for(j=0 ; j<n-i-1 ; j++)
{
if(arr[j]>arr[j+1]) //Swapping Condition is Checked
{
temp=arr[j];
arr[j]=arr[j+1];
arr[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nThe Sorted Array
is:\n\n"); for(i=0 ; i<n ; i++)
{
printf(" %4d",arr[i]); } }
Time Complexity of Bubble Sort :

The complexity of sorting algorithm is depends upon the number of comparisons that are made. Total
2
comparisons in Bubble sort is: n ( n – 1) / 2 ≈ n – n
2
Best case : O (n )
2
Average case : O (n )
2
Worst case : O (n )

3. Insertion Sort:
Both the selection and bubble sorts exchange elements. But insertion sort does not exchange

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 46

 elements. In insertion sort the element is inserted at an appropriate place similar to card
insertion. Here the list is divided into two parts sorted and unsorted sub-lists. In each pass, the
first element of unsorted sub list is picked up and moved into the sorted sub list by inserting it
in suitable position. Suppose we have „n‟ elements, we need n-1 passes to sort the elements.
Insertion sort works this way:

It works the way you might sort a hand of playing cards:

1. We start with an empty left hand [sorted array] and the cards face down on the table
[unsorted array].
2. Then remove one card [key] at a time from the table [unsorted array], and insert it into
the correct position in the left hand [sorted array].
3. To find the correct position for the card, we compare it with each of the cards already in the
hand, from right to left.

INSERTION_SORT (A)
FOR j ← 2 TO length[A]
DO key ← A[j]
. {Put A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1 . . j − 1]}
i←j−1
WHILE i > 0 and A[i] > key
DO A[i +1] ← A[i]
i←i−1
A[i + 1] ← key

Example: Following figure (from CLRS) shows the operation of INSERTION-SORT on the
array A= (5, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3). Each part shows what happens for a particular iteration with the value
of j indicated. j indexes the "current card" being inserted into the hand.

Read the figure row by row. Elements to the left of A[j] that are greater than A[j] move one position
to the right, and A[j] moves into the evacuated position.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 47

Ex:- A list of unsorted elements are: 78 23 45 8 32 36 . The results of insertion sort for each pass is
as follows:-

A list of sorted elements now : 8 23 32 36 45 78

Write a program to explain insertion sort . Which type of technique does it belong.
(or)
Write a C-program for sorting integers in ascending order using insertion sort.
/*Program to sort elements of an array using insertion sort method*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main( )

{
int a[10],i,j,k,n;

printf("How many elements you want to sort?\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter the Elements into an array:\n");

for (i=0;i<n;i++)

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

for(i=1;i<n;i++)

{
k=a[i];
for(j= i-1; j>=0 && k<a[j]; j--)

a[j+1]=a[j];

a[j+1]=k;

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 48

 } printf("\n\n Elements after sorting: \n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("%d\n", a[i]);

OUTPUT:

How many elements you want to sort ? : 6

Enter elements for an array : 78 23 45 8 32 36

After Sorting the elements are : 8 23 32 36 45 78

A list of sorted elements now : 8 23 32 36 45 78

4.Merge sort

The basic concept of merge sort is divides the list into two smaller sub-lists of approximately
equal size. Recursively repeat this procedure till only one element is left in the sub-list.After this,
various sorted sub-lists are merged to form sorted parent list. This process goes on recursively till the
original sorted list arrived.

Algorithm for merge sort:

Merge sort is based on the divide-and-conquer paradigm. Its worst-case running time has a
lower order of growth than insertion sort. Since we are dealing with sub-problems, we state each
sub-problem as sorting a sub-array A[p .. r]. Initially, p = 1 and r = n, but these values change as
we recurse through sub-problems.

To sort A[p .. r]:

1. Divide Step

If a given array A has zero or one element, simply return; it is already sorted. Otherwise,
split A[p .. r] into two sub-arrays A[p .. q] and A[q + 1 .. r], each containing about half
of the elements of A[p .. r]. That is, q is the halfway point of A[p .. r].

2. Conquer Step

Conquer by recursively sorting the two sub-arrays A[p .. q] and A[q + 1 .. r].

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 49

3. Combine Step

Combine the elements back in A[p .. r] by merging the two sorted sub-arrays A[p .. q]
and A[q + 1 .. r] into a sorted sequence. To accomplish this step, we will define a
procedure MERGE (A, p, q, r).

Note that the recursion bottoms out when the sub-array has just one element, so that it is
trivially sorted.

To sort the entire sequence A[1 .. n], make the initial call to the procedure MERGE-SORT (A, 1, n).

MERGE-SORT (A, p, r)

IF p < r // Check for base case

THEN q = FLOOR[(p + r)/2] // Divide step
MERGE (A, p, q) // Conquer step.
MERGE (A, q + 1, r) // Conquer step.
MERGE (A, p, q, r) // Conquer step.

Ex:- A list of unsorted elements are: 39 9 81 45 90 27 72 18

Sorted elements are: 9 18 27 39 45 72 81 90

Time Complexity of merge sort:

Best case : O (n log n)

Average case : O (n log n)

Worst case : O (n log n)

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 50

 /* program to sort elements of an array using Merge Sort */

#include<stdio.h>

void disp( );

void mergesort(int,int,int); void

msortdiv(int,int);

int a[50],n;

void main( )

int i;

printf("\nEnter the n value:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("\nBefore Sorting the elements are:");

disp( );

msortdiv(0,n-1);

printf("\nAfter Sorting the elements are:");

disp( );

}
void disp( )

int i; for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("%d ",a[i]);

void mergesort(int low,int mid,int high)

int t[50],i,j,k;

i=low; j=mid+1;

k=low;

while((i<=mid) && (j<=high))

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 51

 {

if(a[i]>=a[j])

t[k++]=a[j++];

else t[k++]=a[i++];

while(i<=mid)

t[k++]=a[i++];

while(j<=high)

t[k++]=a[j++];

for(i=low;i<=high;i++)

a[i]=t[i];

void msortdiv(int low,int high)

int mid;

if(low!=high)

mid=((low+high)/2);

msortdiv(low,mid);

msortdiv(mid+1,high);

mergesort(low,mid,high);

OUTPUT:

How many elements you want to sort ? : 7

Enter elements for an array : 88 45 54 8 32 6 12

After Sorting the elements are : 6 8 12 32 45 54 88

5. QUICK sort ( partition exchange sort) (Additional)

Quick sort is based on partition. It is also known as partition exchange sorting. The basic concept of

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 52

quick sort process is pick one element from an array and rearranges the remaining elements around it.
This element divides the main list into two sub lists. This chosen element is called pivot. Once pivot
is chosen, then it shifts all the elements less than pivot to left of value pivot and all the elements
greater than pivot are shifted to the right side. This procedure of choosing pivot and partition the list
is applied recursively until sub-lists consisting of only one element.

Ex:- A list of unsorted elements are: 8 3 2 11 5 14 0 2 9 4 20

Algorithm for quick sort:

It is also known as partition exchange sort. It was invented by CAR Hoare. It is based on partition.
The basic concept of quick sort process is pick one element from an array and rearranges the
remaining elements around it. This element divides the main list into two sub lists. This chosen
element is called pivot. Once pivot is chosen, then it shifts all the elements less than pivot to left of
value pivot and all the elements greater than pivot are shifted to the right side. This procedure of
choosing pivot and partition the list is applied recursively until sub-lists consisting of only one
element.

quicksort(q)

varlist less, pivotList, greater

if length(q) ≤ 1

return q

select a pivot value pivot from q

for each x in q except the pivot element

if x < pivot then add x to less

if x ≥ pivot then add x to greater

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 53

add pivot to pivotList

return concatenate(quicksort(less), pivotList, quicksort(greater))

Time Complexity of Quick sort:

Best case : O (n log n)

Average case : O (n log n)

2
Worst case : O (n )

Advantages of quick sort:

1. This is faster sorting method among all.

2. Its efficiency is also relatively good.
3. It requires relatively small amount of memory.

Disadvantages of quick sort:

1. It is complex method of sorting so, it is little hard to implement than other sorting methods.

6. divide and conquer mechanism with an example. (quick & merge

sorts)(Additional)
Divide and Conquer:- This is a special case of recursion in which given problem is divided into
two or more sub-problems of exactly same type and solution to problem is expressed in terms of
solution to sub-problem. i.e. Dividing the list of elements into two approximately equal parts
recursively and find solution independently then merged together into single list. Quick and
merge sorts are based on Divide and Conquer concept.

The divide and conquer strategy solves a problem by :

1. Breaking into sub problems that are themselves smaller instances of the same type of problem.

2. Recursively solving these sub problems.

3. Appropriately combining their answers.

Two types of sorting algorithms which are based on this divide and conquer algorithm :

1. Quick sort: Quick sort also uses few comparisons (somewhat more than the other two). Like
heap sort it can sort "in place" by moving data in an array.

2. Merge sort: Merge sort is good for data that's too big to have in memory at once, because its
pattern of storage access is very regular. It also uses even fewer comparisons than heap sort, and
is especially suited for data stored as linked lists.
Linear Search
Linear search technique is also known as sequential search technique. The linear search is a
method of searching an element in a list in sequence. In this method, the array is searched for the
required element from the beginning of the list/array or from the last element to first element of array
and continues until the item is found or the entire list/array has been searched.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 54

Algorithm:

Step 1: set-up a flag to indicate “element not found”

Step 2: Take the first element in the list

Step 3: If the element in the list is equal to the desired element


Set flag to “element found”

Display the message “element found in the list”

Go to step 6
Step 4: If it is not the end of list,

 
Take the next element in the list Go
to step 3
Step 5: If the flag is “element not found”

Display the message “element not found”

Step 6: End of the Algorithm

Advantages:

1. It is simple and conventional method of searching data. The linear or sequential name
implies that the items are stored in a systematic manner.
2. The elements in the list can be in any order. i.e. The linear search can be applied on sorted or
unsorted linear data structure.
Disadvantage:

1. This method is insufficient when large number of elements is present in list.

2. It consumes more time and reduces the retrieval rate of the system.

Time complexity: O(n)

Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using linear search.

#include<stdio.h>

int linear(int [ ],int,int);

void main( )

int a[20], pos = -1, n, k, i;

printf("\nEnter the n value:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");

for(i=0; i<n ;i++)

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 55

printf("\nEnter the element to be searched:");

scanf("%d",&k);

pos=linear(a,n,k);

if(pos != -1)

printf("\n Search successful element found at position %d",pos);

else

printf("\n Search unsuccessful, element not found");

getchar( );

int linear(int a[ ],int n,int k)

int i;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

if(a[i]==k)

return(i);

return -1;

Output:-

Enter the n value : 5

Enter elements for an array : 11 2 23 14 55

Enter the element to be searched: 14

Search successful element found at position : 3

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 56

Recursive algorithm for binary search with its timing analysis.

Binary search is quicker than the linear search. However, it cannot be applied on unsorted data
structure. The binary search is based on the approach divide-and-conquer. The binary search starts
by testing the data in the middle element of the array. This determines target is whether in the first
half or second half. If target is in first half, we do not need to check the second half and if it is in
second half no need to check in first half. Similarly we repeat this process until we find target in the
list or not found from the list. Here we need 3 variables to identify first, last and middle elements.

To implement binary search method, the elements must be in sorted order. Search is performed as
follows:

  The key is compared with item in the middle position of an array 

 If the key matches with item, return it and stop 

 If the key is less than mid positioned item, then the item to be found must be in first
 half of array, otherwise it must be in second half of array. 
 Repeat the procedure for lower (or upper half) of array until the element is found. 

Recursive Algorithm:

Binary_Search(a,key,lb,ub)

begin

Step 1: [initialization]
lb=0
ub=n-1;
Step 2: [search for the item]
Repeat through step 4 while lower bound(lb) is less than upper bound.
Step 3: [obtain the index of middle value]
mid = (lb+ub)/2
Step 4: [compare to search for item]
if(key < a[mid]) then
ub=mid-1
otherwise if( key > a[mid]) then
lb=mid+1;
otherwise if(key==a[mid]) Write “match found”
return (mid)

return Binary_Search(a,key,lb,ub)

Step 5: [unsuccessful search]

Write “match not found”
Step 6: [end of algorithm]

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 57

Write a program for recursive binary search to find the given element within array. For What data
binary search is not applicable?
/* recursive binary search*/

#include<stdio.h>

int bsearch(int [ ],int, int, int);

void main( )

int

a[20],pos,n,k,i,lb,ub;

clrscr( );

printf("\nEnter the n

value:"); scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("\nEnter the key value:");

scanf("%d",&k);

lb=0;

ub=n-

1;

pos=bsearch(a,k,lb,ub)

; if(pos!=-1)

printf("Search successful, element found at position %d",pos);

else

printf("Search unsuccessful, element not found");

getch( );

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 58

int bsearch(int a[ ], int k, int lb, int ub)

{
int mid;

while(ub>=lb)

mid=(lb+ub)/2;

if(k<a[mid])

ub=mid-1;

else if(k>a[mid])

lb=mid+1;

else if(k==a[mid])

return(mid);

return(bsearch(a,k,lb,ub));

return -1;

OUTPUT:

Enter „n‟ value : 6

Enter elements for an array : 10 32 25 84 55 78

Enter the element to be searched : 78

Search successful, Element found at Position : 5

Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using recursive linear search.

/* recursive program for Linear Search*/

#include<stdio.h>
int linear(int [ ],int,int);

void main( )

{
int a[20],pos=-1,n,k,i;

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 59

printf("\nEnter n value:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("\n Enter the element to be searched:");

scanf("%d",&k);

pos=linear(a,n,k);

if(pos!=-1)

printf("\n Search successful, Element found at Position %d",pos);

else

printf("Search unsuccessful, element not found ");

int linear(int a[ ],int n,int k)

int i;

for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--)

if(a[i]==k)

return(i);
else
{
n = n-1;
return (linear(a.n.k);
}
}
return -1;
}

Output:-
Enter „n‟ value : 6
Enter elements for an array : 10 32 22 84 55 78

Enter the element to be searched : 55

Search successful, Element found at Position : 4

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 60

Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using non recursive binary
search.

#include<stdio.h>
int bsearch(int [ ],int,int);

void main( )

int

a[20],pos,n,k,i;

printf("\nEnter the n value:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter elements for an array:");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("\nEnter the key value:");

scanf("%d",&k);

pos=bsearch(a,n,k);

if(pos!= -1)

printf("Search successful, element found at position %d",pos);

else

printf("Search unsuccessful, element not found");

getch( );

int bsearch(int a[ ],int n, int k)

int lb=0,ub,mid;

lb=0;

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 61

 ub=n-1;

while(ub>=lb)

{
mid=(lb+ub)/2;

if(k<a[mid])

ub=mid-1;

else if(k>a[mid])

lb=mid+1;

else if(k==a[mid])

return(mid);

return -1;

OUTPUT

Enter „n‟ value : 67

Enter elements for an array : 35 10 32 25 84 55 78

Enter the element to be searched : 25

Search successful, Element found at Position : 3

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 62

 UNIT -IV
Singly Linked list
Single Linked List is a collection of nodes. Each node contains 2 fields: I) info where
the information is stored and ii) link which points to the next node in the list.

The node is like this:

Node

Info (or) data Link (or) next

The operations that can be performed on single linked lists includes: insertion,
deletion and traversing the list.

Inserting a node in a single linked list:

Insertion can be done in 3 ways:

1.Inserting an element in the beginning of the list.

2.Inserting in the middle and

3.Inserting at end.

The algorithm for inserting an element in the beginning of a list:

Procedure insertbeg(x, first)

/* x – is an element first is the Pointer to the first element in a SLL */

begin

if avail = NULL then

Write(‘ Availability Stack underflow’)

return (first)

else

new avail;

avail link(avail)

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 63

 info(new)  x

link(new)  first

return (new);

end.

In the algorithm, first, the memory for a new node is available or not is checked out.
Here avail is a pointer to the available memory.

If it is NULL then there is no memory. Otherwise a new node is created from

available memory and it is stored in new. The new contains the address of the new node and
avail moves forward to point to next available memory location. In the info field of new, x is
stored and the link field of new points to the first element address of the list. Now, new
becomes the pointer to the whole list.

This can be shown as:

(a)

(b)

First is having value of 100, means it is Pointing the 100th memory location. The
node at 100th location is having info as 10 and containing the address 200 of the next node.
The second node at 200th location, contains 20 and address 300 of the next node. At,300th
memory location, the node contains info as 30 and its link field is NULL. That means it is no
more having any nodes. That is, the list is having 3 nodes with a starting address of 100.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 64

 Now, we created another node new that is having the address of 50 and its info is 40
and its link field is NULL.

After the call to insertbeg( ) function the list will look like.

The insertbeg( ) function, inserts a node by storing the address of the first node of list
in the link field of new and making the new address as the pointer to the list.

The algorithm for inserting an element at the end of the list:

Procedure insertend(x, first)

begin

if avail = null then /* Checking for memory availability */

write (‘ Availability Stack underflow’);

return(first);

else /* Obtaining the next free node */

new avail; /* Removing free node from available memory */

avail link(avail)

info(new)  x /* Initializing the fields of new node */

link(new)  NULL

if first = NULL then /* Is the list empty? */

return(new);

Save  first /* Searching the last node */

Repeat while link (Save)  NULL

Save link(Save) /* Setting the link field of last node to new */

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 65

 Link (Save)  new

return (first)

end;

The Pictorial Representation:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 66

first (100) address is stored in Save to go through the end of the list, after reaching to the last
node, set the address of new node in the link field of last node.

Inserting in the middle:

In this process, the address of first is stored in Save to go to the particular node at
which the insertion is to be done. After reaching the particular node, set the link to point to
new node, and set the link of new node to connect the remaining nodes.

ALGORITHM: The algorithm for inserting an element in the middle of a list:

Procedure insertmid(x, first)

begin

if avail = NULL then

write (‘ Availability Stack Underflow’);

return (first)

else /* Obtain the address of next free node */

new avail

avail link(avail) /* Removing free node */

info(new)  x /* Copying Information into new node */

if first = NULL then /* Checking whether the list is empty */

link(new)  NULL /* list is empty*/

return(new) /* if the new data precedes all other in the list */

if info(new)  info(first) then

link(new)  first

return(new) /* initialise temporary Pointer */

Save  first

Repeat while link(Save)  NULL and

Info(link(Save))  info(new)

Save link(Save) /* Search for predecessor of new data */

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 67

 link(new)  link(Save) /* Setting the links of new and its
Predecessor*/

link(Save)  new

return(first)

end

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 68

 (e)

Deleting a node in a single linked list:

Deletion can be done in 3 ways:

1. Deleting an element in the beginning of the list.

2. Deleting in the middle and

3. Deleting at the end.

The algorithms for deleting an element in the list:

Procedure:

If the linked list is empty then write underflow and return

Repeat Step 3 while the end of the list has not been reached and the node has not been
found.

Obtain the next node in the list and record its predecessor node.

If the end of the list has been reached then write node not found and return.

delete the node from the list.

Return the node to the availability area.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 69

Algorithm:

Procedure deletelement(x, first)

begin

if first = NULL then /* Checking whether the list is empty */

write(‘ Underflow’);

return

temp first /* Initializing search for x */

while((temp  x ) and

(link(temp)  NULL))

begin

pred temp

temp link(temp)

end

if temp  x then /* if the node not found */

write(‘node not found’)

return

if (x = first) then / is x first node */

first link(first) /* delete the node at x */

else link(pred)  link(x)

link(x)  avail /* Return node to availability area */

avail x

return:

end.

In the algorithm, it first checks whether the list is empty, if it is empty it prints
underflow message. Otherwise, it initializes a temporary pointer to first. Until the
Predecessor of x node found, the temporary pointer is moved forward. If it reaches the end of

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 70

the list, without finding the node of address x, it flashes an error message, stating „node not
found‟. If x is the first address, then first node is deleted and now first points to second node.
Otherwise it sets the links so that it deletes the node of address x.

The original list is:

1. If x = 100 (First node)

(a)

(b)

The node which is 100th memory address will be added to free space

(ii) if x = 200

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 71

 (b)

(c)

(iii) if x = 300 (Last node)

(a)

(b)

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 72

Traversing the List:

This includes, visiting the node and printing the data of that node one at a time and moving
forward until it reaches end of the list. (i.e., link becomes NULL)

Procedure(first)

begin

for (temp = first; temp!= NULL; temp = temp  link)

write (temp  info)

end.

INTRODUCTION TO DATA STRUCTURES

Data Structure is a way of collecting and organising data in such a way that we can perform
operations on these data in an effective way. Data Structures is about rendering data elements
in terms of some relationship, for better organization and storage. For example, we have data
player's name "Virat" and age 26. Here "Virat" is of String data type and 26 is
of integer data type.
We can organize this data as a record like Player record. Now we can collect and store
player's records in a file or database as a data structure. For example: "Dhoni" 30, "Gambhir"
31, "Sehwag" 33
In simple language, Data Structures are structures programmed to store ordered data, so that
various operations can be performed on it easily.
Basic types of Data Structures
As we discussed above, anything that can store data can be called as a data strucure, hence
Integer, Float, Boolean, Char etc, all are data structures. They are known as Primitive Data
Structures.
Then we also have some complex Data Structures, which are used to store large and
connected data. Some example of Abstract Data Structure are :

 Linked List
 Tree
 Graph
 Stack, Queue etc.

All these data structures allow us to perform different operations on data. We select these
data structures based on which type of operation is required. We will look into these data
structures in more details in our later lessons.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 73

STACKS &QUEUES :

Stacks and Queues are very useful in numerous applications. For eg. Stacks are used
in computers in parsing an expression by recursion; in memory management in operating
system; etc. Queues find their use in CPU scheduling in printer spooling, in message queuing
in computer network etc.

STACKS:
Stack is an ordered collection of data in which data is inserted and deleted at one end
(same end). In stack the most recent elements are inserted first. For eg.plates are pushed on to
the top and popped off the top. Such a processing strategy is referred to as Last-in-First-out or
LIFO. A Stack is a data structure which operates on a LIFO basis, it is used to provide
temporary storage space for values. Stack is most commonly used as a place to store local
variables, parameters and return addresses. When a function is called the use of stack is
critical where recursive functions, that is function that call themselves are defined.
Stack uses a single pointer „top‟ to keep track of the information in the stack.

Basic operation is a stack are.

1. Insert (push) an item onto stack.

2. Remove (pop) an item from the stack.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 74

 A stack pointer keep track of the current position on the stack. When an element is placed
on the stack, it is said to be pushed on the stack when an object is removed from the stack, it
is said to be popped from the stack. Stack „Overflow‟ occurs when one tries to push more
information on a stack, and „Underflow‟ occurs when we try to pop an item off a stack which
is empty.

REPRESENTATION OF STACK:

Two standard methods of representing a stack are in terms of an array and a pointer
linked list which is a away of representation using pointer.

The figure below illustrates an array implementation of a stack of 5 elements B, A, M,

K, S.



The Stack pointer is pointing to the top of the stack (called the top of the stalk). The
size of the array is fixed at the time of its declaration itself. But, as the definition shows,
stacks are dynamic data structures. They can grow and shrink during the operation. However,
stack can be an implemented using arrays by specifying a maximum size. We require two
things to represent stacks. First one is array to hold the item and second an integer variable to
hold the index of the top element conveniently in C, we can declare stack as a structure to
represent these two

#define max 50
struct stack
{
int top:
I int items [max]:
};

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 75

Now the stack s can be declared as struct stack S;
Note that the type of array elements in the above declaration is integer, but actually it can be
of any other type. Since array subscripts starts from 0, the 50 stack elements in the above
example reside in the location S.item[0] through S.items[49]. The top element can be
accessed as S.item[top].

Push Operation
The process of putting a new data element onto stack is known as a Push Operation. Push
operation involves a series of steps −

 Step 1 − Checks if the stack is full.

 Step 2 − If the stack is full, produces an error and exit.

 Step 3 − If the stack is not full, increments top to point next empty space.

 Step 4 − Adds data element to the stack location, where top is pointing.

 Step 5 − Returns success.

If the linked list is used to implement the stack, then in step 3, we need to allocate space
dynamically.

Algorithm for PUSH Operation

A simple algorithm for Push operation can be derived as follows −

begin procedure push: stack, data

if stack is full
returnnull

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 76

 endif
top← top +1
stack[top]← data
end procedure

Implementation of this algorithm in C, is very easy. See the following code −

Example

void push(int data){

if(!isFull()){
top= top +1;
stack[top]= data;
}else{
printf("Could not insert data, Stack is full.\n");
}
}

Pop Operation
Accessing the content while removing it from the stack, is known as a Pop Operation. In an
array implementation of pop() operation, the data element is not actually removed,
instead top is decremented to a lower position in the stack to point to the next value. But in
linked-list implementation, pop() actually removes data element and deallocates memory
space.

A Pop operation may involve the following steps −

 Step 1 − Checks if the stack is empty.

 Step 2 − If the stack is empty, produces an error and exit.

 Step 3 − If the stack is not empty, accesses the data element at whichtop is pointing.

 Step 4 − Decreases the value of top by 1.

 Step 5 − Returns success.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 77

Algorithm for Pop Operation
A simple algorithm for Pop operation can be derived as follows −
begin procedure pop: stack

if stack is empty
returnnull
endif
data← stack[top]
top← top -1
return data
end procedure
Implementation of this algorithm in C, is as follows −
Example

int pop(int data){

if(!isempty()){
data= stack[top];
top= top -1;
return data;
}else{
printf("Could not retrieve data, Stack is empty.\n");
}
}

Since a stack can contain only a finite number of elements, an error called a ‘stack
overflow’ occurs when the stack is full and a push operation is performed. Similarly, an error
called a stack underflow occurs when the stack is empty and a pop operation is performed.

These two conditions need to be checked before doing the respective operations.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 78

STACK USING LINKED LIST

ALGORITHM

PUSH OPERATION: insert an element on top of the stack

STEP 1 : Create a newNode with given value.

STEP2: Check whether stack is empty(top==NULL)

STEP3: if it is empty then set newNode->next=NULL.

STEP4: if it is not empty then newNode->next=top;

STEP5: Finally set top=newNode.

POP OPERATION: delete an element from a stack

STEP1: check whether the stack is empty(top=NULL)

STEP2: if it is empty then display stack is empty.

STEP3: if it is not empty then define a node pointer and set it to top

STEP4: then set top=topnext

STEP5:Finally delete temp(free(temp)).

Display():

STEP1: check whether the stack is empty(top=NULL)

STEP2: if it is empty then display stack is empty.

STEP3: if it is not empty then define a node pointer and initialize with the top.

STEP4: Display temp-->data and move it to the next node.repet this until temp reaches
the first node in the stack(temp—>next=NULL).

STEP5: finally display tempdataNULL

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 79

Infix to postfix conversion algorithm:

There is an algorithm to convert an infix expression into a postfix expression. It uses a stack;
but in this case, the stack is used to hold operators rather than numbers. The purpose of the
stack is to reverse the order of the operators in the expression. It also serves as a storage
structure, since no operator can be printed until both of its operands have appeared.

In this algorithm, all operands are printed (or sent to output) when they are read. There are
more complicated rules to handle operators and parentheses.

Example:

1. A * B + C becomes A B * C +

The order in which the operators appear is not reversed. When the '+' is read, it has lower
precedence than the '*', so the '*' must be printed first.

We will show this in a table with three columns. The first will show the symbol currently
being read. The second will show what is on the stack and the third will show the current
contents of the postfix string. The stack will be written from left to right with the 'bottom' of
the stack to the left.

current symbol operator stack postfix string

1 A A

2 * * A

3 B * AB

4 + + A B * {pop and print the '*' before pushing the '+'}

5 C + AB*C

6 AB*C+

The rule used in lines 1, 3 and 5 is to print an operand when it is read. The rule for line 2 is
to push an operator onto the stack if it is empty. The rule for line 4 is if the operator on the
top of the stack has higher precedence than the one being read, pop and print the one on top
and then push the new operator on. The rule for line 6 is that when the end of the expression
has been reached, pop the operators on the stack one at a time and print them.

2. A + B * C becomes A B C * +

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 80

Here the order of the operators must be reversed. The stack is suitable for this, since operators
will be popped off in the reverse order from that in which they were pushed.

current symbol operator stack postfix string

1 A A

2 + + A

3 B + AB

4 * +* AB

5 C +* ABC

6 ABC*+

In line 4, the '*' sign is pushed onto the stack because it has higher precedence than the '+'
sign which is already there. Then when the are both popped off in lines 6 and 7, their order
will be reversed.

3. A * (B + C) becomes A B C + *

A subexpression in parentheses must be done before the rest of the expression.

current symbol operator stack postfix string

1 A A

2 * * A

3 ( *( AB

4 B *( AB

5 + *(+ AB

6 C *(+ ABC

7 ) * ABC+

8 ABC+*

Since expressions in parentheses must be done first, everything on the stack is saved and the
left parenthesis is pushed to provide a marker. When the next operator is read, the stack is
treated as though it were empty and the new operator (here the '+' sign) is pushed on. Then

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 81

when the right parenthesis is read, the stack is popped until the corresponding left parenthesis
is found. Since postfix expressions have no parentheses, the parentheses are not printed.

4. A - B + C becomes A B - C +

When operators have the same precedence, we must consider association. Left to right
association means that the operator on the stack must be done first, while right to left
association means the reverse.

current operator stack postfix string

symbol

1 A A

2 - - A

3 B - AB

4 + + AB-

5 C + AB-C

6 AB-C+

In line 4, the '-' will be popped and printed before the '+' is pushed onto the stack. Both
operators have the same precedence level, so left to right association tells us to do the first
one found before the second.

5. A * B ^ C + D becomes A B C ^ * D +

Here both the exponentiation and the multiplication must be done before the addition.

current operator stack postfix string

symbol

1 A A

2 * * A

3 B * AB

4 ^ *^ AB

5 C *^ ABC

6 + + ABC^*

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 82

7 D + ABC^*D

8 ABC^*D+

When the '+' is encountered in line 6, it is first compared to the '^' on top of the stack. Since it
has lower precedence, the '^' is popped and printed. But instead of pushing the '+' sign onto
the stack now, we must compare it with the new top of the stack, the '*'. Since the operator
also has higher precedence than the '+', it also must be popped and printed. Now the stack is
empty, so the '+' can be pushed onto the stack.

6. A * (B + C * D) + E becomes A B C D * + * E +

current symbol operator stack postfix string

1 A A

2 * * A

3 ( *( A

4 B *( AB

5 + *(+ AB

6 C *(+ ABC

7 * *(+* ABC

8 D *(+* ABCD

9 ) * ABCD*+

10 + + ABCD*+*

11 E + ABCD*+*E

12 ABCD*+*E+

A summary of the rules follows:

1. Print operands as they arrive.

2. If the stack is empty or contains a left parenthesis on top, push the incoming operator onto
the stack.

3. If the incoming symbol is a left parenthesis, push it on the stack.

4. If the incoming symbol is a right parenthesis, pop the stack and print the operators until
you see a left parenthesis. Discard the pair of parentheses.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 83

5. If the incoming symbol has higher precedence than the top of the stack, push it on the
stack.

6. If the incoming symbol has equal precedence with the top of the stack, use association. If
the association is left to right, pop and print the top of the stack and then push the incoming
operator. If the association is right to left, push the incoming operator.

7. If the incoming symbol has lower precedence than the symbol on the top of the stack, pop
the stack and print the top operator. Then test the incoming operator against the new top of
stack.

8. At the end of the expression, pop and print all operators on the stack. (No parentheses
should remain.

QUEUES:

A queue is an ordered collection of elements, where the elements can be inserted at

one end and deleted from another end. It works on the principle called First–In–First–Out
(FIFO).
The information we retrieve from a queue comes in the same order that it was placed
on the queue. The examples of queues are checkout line at supermarket cash register, line of
cars waiting to proceed in some fixed direction at an intersection of streets.

The queue can be implemented using arrays and linked lists.

OPERATIONS ON QUEUES:
Insertion: The operation of adding new items on the queue occurs only at one end of the
queue called the rear end.

Deletion: The operation of removing items of the queue occurs at the other end called the
front end.

The following is an algorithm for inserting an element into the queue.

The variable FRONT holds the index of the front item and REAR variable holds the
index of the last item. Array elements begin at 1 and the maximum elements of the Queue is
MAX. Q is the Queue. ITEM is the element to be inserted.

ALGORITHM: Inserting an element into Queue

Queue_insert(ITEM)

If REAR > = MAX then write ‘Queue Overflow ‘

Return

REAR  REAR +1

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 84

Q[REAR]  ITEM

IF FRONT ==0 THEN

FRONT  1

Return

The following is the algorithm for detecting an element from the queue.

ALGORITHM: Deleting an elements from the Queue

Queue_delete( )

If FRONT =0 then

Write(‘Queue under flow’).

Return

K Q[FRONT]

If FRONT = REAR then

Begin

FRONT 0

REAR 0

End

Else

FRONT  FRONT +1

Return K

QUEUE USING LINKED LIST

Algorithm:
enQueue(value):inserting an element into the queue
STEP1:create a newNOde with given value and set newNode->next to NULL/
STEP2:check whether queue is empty(rear=NULL).
STEP3:if it is empty then front=rear=newNode.
STEP4:if it is not empty thenrear->next=newNode and rear=newNode.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 85

deQueue:delete an element from Queue
STEP1:check whether queue is empty(front=NULL).
STEP2: if it is empty then display queue is empty and deletion is not possible.
STEP3: if it is not empty then define a node pointer’temp’ and set it to front.
STEP4:then front=front->next and delete front(free(front)).

Display():display queue elements

STEP1: check whether queue is empty(front=NULL).
STEP2: if it is empty then display queue is empty.
STEP3: if it is not empty then define a node pointer’temp’ and initialize with front.
STEP4: display temp->data and move to the next node. Repeat the same until temp reaches
rear.
STEP5:finally display temp->data->NULL.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 86

 UNIT – V

File is a collection of bytes that is stored on secondary storage devices like disk.

A File is an external collection of related data treated as a unit.

The primary purpose of a file is to keep record of data. Record is group of related fields, Field
is a group of characters they convey meaning.

Files are stored in auxiliary of secondary storage devices. The two common forms of
secondary storage are disk (hard disk, CD and DVD) and tape.

Each file ends with an end of file (EOF) at a specified byte number, recorded in file structure.

There are two kinds of files in a system. They are,

1. Text files (ASCII)

2. Binary files

 Text files contain ASCII codes of digits, alphabetic and symbols.

 Binary file contains collection of bytes (0‟s and 1‟s). Binary files are compiled
version of text files.

Streams:

 In C all input and Output is done with streams.

 Stream is nothing but the sequence of bytes of data.
 A sequence of bytes flowing into program is called input stream
 A sequence of bytes flowing out of the program is called output stream
 Use of stream make I/O machine independent.

Predefined Streams :

stdin Standard Input

stdout Standard Output

stderr Standard Error

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 87

Standard Input stream Device:

1. Stdin stands for standard Input

2. Keyboard is standard input device.
3. Standard input data going into a program.
4. The program requests data transfers by use of the read operation.
5. Not all programs require input.

Standard output stream Device:

1. Stdout stands for Standard output

2. Screen is standard output device.
3. Standard output is data going out from a program.
4. The program sends data to output device by using write operation.

Difference Between Std. Input and Output Stream Devices :

Point Std i/p Stream Device Standard o/p Stream Device

Stands
Standard Input Standard Output
For

Example Keyboard Screen/Monitor

Data (Often Text) going into a data (Often Text) going out from a
Data Flow
program program

Operation Read Operation Write Operation

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 88

Some Important Summary :
Point Input Stream Output Stream

Standard Device 1 Keyboard Screen

Standard Device 2 Scanner Printer

IO Function scanf and gets printf and puts

IO Operation Read Write

Data Data goes from stream data comes into stream

FILE OPERATIONS:

There are 4 basic operations that can be performed on any files in C programming language.
They are,

1. Opening a file
2. Closing a file
3. Reading a file
4. Writing in a file

Let us see the syntax for each of the above operations in a table:

File operation/
Description
Syntax
file open
fopen function is used to open a file.
FILE *fp;
Where, fp is file pointer to the data type “FILE”.
fp=fopen(“filename”, ”„mode”);
file close: fclose function closes the file that is being pointed by file
fclose(fp); pointer fp.
fgets is used to read a file line by line. where,
file read: buffer – buffer to put the data in.
fgets(buffer, size, fp); size – size of the buffer
fp – file pointer
file write:
fprintf(fp, “some data”);
fprintf writes the data into a file pointed by fp.
fprintf(fp, “text %d”,
variable_name);

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 89

Mode of operations

There are many modes in opening a file. Based on the mode of file, it can be opened for
reading or writing or appending the texts. They are listed below.

 r – Opens a file in read mode and sets pointer to the first character in the file. It
returns null if file does not exist.
 w – Opens a file in write mode. It returns null if file could not be opened. If file exists,
data are overwritten.
 a – Opens a file in append mode. It returns null if file couldn‟t be opened.
 r+ – Opens a file for read and write mode and sets pointer to the first character in the
file.
 w+ – opens a file for read and write mode and sets pointer to the first character in the
file.
 a+ – Opens a file for read and write mode and sets pointer to the first character in the
file. But, it can‟t modify existing contents.

Inbuilt file handling functions in C language:

C programming language offers many inbuilt functions for handling files. They are given
below.

File
Description
handling functions
fopen () fopen () function creates a new file or opens an existing file.
fclose () fclose () function closes an opened file.
getw () getw () function reads an integer from file.
putw () putw () functions writes an integer to file.
getc (), fgetc () getc () and fgetc () functions read a character from file.
putc (), fputc () putc () and fputc () functions write a character to file.
gets () gets () function reads line from keyboard.
puts () puts () function writes line to o/p screen.
fgets () fgets () function reads string from a file, one line at a time.
fputs () fputs () function writes string to a file.
feof () feof () function finds end of file.
fgetchar () fgetchar () function reads a character from keyboard.
fgetc () fgetc () function reads a character from file.
fprintf () fprintf () function writes formatted data to a file.
fscanf () fscanf () function reads formatted data from a file.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 90

fgetchar () fgetchar () function reads a character from keyboard.
fputchar () fputchar () function writes a character from keyboard.
fseek () fseek () function moves file pointer position to given location.
SEEK_SET SEEK_SET moves file pointer position to the beginning of the file.
SEEK_CUR SEEK_CUR moves file pointer position to given location.
SEEK_END SEEK_END moves file pointer position to the end of file.
ftell () ftell () function gives current position of file pointer.
rewind () function moves file pointer position to the beginning of
rewind ()
the file.
getc () getc () function reads character from file.
getch () getch () function reads character from keyboard.
getche () function reads character from keyboard and echoes to o/p
getche ()
screen.
getchar () getchar () function reads character from keyboard.
putc () putc () function writes a character to file.
putchar () putchar () function writes a character to screen.
printf () printf () function writes formatted data to screen.
sprinf () sprinf () function writes formatted output to string.
scanf () scanf () function reads formatted data from keyboard.
sscanf () sscanf () function Reads formatted input from a string.
remove () remove () function deletes a file.
fflush () fflush () function flushes a file.

Opening a file – for creation and edit

Opening a file is performed using the library function in the "stdio.h" header file:

fopen():

The syntax for opening a file in standard I/O is:

ptr= fopen( “file open”, “mode”);

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 91

Closing a File:

The file (both text and binary) should be closed after reading/writing.

Closing a file is performed using library function fclose().

fclose(fptr);

Reading and writing to a text file:

For reading and writing to a text file, we use the functions fprintf() and fscanf().

They are just the file versions of printf() and scanf(). The only difference is that, fprint and
fscanf expects a pointer to the structure FILE.

Other functions like fgetchar(), fputc() etc. can be used in similar way.

Reading and writing to a binary file:

Functions fread() and fwrite() are used for reading from and writing to a file on the disk
respectively in case of binary files.

Writing to a binary file:

To write into a binary file, you need to use the function fwrite(). The functions takes four
arguments: Address of data to be written in disk, Size of data to be written in disk, number of
such type of data and pointer to the file where you want to write.

fwrite(address_data,size_data,numbers_data,pointer_to_file);

Reading from a binary file:

Function fread() also take 4 arguments similar to fwrite() function as above.

fread(address_data,size_data,numbers_data,pointer_to_file);

Getting data using fseek()

If you have many records inside a file and need to access a record at a specific position, you
need to loop through all the records before it to get the record.

This will waste a lot of memory and operation time. An easier way to get to the required data
can be achieved using fseek().

As the name suggests, fseek() seeks the cursor to the given record in the file.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 92

Syntax:
fseek(FILE * stream, long int offset, int whence)

The first parameter stream is the pointer to the file. The second parameter is the position of
the record to be found, and the third parameter specifies the location where the offset starts.

Different Whence in fseek

Whence Meaning

SEKK_SET Starts the offset from the beginning of the file.

SEKK_END Starts the offset from the end of the file.

SEKK_CUR Starts the offset from the current location of the cursor in the file.

File System Functions:

You can erase a file using remove().

Its prototype is

int remove(char *file-name);

You can position a file's current location to the start of the file using rewind(). Its prototype
is

void rewind(FILE *fp);

File Status Function:

C provides function for error handling during I/O operations. Typical error situations include:

 Trying to read beyond the end-of-file mark.

 Device overflow
 Trying to use a file that has not been opened.
 Trying to perform an operation on a file, when the file is opened for another type of
operation.
 Opening a file with an invalid filename.

We have two status-inquiry library functions, feof () and ferror() that can help us detect I/O
error in the files.

EOF:

The feof function can be used to test for an end of file condition.

n = feof(fp);

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 93

Error handling function:

errno, perror and strerror()

The C programming language provides perror() and strerror() functions which can be used
to display the text message associated with errno.

 The perror() function displays the string you pass to it, followed by a colon, a space,
and then the textual representation of the current errno value.
 The strerror() function, which returns a pointer to the textual representation of the
current errno value.

Commadline Arguments:

A command-line argument is the information that follows the program's name on the
command line of the operating system. Command-line arguments are used to pass
information to the program. For example, when you use a text editor, you probably specify
the name of the file you want to edit after the name of the word processing program. For
example, if you use a word processor called WP, then this line causes the file TEST to be
edited.

WP TEST

Here, TEST is a command-line argument. Your C programs may also utilize command-line
arguments. These are passed to a C program through two arguments to the main() function.
The parameters are called argc and argv. These parameters are optional and are not used
when no command-line arguments are being used.

The argc parameter holds the number of arguments on the command-line and is an integer. It
will always be at least 1 because the name of the program qualifies as the first argument. The
argv parameter is an array of string pointers. The most common method for declaring argv is
shown here.

char *argv[];

The empty brackets indicate that it is an array of undetermined length. All command-line
arguments are passed to main() as strings. To access an individual string, index argv. For
example, argv[0] points to the program's name and argv[1] points to the first argument. This
program displays all the command-line arguments that it is called with.

Ex:

#include<stdio.h>

int main(int argc,char*argv[]){

printf("Program name %s\n", argv[0]);

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 94

 if( argc ==2){
printf("The argument supplied is %s\n", argv[1]);
}
elseif( argc >2){
printf("Too many arguments supplied.\n");
}
else{
printf("One argument expected.\n");
}
}

Program Development:

A C program typically passes through four steps of development.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 95

The solid lines show inputs into each step of the development cycle. Compile and Linkage
Editor operations are performed by the C for AIX product, which also lets you specify what
optional outputs are produced. Optional outputs are shown in the diagram by the broken lines.
Descriptions of the steps follow below:

Design and Code Involves designing a program to meet a specified requirement, and
creating the programming language text files that will comprise the
program source.

Compile After checking for syntactical correctness, converts the programming

language source files into machine readable instructions, where C
variables are associated with memory addresses, and C statements are
turned into a series of machine language instructions. The compiler can
produces various forms of output, depending on the compiler options
selected.

Linkage Editor Links compiler output with external modules requested by the compiled
program. C programs can use routines from C libraries or any object or
archive file from the IBM XL family of languages. C programs can also
use modules produced by the current or previous compilations. As well as
linking the external modules, the linkage editor resolves addresses within
the object module.

Run and Test This stage can be both the final step in program development, or it can be
an intermediate point in the program design and implementation process.
A program's design commonly is further refined as a result of information
gathered during testing.

Multiple File Compilation

Multiple File Projects:
Most of the time, full programs are not contained in a single file. Many small programs are
easy to write in a single file, but larger programs involve separate files containing different
modules. Usually, files are separated by related content.

A class module normally consists of:

 A header file - contains the declaration of the class (without implementation details)
 An implementation file - contains implementations of the class members

Filenames:
Header files are usually in the format filename.h, and implementation files are usually in the
format filename.cpp. It is a good idea to use the same base filename for corresponding header
and implementation files. Example:

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 96

 circle.h // header file for a class called Circle
circle.cpp // implementation file for Circle class
Filenames do not have to be the same as the class name, but well-chosen filenames can help
identify the contents or purpose of a file.

When classes are used in a program, the main program would usually be written in a separate
file.
The "compilation" of a program actually consitsts of two major stages.

1. Compile stage
o Syntax checked for correctness.
o Variables and function calls checked to insure that correct declarations were
made and that they match. (Note:& The compiler doesn't need to match
function definitions to their calls at this point).
o Translation into object code. Object code is just a translation of your code file
-- it is not an executable program, at this point. (Note: the word "object" in
object code does not refer to the definition of "object" that we use to define
object-oriented programming. These are different terms.)
2. Linking stage
o Links the object code into an executable program.
o May involve one or more object code files.
o The linking stage is the time when function calls are matched up with their
definitions, and the compiler checks to make sure it has one, and only one,
definition for every function that is called.
o The end result of linking is usually an executable program.

Putting together a multiple-file project:

For a simple example like our Fraction example, it may be tempting to simply use the
following statement inside the main.cpp file:

#include "frac.cpp"
and then just compile the main.cpp file with a single command. This will work in this
example, because it's a linear sequence of #includes -- this essentially causes the whole thing
to be put together into one file as far as the compiler is concerned. This is not a good idea in
the general case. Sometimes the line-up of files is not so linear. The separate ideas of
compiling and linking allow these steps to be done separately and there are some good
reasons and benefits:

 Changes to a file require only that file to be re-compiled (rather than everything),
along with the re-linking
 Often, libraries are distributed in pre-compiled format, so trying to #include the .cpp
file would not even be feasible. (A pre-compiled library would still give you the
actual .h file for the #include statements, to satisfy declare-before-use in your own
code).

Separate Compilation of functions:

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 97

All of the programs that we have looked at to this point have been contained within a single
file. This is the exception rather than the rule. As programs become larger, it is important to
spread them across files of a reasonable size. In this lesson we will look at why this is
important, and how it can be done.

Compiling Files:

Up to this point, whenever you wanted to compile a program you compiled the file displayed
in an Emacs buffer. The Compile This File... option of Emacs' Compile menu (or
equivalently, M-x compile) is a handy feature when your entire program is contained with
one file. It is, of course, possible to compile a file completely independently of Emacs.

Download hello.c. It is a simple program that prints out ``Hello world'', and you can compile
and run it without ever displaying it in Emacs. To compile it, go to a Unix Shell window,
connect to the directory into which you downloaded the program, and enter the following
command:

gcc -Wall -g -c hello.c

This command will result in a new file being created. Use the ls command to list your
directory. What file is there that wasn't before?

Answer: You should see a file called ``hello'' in your directory. This is the executable. The
name of the executable came from the command that you just typed-it is the name that
follows the -o in the command.

Now that you have an executable you can run it in the familiar way. Simply type ``hello'' into
the UNIX Shell window.

To summarize, the steps involved in compiling, linking, and running a program are:

1. Compile the ``.c'' file containing the source code with a command such as

gcc -Wall -g -c hello.c

The -c in the command is important--it tells C to produce an object file called (in this
case) ``hello.o''. The -Wall part is optional but is strongly encouraged--it tells C to
produce all possible warning messages. A warning message will usually lead you to a
bug in your program. The -g tells the compiler to include information needed by the
debugger.

2. Link the ``.o'' file to produce an executable with a command such as

gcc -o hello hello.o -lm

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 98

 The -o hello in the command is important--it tells C what to name the executable. The
-lm part tells C to link in the math libraries. If your program doesn't use any of the
match functions from ``math.h'', you can leave this part out.

3. Run the executable in the usual way.

If your entire program is contained within a single file, you can do the compilation
and linking in one step by entering the command

gcc -Wall -g -o hello hello.c -lm

This is exactly what Emacs does when it compiles a program for you. We have been careful
to this point to do the compilation in two separate steps so that you will be able to deal with
programs made up of more than one file.

15. ADDITIONAL TOPICS

16. UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS OF PREVIOUS YEARS

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 99

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 100
Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 101
17. QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I

2 MARKS

1) Write a C program to find a length of a given string

2) Write a C program to print the string in reverse order
3) Write a C program to check whether a given string is palindrome or not
4) What is the built -in function to append the one string to another string?
5) What is a length of String?
6) What is Macro?why do we use Macro?
7) What is the difference between array and String?
8) What is the difference between strcpy() and strncpy() functions in C?
9) What is the purpose of typedef keyword?
10) Define enum and give one Example.

3 MARKS

1) Write a c program to find the frequency of characters in a given string

2) What is a string constant? How do string constants differ from character constants?
3) Write a program to count the number of words, lines and characters in a text.
4) Distinguish between getchar() and scanf() functions for reading strings
5) Explain how strings can be stored using a multidimensional arrays?

10 MARKS

1. What are the String built in functions available? Write in detail about each one of them
with an Example?

2. The names of employees of an organization are stored in three arrays, namely, first name,
second name, and last name. Write a program to concatenate the three parts into one string to
be called name.

3. How can a list of strings be stored in a two - dimensional array? What library functions are
available to simplify string processing?

4. What is the benefit of using #defined to do declare a constant?

5. What are the _DATE_ and _TIME_ Pre-processor Commands?

6. What will the pre-processor do for a Program?

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro in c?

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 102

UNIT -II

2 MARKS

1 Define a structure and state how the members of a structure are accessed with example?
Understand

2 Write the major differences between arrays and structures? Remember

3 Write an example of nested structure? Remember

4 State the difference between a structure and union? Remember

5 Write an example of array of structures? Remember

6 Write the general format of sending a copy of a structure to the called function? Remember

3 MARKS

1 Explain the process of initialization and declaration of structures

2 State the differences between structures and unions

3 Illustrate self referential structures

4 Explain different kinds of operations on structures in c

10 MARKS

1 What is the need of bit fields? Illustrate with an example the uses of bit fields in C

2 Explain the process of passing arrays through structures

3 Explain with an example the process of Dynamic memory allocation using structures in C

UNIT -III

2 MARKS

1. What are the different types of data structures?

2. Explain each of them with suitable example.
3. Define tree?
4. What is a subtree?
5. Define the following terms. children nodes, siblings, root node, leaves level and
degree of tree .
6. Define Time Complexity ?
7. Define Space Complexity?
8. Define Sorting?
9. Define Searching?

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 103

 10. Define Internal Sorting?
11. Define External Sorting?
12. Define Exchange Sort?
13. Define Insertion Sort?
14. Define Linear Search?
15. Define Binary Search?
16. Define Selection Sort?
17. Give the time complexity of merge sort?
18. Give the time complexity of Insertion Sort?
19. Give the time complexity of Bubble sort and Selection sort?

3 MARKS

1. Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using linear search.
2. Write a C-program for sorting integers in ascending order using insertion sort.
3. Write a program for recursive binary search to find the given element within array. For
What data binary search is not applicable?
4. Explain bubble sort with a c program?
5. Explain Selection Sort with a c program?
6. Explain Insertion Sort with a c program?

10 MARKS

1. Explain recursive algorithm for binary search with its timing analysis.
2. Demonstrate the insertion sort results for each insertion for the following initial
array of elements 25 6 15 12 8 34 9 18 2
3. Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using non
recursive binary search.
4. Write a C program that searches a value in a stored array using recursive
linear search.

UNIT -IV

2 MARKS

1) What is ADT? Write stack ADT?

2) When the stack is overflow?
3) What is the difference between push and pop?
4) How does variable declaration affect memory allocation?
5) What is the difference between FIFO and LIFO?
6) Convert the following expression to postfix
A+b-c.

3 MARKS

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 104

 1) Explain stack operations with an example
2) Explain dequeue operations using linked list in c
3) Expalin the process of inserting an element in the middle of list with a neat diagram

10 MARKS

1) Write a c program to implement stack using arrays?

2) Convert the following expression from infix to postfix
(a+b)*c/(a+b*c)
3) Write a c program to implement queue using linked list
4) Wtite a c program to implement single linked list for the following operations
a)insert at begin b)detete at end
5) find the smallest element in the stack elements using array?

UNIT-V

2 MARKS

1. How is a file pointer declared?

2. Explain difference between EOF and feof() in c?
3. What is difference between file opening mode r+ and w+?
4. What functions are used for character I/O?
5. What is meant by flushing of a file?
6. What is the use of rewind( ) function?
7. State the functions for direct file I/O.
8. Define fputc function and putc macro.
9. Differentiate between scanf() and fscanf() functions with examples.
10. Explain about the functions for reading data from a file.
11. What are different types of files? Explain.
12. Write a program to read a text file and to print the count the no of tab characters
in a given file.
13. Write a program to read a text file and to count the no of uppercase letters in a given
file.

3 MARKS

1. Describe fgetc function and getc macro.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 105

 2. Differentiate between file, buffer and stream?
3. Differentiate between printf() and fprintf()?
4. State the purpose of fseek()?
5. What is the use of command line arguments?
6. Explain Fopen() for an existing file in write mode?
7. How can we know read/write permission any given file?
1. Differentiate between text and binary file? Explain with suitable example?
2. Explain about file i/o operations in C with example.
3. What is a binary file? Explain why a binary file containing numeric data will require
lessspace compared to a text file containing same data.
4. Discuss about the formatted I/O.
5. Illustrate the character input/output functions with suitable examples.
6. Demonstrate the use of fread( ) and fscanf( ) for reading sequentially from a disk.

Explain about the fprintf and fscanf functions with examples.

Explain about the fopen and fclose functions with examples.
What functions are used for file positioning? State the SEEK_ Constants used in fseek
function and explain the meaning.
State the functions used for accessing files randomly? Explain with examples.
Mention the different file opening modes that can be used with fopen ( ).
Discuss about unformatted I/O with suitable examples.

10 MARKS

1. (a)Write a 'C' program to append the contents of one file to another.

(b) Write a C program to write all the members of an array of structures to a
file using fwrite(). Read the array from the file and display on the screen.

2. (a) Write a program to generate prime numbers in a given range and append
them to primes data file and display the file.

(b) Write a C program to read name and marks of n number of students from user and
store them in a file. If the file previously exits, add the information of n students.
3. (a)Write a program that opens a file and deletes the blank spaces.

(b) Write a program to print file contents in reverse order

4. (a) Write a program to illustrate file operations.

(b) Write a program to find the nth occurrence of a given word in a given file.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 106

 5. (a) Write a program to copy one file contents into another file in reverse order.
(b) Write a program to display contents of the file on screen.

6. (a) Write a program to print command line arguments on screen.

(b) Write a program to merge two files into single file.

7. Write a C program to read a text file and to count Number of characters, Number of
words and Number of sentences and write in an output file.

8. Write a C program to read the text file containing some paragraph. Use fseek() and
read the text after skipping n characters from the beginning of the file.
9. Write a C program to read the text file containing some paragraph. Print the first n
characters from the beginning of the file.
10. Write a program to print the output of the following format in an OUTPUT file.
Number Square Cube
2 4 8
3 9 27

18. ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

UNIT-I

1. a) Distinguish between getchar & scanf functions for reading Strings.

b) Write a Program to count the number of words, lines & characters in a text.

2. Explain the following String Handling functions

(i) strcat (ii) strcmp (iii) strcpy (iv) strlen.

3. (a) Write a C program using pointer for string comparison.

(b) Write a C program to arrange the given numbers in ascending order using pointers.
(c)Write a C program to compute the sum of all elements stored in an array using pointers.

4. Explain pointers and strings with examples.

UNIT-II

1. Define a structure and explain declaration and initialization of a structure with examples.

2. Define Union and explain the declaration of a Union with examples.

3. Distinguish between structure and Union.

4. What are nested structures. Explain various ways in which we can nest structure with
appropriate examples.

UNIT-III

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 107

1. Differentiate between the various searching techniques (Linear, Binary and Binary
Recursive search techniques). Discuss the various advantages of one over the other.

2. Write a menu driven program where the program should get few numbers as input from the
user. Display the various sorting mechanisms, depending on user input the particular sorting
technique has to be used for sorting the elements. (use all the sorting techniques discussed).

UNIT-IV

1. What is a Data Structure? Explain the concept of a linear list, queue and stack.

2. What is post fix and pre fix notation. Explain stack implementation for both with
appropriate example.

UNIT-V
1. Write a C program to read a text file and to count
a) number of characters
b) number of words and
c) number of sentences and write in an output file.
2. What are the file I/O functions in C. Give a brief note about the task performed by each
function with appropriate example.

3. (a) How does an append mode differ from a write mode.

(b) Compare between printf and fprinf functions.
(c) Write a program to copy up to 100 characters from a file to an output array.

4. Write a C program to replace every fifth character of the data file using fseek() command.

5. Write a program to read the following data to find the value of each item and display the
contents of the file.

Item Code Price Quatity

Pen 101 Rs.20 5

Pencil 103 Rs.3 100

6. Explain about error handling in C with examples.

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 108

19. UNIT WISE QUIZ QUESTIONS

UNIT-1
1. What will be the output of the program

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char nm*+=,‘A’,’N’,’S’,’I’,’O’,’C’,’\0’-;
int x=0;
while (nm[x] != ’\0’)
printf(“%c”, nm[x++]);
}

a) ANSI b)ANSIOC c)ANSIC d) none of the above

2. The string is always ends with

a)‟\0‟charcter b) „\‟character c)‟\0‟character d) none of the above

3.What will be output of the program?

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char x*+=”a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h8i9j0”;
int t=0;
for(t=0;x[t]!=0&&t<=strlen(x);t+2)
printf(“%c”,x*t+);
}

a) 1234567890 b)abcdefghij
c)a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h8i9j0 d) none of the above

4. What will be the size of character array

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char x*+=,‘s’,’a’,NULL-;
printf(“”/n %d”,sizeof(x));

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 109

 }
a) 3 b) 2 c) 0 d) none of the above

5. What will be the output of the following program?

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char txt*+=”12345\0abcdef”;
printf(“%s”,txt);
}

a) 12345 b) abcdef c)12345\0abcdef d)none of the above

6. What will be the output of the following program?

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char txt*+=”ABCDEF\0GHIJKL”;
printf(“%s%d”,txt,sizeof (txt));
}
a) ABCDEF 14 b)ABCDEFGHIJKL 14 c) ABCDEF 7 d)none of the above

7. Which of the following statement is true after execution of the following program?

int a[5]={2,3},*c;

c=a;

(*c)--;

a) the value of a[0] will be 1 b) the value of a[0] will be 2

c) the value of a[1] will be 2 d) none of the above

8.What will be the resulting string after the execution of the following program?

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char *str1,*str2,*str3;
str1=”The capital of indiais”;

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 110

 str2=”!!ihleD weN”;
str3=”Bangalore”;
strcat(str1,strrav(str2),strlen(str3));
puts(str1);
}
a) The capital of India is new Delhi b) The capital of India is new Delhi

c)The capital of India is Bangalore d) none of the above

9. What will be the value of variables a and b after execution?

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int a,*b=&a,**c=&b;
a=5;
**c=15;
*b=**c;
printf(“A=%d,B=-%d”,a,b);
}
a) A=15,B=15 b)A=15,B=5 c)A=15,B=16 D)none of the above

UNIT-II
1. The member variable of structure are accessed by using

a) dot ( .) operator b) arrow (  ) operator

c) asterisk ( * ) operator d) ampersand ( & ) operator

2. Identify the most appropriate of structure are accessed by using

a) Union contain member of different data types which share the same storage

area in memory

b) Union are like structures

c) union are less frequenctly used in the program

d) union are used for set operation

3. The typedef statement is used for

a) declaring user-defined data types b) declaring different variables

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 111

 c) for typecasting of variable d) none of the above

4. The structure combines variable of

a) dissimilar data types b) similar data types

c) unsigned data types d) none of the above

5. Bit fields are used only with

a) unsigned int data type b) float data type

c) char data type d) int data type

6. The union holds

a) one object at time b) multiple objects

c) both (a)&(b) d) none of the above

7. Interrupt 0*21 is a

a)software interrupt b) hardware interrupt

c) both (a)&(b) d) none of the above

8. The 86() function invokes

a) ROM-BIOS service b) DOS services

c) Both (a) & (b) d) none of the above

9. The int dos() function invokes interrupt number

a) 0*21 b)0*17 c) 0 * 18 d) none of the above

10. The number of bytes required for enumerated data type in memory are

a) 2 bytes b) 4 bytes c) 1 bytes d) 3 bytes

11. The service number is always initialized in the register

a) AH b) AL c) BH d) AX

12. Observe the following program neatly and choose the appropriate printf() statement

from the options

struct month
{
Char *month;
};

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 112

 void main()
{
struct month m={“March”};
-------
}
a) printf(“\n Month :%s”,m.month);
b) printf(“\n Month :%s”,mmonth);
c) printf(“\n Month :%s”,m.*month);
d) printf(“\n Month :%s”,*m.month);
13. what will be the value of m displayed on axecution of the following programe?

#include<stdio.h>
struct bit
{
unsigned int m:3;
}
void main()
{
struct bit b={ 8};
printf(“\n m=%d”,b.m);
}
a) m=0 b) m=8 c) m=3 d) none of the above
14. The size of structure in bytes occupied in the following program will be

#include<stdio.h>
struct bit
{
unsigned int m:4;
unsigned int x:4;
int k;
float bit f;
};
struct bit b;
void main()
{
printf(“size of structure in bytes =%d”,sizeof(b));
}
a) 8 b) 10 c) 7 d) 4

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 113

 UNIT-III
Predict the output or error(s) for the following:

1. main()
{

main();

2. The prefix equivalent for the postfix ab+cd+* is

a)a+b*c+d b)+ab*+cd c)*+ab+cd d)*++abcd

3. The postfix equivalent for the prefix *++abcd is

a)ab+c+d* b)abcd++* c)ab+cd+* d)ab+c*d+

4. The infix equivalent to the postfix expression abc+d-*e%f/ is

a) a+b*c-d%f/f b) a*(b+c-d)%e/f c)a*b+c-d%e/f d)a*(b-c+d)%e/f

5. Evaluate the expression 2*3/5+6-4

a) 1 b) 2 c)3 d) 4

6. The value of the prefix expression +/*2-5 6 4 3 is

a) 1 b) 2 c)3 d) 4

7. The value of the postfix expression 1 4 +3 / 2 * 6 4 % - is

a) 1 b)-1 c)0 d)4

8. Towers of Hanoi is an application of

a) stack b) queue c) linked list d) dequeue

9. The data structure used in railway reservation is

a) stacks b) queues c)priority queues d) binary tree

10. The data structure applicable for a fully packed bus is

a) stacks b) queues c)priority queues d) binary tree

11. The recursive functions are evaluated using

a) stacks b) queues c)priority queues d) binary tree

12. The nested loops are evaluated using

a) stacks b) queues c)structures d) binary tree

13. The data structure used in resource sharing systems is

a) stacks b) queues c)arrays d) binary tree

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 114

14. Which of the following is not a linear data structure
a) stacks b) queues c)linked list d) binary tree

15. In evaluation of postfix expression the data structure used is

a) stacks b) queues c)arrays d) binary tree

16. The best sorting technique among the following is

a) quick b)heap c) merge d) bubble

17. In worst case quick sort behaves like

a) insertion b) heap c) selection d) bubble

18. Quick sort is an application of

a) partition exchange sort b) partition sort c) greedy method d)divide and conquer

19. Binary search is effective only when the elements are in

a) ascending order b) descending order c) a& b d) jumbled order

UNIT-IV
1. Linked lists uses __________ type of structures.
a) nested structures b) self referential structures c) simple structures d)unions
2. _________ cannot be used to represent Linked lists.
a) arrays b) structures c)unions d) all the above
3. Linked list uses __________ type of memory allocation
a) static b)random c)dynamic d)compile time
4. The functions used for memory allocation
a) malloc b)calloc c)a&b d) none of the above

5. calloc(m,n) is equivalent to
a) malloc(m*n,0) b)memset(0,m*n) c)ptr=malloc(m*n) d) malloc(m/n)

UNIT-V

Predict the output or error(s) for the following:

1. what will be the position of the file marker?

a: fseek(ptr,0,SEEK_SET);

b: fseek(ptr,0,SEEK_CUR);

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 115

2. #include<stdio.h>
main()

FILE *ptr;

char i;

ptr=fopen("zzz.c","r");

while((i=fgetch(ptr))!=EOF)

printf("%c",i);

3. There were 10 records stored in “somefile.dat” but the following program printed 11
names. What went wrong?

void main()
{
struct student
{
char name[30], rollno[6];
}stud;
FILE *fp = fopen(“somefile.dat”,”r”);
while(!feof(fp))
{
fread(&stud, sizeof(stud), 1 , fp);
puts(stud.name);

4 #define assert(cond)
if(!(cond)) \
(fprintf(stderr, "assertion failed: %s, file %s, line %d \n",#cond,\
__FILE__,__LINE__), abort())
void main()
{
int i = 10;
if(i==0)
assert(i < 100);
else
printf("This statement becomes else for if in assert macro");
}

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 116

5. What is the problem with the following code segment?
while ((fgets(receiving array,50,file_ptr)) != EOF) ;

6. If a file is opened in r+ mode then

a)reading is possible b)writing is possible c) it will be created if it does not exist
d)appending is possible

7. If a file is opened in w+ mode then

a)reading is possible b)writing is possible c) it will be created if it does not exist
d)appending is possible

8. If a file is opened in r mode then

a)reading is possible b)writing is possible c) it will be created if it does not exist
d)appending is possible

9. If a file is opened in a mode then

a) reading is possible b)writing is possible c) it will be created if it does not
exist d)appending is possible

10. ftell()

a) is a function b) gives the current file position indicator c)can be used to find
the size of a file d) none of the above
11. The fseek() function
a)needs 2 arguments b)makes rewind function unnecessary c)takes 3 arguments d)none
of the above

12. rewind function takes __ number of arguments

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d)0

13. fseek(fptr,0,0) is equivalent to

a) ftell b) rewind c)a & b d) none of the above

14. ferror function is used to find _________________ errors

b) a) logical b) file opening c)data d)all the above

15. The contents of the file are lost if it is opened in _______ mode
c) a) a b)w c) w+ d)a+
16. The contents of the file are safe if it is opened in _________ mode
d) a) a b)r c) a+b d)all the above

17. The valid binary modes of operation are

e) a) ab b)rb+ c) wb+ d)ab+

18. rewind function is used to

a) reset the file pointer b) point it to the end of the file c) stay at current position
d)none of the above

19. feof function checks for

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 117

 a) file opening error b) data error c) end of file d) file closing error

20. The value returned by fopen() function when the file is not opened
a) 0 b) garbage value c) NULL d) none of the above

21. The fcloseall() function performs

f) a) closing of all the files b) closes all the files that are opened by that program
c)closes only specified files d) none of the above

22. The function that is not used for random access to files is
g) a)rewind b)ftell c)fseek d)fprintf

20. TUTORIAL PROBLEMS

Unit 1

1) Write a C Program which accepts data from the user and encrypt the data.
2) Write a c program to remove spaces from a given string

Unit 2

1) Write a C Program to calculate the difference between two time periods.

2) Write a C Program to store information using structures for n elements dynamically

Unit 3

1) Write a c program to create an array of structures to store student information and sort them
using any of the sorting algorithms.

Unit 4

1) Write a c program to convert an infix notation to postfix notation

Unit 5

1) Write a c program to display the contents of a file using command line arguments.
2) Write a c program to create a structure and pass the structure data to files.
3) Write a c program to perform arithmetic operations using multi file approach.

21. KNOWN GAPS ,IF ANY

22. DISCUSSION TOPICS , IF ANY

1. Implementation details of various string manipulation functions

2. Use of preprocessor commands in selective compilation

3. Practical use of Unions and Bit-fields

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 118

 4. Advantages and disadvantages of various searching techniques, conditions that
drive selection of particular search technique.

5. Advantages and disadvantages of various sorting techniques, conditions that drive

selection of particular sort technique.

6. Use of single, double and circular linked list.

7. How to break down a problem into modules and approach the solution

23. REFERENCES, JOURNALS, WEBSITES AND E-LINKS

References

1. The C Programming Language, B.W. Kernighan and Dennis M.Ritchie, PHI.

2. Programming in C. P. Dey and M Ghosh , Oxford University Press.
3. Programming with C, B.Gottfried, 3rd edition, Schaum‟s outlines, TMH.
4. Problem Solving and Program Design in C, J.R. Hanly and E.B. Koffman, 7th
Edition, Pearson education.
Websites

a. http://www.programiz.com/c-programming
b. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/
c. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming

24. QUALITY MEASUREMENT SHEETS

a. Course End Survey
b. Teaching Evaluation
25. STUDENT LIST

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301
B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH
Class / Section: CSE-A
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 15R11A0597 NEELISETTY SRI SAI GURU KUSHAL

2 15R11A05H5 VAJJHA UMA MAHESWARI
3 16R11A0501 A ROOPA MAHESHWARI
4 16R11A0502 A VENKATA SAI AKHIL

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 119

 5 16R11A0503 ATIFA NILOUFER
6 16R11A0504 AVULA BHAGATH KUMAR
7 16R11A0505 BUYYAKAR MANISHA
8 16R11A0506 BANOTH SURESH
9 16R11A0507 GOLLAMUDI KESAVA LAHARI
10 16R11A0508 CHIRRAVURI PRATYUSHA
11 16R11A0509 DAMERA SAI AVINASH
12 16R11A0510 DANTURI SWATHI
13 16R11A0511 DASARI YOGESH
14 16R11A0512 DIYAVATH RAMYAKRISHNA
15 16R11A0513 DONIKENA ARAVIND
16 16R11A0514 G SAI TEJA
17 16R11A0515 GAJJA VENNELA
18 16R11A0516 GOPU JOSEPH ANURAG REDDY
19 16R11A0517 GUDALA SAI AAKANKSHA
20 16R11A0518 JELDI RITISH
21 16R11A0519 K C AKHILANDESWARI SANJANA
22 16R11A0520 KANDUKURI SRINIVAS
23 16R11A0521 KANKANALA SHALINI REDDY
24 16R11A0522 KAREDDY VINEETH REDDY
25 16R11A0523 KASTURI SWATHI
26 16R11A0524 KATKAM SAIPRIYA
27 16R11A0525 MACHAGIRI SHANTHI
28 16R11A0526 MOHAMMED UMAR ZEESHAN SALAH
29 16R11A0527 NEERUDI SANTHOSHA
30 16R11A0528 NEKKANTI BHANU PRAKASH

PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

31 16R11A0529 PALNATI MOUNICA

32 16R11A0530 PERUMALLA MOUNIKA
33 16R11A0531 PISINI SRI SAI SANTOSH
34 16R11A0532 PRUDHIVI LAXMI TEJASRI
35 16R11A0533 PUCHA POOJA
36 16R11A0534 R MOUNIKA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 120

 37 16R11A0535 RACHAKONDA GOPI
38 16R11A0536 ROHITH KUMAR REDDY KOTA
39 16R11A0537 ROHITH V
40 16R11A0538 SHAIK LIAZZ LATIFUDDIN
41 16R11A0539 SRIRANGAM LIKHITA NAGA SAI
42 16R11A0540 T N D SINDHU
43 16R11A0541 T PRASAD
44 16R11A0542 UPPALA PRAVALLIKA
45 16R11A0543 UPPALAPATI SAI SUMANTH
46 16R11A0544 V VENKATA SAIRAM KARTHIKEYA
47 16R11A0545 VUMMAL REDDY SAHITHI REDDY
48 16R11A0546 YALAMANCHILI REVANTH SAI PRANEETH
49 16R11A0547 A V KARTHIK
50 16R11A0548 PALLAMAREDDY KAVYA REDDY

No. of Students Absent:

No. of Students Present:

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH

Class / Section: CSE-B
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 16R11A0550 ATCHYUTA LEELA VENKATANAGA SAI RAJES

2 16R11A0551 AYUSHI SWAIN
3 16R11A0552 B SWAMYNATHAN
4 16R11A0553 BRAHMAROUTHU ROHIT KUMAR
5 16R11A0554 CHINNAPAGA MADHU
6 16R11A0555 CHOWDARAPU MAHESHWARI
7 16R11A0556 D VAISHNAVI
8 16R11A0557 DATA AKHIL
9 16R11A0558 DEVARAM RUTHWIK REDDY
10 16R11A0559 DIYAVATH INDER SINGH
11 16R11A0560 E RISHIKA
12 16R11A0561 ERGOLA JAYANTH AMOL

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 121

 13 16R11A0562 GANNEBOYINA BHARATHI
14 16R11A0563 K POORNA SAI PRASAD
15 16R11A0564 GUJJA VANI
16 16R11A0565 INDURI SHIVAKANTH REDDY
17 16R11A0566 KANAMARLA VENKATA RANGA PRASAD
18 16R11A0567 KANDADI MAHIPAL REDDY
19 16R11A0568 KANUKURTHY YASHWANTH KUMAR
20 16R11A0569 KOUDDEVI CHANDANA
21 16R11A0570 LAGISHETTI VENKATESH
22 16R11A0571 LAKKAKULA SWAREENA SURI
23 16R11A0572 MARPAKA SHASHANK REDDY
24 16R11A0573 MARRY MOUNIKA
25 16R11A0574 MATTAPALLY BHARATH REDDY
26 16R11A0575 MOHAMMAD LIYAKATH ALI
27 16R11A0576 MOHAMMED ZUBER
28 16R11A0577 NUKALAGUDEM KEERTHI
29 16R11A0578 PARUCHURI ABHISHEK GOUD
30 16R11A0579 PATEL UMA MAHESHWARI

Name of the Student

31 16R11A0580 PEETAMBARAM AISWARYA

32 16R11A0581 PENCHALA VAISHNAVI
33 16R11A0582 PENMETCHA AJAY VARMA
34 16R11A0583 R.MADHU
35 16R11A0584 S M KARTHIK REDDY
36 16R11A0585 SREEKANTI GURU SAI SANDEEP
37 16R11A0586 SRITAM NANDA
38 16R11A0587 SUNCHU SAI PRASANTH
39 16R11A0588 TATAVARTHI SRI HARSHITHA
40 16R11A0589 THANDRA DEEKSHA
41 16R11A0590 THUMU AMULYA
42 16R11A0591 VANKUDOTH RACHEL SOWMYA
43 16R11A0592 VEERLA ANUDEEP REDDY
44 16R11A0593 VENNOLA HANEETH KUMAR
45 16R11A0594 VESEPU VINAY KUMAR
46 16R11A0595 BOGURAMPETA ANISHA
47 16R11A0596 BOGURAMPETA MANISHA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 122

 GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH

Class / Section: CSE-C
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 16R11A0597 A ABHAY
2 16R11A0598 AAKASH MUSALE
3 16R11A0599 ANJALI KAIN
4 16R11A05A0 AVUNURI SRAVAN
5 16R11A05A1 B.SWETHA
6 16R11A05A2 CHIRALA SWATHI REDDY
7 16R11A05A3 C R SRI HARI
8 16R11A05A4 CHEERNENI PRATHYUSHA
9 16R11A05A5 DAPPU BHAVANI
10 16R11A05A6 DHUMALA MEGHANA
11 16R11A05A8 JADDU ASHISH REDDY
12 16R11A05A9 K N V RAMANA
13 16R11A05B0 KANCHI BHARGAVI
14 16R11A05B1 KANDRA KONDA PREETHI
15 16R11A05B2 KANNATH MANOJ
16 16R11A05B3 KAPRABOINA GANESH
17 16R11A05B4 KARDANDU SAI KUMAR YADAV
18 16R11A05B5 KODURU MANIDEEP
19 16R11A05B6 KONDAPAKA TULASI
20 16R11A05B7 NEELI NAVEEN
21 16R11A05B8 NARRAMNENI RAHUL CHOWDARY
22 16R11A05B9 NUTIKATTU ADITYA SAI SUMANTH
23 16R11A05C0 PARANKUSHAM NIVEDITHA
24 16R11A05C1 PENTI MANISHA
25 16R11A05C2 PODUGU BAAVANA
26 16R11A05C3 POLAGOUNI SAI TEJA GOUD
27 16R11A05C4 POTHU SAHITHYA
28 16R11A05C5 PREREPA VUTHAM
29 16R11A05C6 PURANAM LAKSHMI PRAHARSHA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 123

 30 16R11A05C7 PUSUPULETI MANIKANTA

S.No Roll Number Name of the Student

31 16R11A05C8 RALLABANDI SAI KUMER

32 16R11A05C9 RAMAVATH SHARADA
33 16R11A05D0 S KARNAKAR REDDY
34 16R11A05D1 SADHU CHARAN
35 16R11A05D2 SAHAJA KARABATHULA
36 16R11A05D3 SAI MEGANA JALADI
37 16R11A05D4 SINGIREDDY SRUJANA REDDY
38 16R11A05D5 SOLASA LALITHA PRIYA
39 16R11A05D6 SOMASI VAISHNAVI
40 16R11A05D7 SUSHANT SILAGANI
41 16R11A05D8 T PRATHYUSHA
42 16R11A05D9 THIRAMDAS CHAITANYA
43 16R11A05E0 V.SOWMYA REDDY
44 16R11A05E1 VINITHA JOYCE MARATHI
45 16R11A05E2 VINJAMOR RAMESH RAHUL
46 16R11A05E3 VONGATE HEMANTH REDDY
47 16R11A05E4 VIDUTHALA MADHURI
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH

Class / Section: CSE-D
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 16R11A05E5 PAGOLU CAROL NAVYA

2 16R11A05E6 KAGITALA PRIYANKA
3 16R11A05E7 V NAVEEN KUMAR
4 16R11A05E8 T SUNIL
5 16R11A05E9 JAKKANNAGARI ANIRUDH
6 16R11A05F1 ANUGU SANDEEP REDDY
7 16R11A05F2 TELUKUNTLA VAMSHI
8 16R11A05F3 KOKKALA KONDA NAVYA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 124

 9 16R11A05F4 ANANYA ANAMANDALA
10 16R11A05F5 PRAKASH CHOYAL
11 16R11A05F6 KALA ESHWAR SAI
12 16R11A05F7 ALLIA SAI MANI KUMAR GOUD
13 16R11A05F8 RAVULA SAHEESHNA
14 16R11A05F9 MALEY VENUGOPAL REDDY
15 16R11A05G0 NALLANAGULA KRISHNA LEELA
16 16R11A05G1 BANDI GREESHMA
17 16R11A05G2 RAPAKA ANEESHA
18 16R11A05G3 SAI ARCHAN MALKA
19 16R11A05G4 GUJARATHI MAMATHA
20 16R11A05G5 MAMIDI SUDEEP
21 16R11A05G6 ADIGAM RAHUL
22 16R11A05G7 J RAJASHEKAR
23 16R11A05G8 BUDURU SAI VENKAT
24 16R11A05G9 NUNE HEMANTH KUMAR
25 16R11A05H0 TAMVADA ANJALI RAO
26 16R11A05H1 GUGULOTHU VINODKUMAR
27 16R11A05H2 ANNALURI SAI KEERTHI
28 16R11A05H3 GANGADHARI VAISHNAVI
29 16R11A05H4 PASHAM VIJYA SAI RAJA
30 16R11A05H5 KODUMAGULLA VISHWA NAGESHWAR
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

31 16R11A05H6 ANUSHKA JAMMAIHAL

32 16R11A05H7 MAHANKALI NIDHI
33 16R11A05H8 P SHIVATEJA
34 16R11A05H9 BUSI REDDY GARI AISHVARYA
35 16R11A05J0 KONGARI NAVEEN KUMAR
36 16R11A05J1 K.RATHINDRA
37 16R11A05J2 K SREE POOJITHA
38 16R11A05J3 JALADI MAHITHA SAI
39 16R11A05J4 ALAPATI KARTHIKA SAHITH
40 16R11A05J5 METTIMI SAIPRIYA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 125

 41 16R11A05J6 VECHA BHARGAV
42 16R11A05J7 KOMATIREDDY KESHAVA REDDY
43 16R11A05J8 YERUMESETTY PRIYANKA
44 16R11A05J9 RAMELLA SRI NIKITHA
45 16R11A05K0 BURRA SRIVIDYA
46 16R11A05K1 SRIRAM SHARANYA
47 16R11A05K2 AMANCHERLA SRI MOULIKA
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH

Class / Section: CSE-E
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 16R11A05K3 ABRAR AHMED

2 16R11A05K4 ADUSUMALLI SATYA SRAVANI
3 16R11A05K5 ANISHA DARAM
4 16R11A05K6 ASILA CHITRA
5 16R11A05K7 ATLA SAI DEEPTHI
6 16R11A05K8 BONTHA SREEKANTH
7 16R11A05K9 CH SUJITHA
8 16R11A05L0 CHATLA SIDDHARTH
9 16R11A05L1 DEVARAPALLI PAUL JOSHUA
10 16R11A05L2 DHEERAJ PEDDI
11 16R11A05L3 G CHANDRA VARSHINI
12 16R11A05L4 GADE MANASA REDDY
13 16R11A05L5 GANDLURI SAI KIRAN
14 16R11A05L6 GOGULA SHIVA ANAND
15 16R11A05L7 GOLLAMALA RAHUL
16 16R11A05L8 GORUGANTU VENKATA RAHUL
17 16R11A05L9 GUDEY SRUJANA SRAVANTHI
18 16R11A05M0 JAVED ARSHAD
19 16R11A05M1 KONDAM SAI KUMAR
20 16R11A05M2 L V SAI HARSHAVARDHAN REDDY
21 16R11A05M3 M SAHITH KUMAR
22 16R11A05M4 M SAI SAKETH
23 16R11A05M5 NANDAM NIKHILA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 126

 24 16R11A05M6 NARRA VAMSI KRISHNA
25 16R11A05M7 NEHA DANDGE
26 16R11A05M8 PITAVATH LATHA BAI
27 16R11A05M9 SARA KESHAV
28 16R11A05N0 SHAIK AFREEN
29 16R11A05N1 SIKHA POSHITH RAJA
30 16R11A05N2 SREERAMA GUNAVARDHAN
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

31 16R11A05N3 SRIVARAM AASHISH PAUL

32 16R11A05N4 SYED NEHAL ALI
33 16R11A05N5 T.SOWMYA REDDY
34 16R11A05N6 THANNEERU PAVAN KUMAR
35 16R11A05N7 VANGAPANDU SUDHEER KUMAR
36 16R11A05N8 YARA SHRAAVYA
37 16R11A05N9 BHIMA MANISH
38 16R11A05P0 KULKARNI SRI HARI
39 16R11A05P1 YENNAM LAVANYA
40 16R11A05P2 YERRAGONDA KEERTHANA
41 16R11A05P3 TALAPAKA MOUNIKA
42 16R11A05P4 SARVESH RAYTER
43 16R11A05P5 BANDAMEDA VINEETH KUMAR
44 16R11A05P6 CHRIS VINCENT DARLA
45 16R11A05P7 ALLURI JASWANTH VARMA
46 16R11A05P8 ADDANKI VENKATA SESHA MANASWINI
47 16R11A05P9 DHIRAJ DEVALAPALLI
48 16R11A05Q0 S AKANKSHA

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301
B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH
Class / Section: ECE-A
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 15R11A04D3 G MANIKANTA
2 15R11A04L9 M VISHAL

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 127

 3 15R11A04M5 MOHAMMED SHARIEFF
4 16R11A0401 ANOOHYA ANAMANDALA
5 16R11A0402 B AKSHITHA
6 16R11A0403 BANGARE VISHAL
7 16R11A0404 BAPATIA KOMALA SHIVANI
8 16R11A0405 BEJJANKI VIDYA SAGAR
9 16R11A0406 CHEPURI LOKNATH
10 16R11A0407 CHILAKA SAITEJA
11 16R11A0408 CHILAMKURTHI ANUHYA
12 16R11A0409 CHINTHALA SUDEEKSHA
13 16R11A0410 DEVOJU VIJAYALAKSHMI
14 16R11A0411 DIBBA SHARON LILLY
15 16R11A0412 DIVYA KISHORE
16 16R11A0413 DOMMATA VAISHNAVI
17 16R11A0414 G S S R L PRASUNA
18 16R11A0415 GUDAVALLI NAGA SATYA SAI
19 16R11A0416 GUNDABATHINA MOUNIKA
20 16R11A0417 JAMPANA SREE SAI PRASANNA
21 16R11A0418 JATOTH SAI PRIYA
22 16R11A0419 JERRIPOTULA NISHA
23 16R11A0420 KALSHAM GREESHMA
24 16R11A0421 KATAKAM SAI DIKSHITH
25 16R11A0422 V SAI SHUBHANG
26 16R11A0423 KORADA MAHATHI
27 16R11A0424 KOTHURI SAVITHA VAISHNAVI
28 16R11A0425 M PRATYUSHA
29 16R11A0426 M VINEETH RAJ
30 16R11A0427 MAJETI ESWAR HEMANT
31 16R11A0428 PAKA SNEHITHA
32 16R11A0429 POTUGANTI ANIL KUMAR
33 16R11A0430 RAMESH SUTHAR

S.No Roll Number

Name of the Student

34 16R11A0431 S B S S SAI PHANEENDRA

35 16R11A0432 S SHREEDHA
36 16R11A0433 SANDEEP TEJA RAYABHARAM
37 16R11A0434 SUMANTH PAL

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 128

 38 16R11A0435 VANGARI DEEPTHY
39 16R11A0436 V ANIL KUMAR
40 16R11A0437 VADAYALA NITHYA
41 16R11A0438 VAISHNAVI VARMA ALLURI
42 16R11A0439 VIRUPAKA SOWMYA
43 16R11A0440 VISLAVATH BHASKER
44 16R11A0441 VORUGANTI PRANEETH
45 16R11A0442 V A S SAI ANISH KUMAR
46 16R11A0443 RAMIDI SARVINDH REDDY
47 16R11A0444 NARA ANJALI
48 16R11A0445 P PRANEETH SAI KUMAR REDDY
49 16R11A0446 KHALED ALI AHMED
50 16R11A0447 KOTAKONDA VINAY KUMAR
51 16R11A0448 G RAJ KUMAR
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH

Class / Section: ECE-B
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 16R11A0449 A SAI SHASHANK

2 16R11A0450 ALESHIA A
3 16R11A0451 B TULASI
4 16R11A0452 BACHU SUHAS
5 16R11A0453 BONAGIRI BINDUSAI
6 16R11A0454 BULUSU VIRINCHI MADHU PRANAV
7 16R11A0455 DEME AISHWARYA
8 16R11A0456 DONTULA VINEETH
9 16R11A0457 GANKIDI SHIVA REDDY
10 16R11A0458 GUNDLA PAVANI
11 16R11A0459 JITENDRA SINGH TOMAR
12 16R11A0460 K ATHUL TEJA
13 16R11A0461 K NAVEEN KUMAR
14 16R11A0462 KACHIRAJU HIMESH BHARADWAJ
15 16R11A0463 KANNE TARANI
16 16R11A0464 KANUKANTI SAI DHANRAJ

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 129

 17 16R11A0465 KONDURU PRANAV BHASKAR
18 16R11A0466 KUSULURI SWAPNA
19 16R11A0467 M SREEJA REDDY
20 16R11A0468 M SWATHI
21 16R11A0469 MINAL HIRA
22 16R11A0470 MOHAMMED KHALED PASHA
23 16R11A0471 MUNAGALA VENKATA SRAVYA SREE
24 16R11A0472 NEMALI BODHENDRA REDDY
25 16R11A0473 ADARSH REDDY PASULA
26 16R11A0474 P SURYA TEJA
27 16R11A0475 PALAPARTHI RAJEEV
28 16R11A0476 PALUVAYI NIHAR SRITEJA
29 16R11A0477 POGLOGONI DINESH GOUD
30 16R11A0478 RAAGI SHRAVAN
31 16R11A0479 RAMASAGARAM ANURADHA
32 16R11A0480 MANNE HARINI

S.No Roll Number

Name of the Student

33 16R11A0481 S SAI HARSHITHA

34 16R11A0482 S VENKAT SAI RAM
35 16R11A0483 SAIKAM MOKSHA TEJA
36 16R11A0484 SHAIK ABDUL REHMAN
37 16R11A0485 SUBRAT MOHANTY
38 16R11A0486 T LOHIT KUMAR
39 16R11A0487 THOTA SAI SUNNY
40 16R11A0488 VADLA VISHWA PRAKASH CHARY
41 16R11A0489 VALMIKI ASHWINI
42 16R11A0490 VATTIGUNTA VAMSI
43 16R11A0491 VELDHURTHI BHARATH CHARY
44 16R11A0492 VEMULA SNIGDHA
45 16R11A0493 VEMULA UDAY SAI
46 16R11A0494 YELAMANCHI S V G MANIDWEEP SHARMA
47 16R11A0495 VANKUDOTH RAHUL NAIK
48 16R11A0496 MEDISETTI BHARGAV RISHI
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 130

 B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH
Class / Section: ECE-C
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 16R11A0497 ADUSUMILLI KAUSHIK

2 16R11A0498 ALLADURGAM BADHRINADH
3 16R11A0499 ANAMALLI SAI RAHUL
4 16R11A04A0 ANUMULA SUCHITHA
5 16R11A04A1 ANUMULA VARSHA
6 16R11A04A2 AREPATY VAMSHI KRISHNA
7 16R11A04A3 B VENKAT PRATEEK
8 16R11A04A5 BURUGU SHANMUKA VAMSHI
9 16R11A04A6 C RAJESH
10 16R11A04A7 CHINTAPALLI SATYAKIRAN
11 16R11A04A8 DEVALLA VIJAY KUMAR
12 16R11A04A9 E NAVEEN KUMAR
13 16R11A04B0 ERRA PEDDA NAGAIAH
14 16R11A04B1 GAJAVELLY GOWTHAM
15 16R11A04B2 GANAM VAMSHIKRISHNA
16 16R11A04B3 H VARUN
17 16R11A04B4 J DIVYA
18 16R11A04B5 JAYANTI KARTHIK
19 16R11A04B6 KALAKUNTLA RAJU
20 16R11A04B7 KALAM VENKAT REDDY
21 16R11A04B8 KODAVATIKANTI PRASAD
22 16R11A04B9 KORADA HARIKA
23 16R11A04C0 KULAKARNI KARTHIK
24 16R11A04C1 L SHRAVAN
25 16R11A04C2 MANCHIKATLA HARIPRASAD
26 16R11A04C3 MANDA TEJASWI REDDY
27 16R11A04C4 MANDULA SANJAY
28 16R11A04C5 NALLA AKHIL
29 16R11A04C6 NALLOLA ABHINAV
30 16R11A04C7 NAVEEN SINGH
31 16R11A04C8 P S SAI TEJA REDDY
32 16R11A04C9 M RAJA VAMSHI KRISHNA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 131

 33 16R11A04D0 S SAI GURU KIRAN

S.No Roll Number

Name of the Student

34 16R11A04D1 SRI NITHYA ANNE

35 16R11A04D2 SRINIJA ADAPALA
36 16R11A04D3 TANNERU HARISH
37 16R11A04D4 TUMMEDA AJAY NAVEEN
38 16R11A04D5 VALLEPU VENU KUMAR
39 16R11A04D6 VAMSHI KRISHNA PATHI
40 16R11A04D7 VEMURI HANUMANTHA RAGHU SRIKAR
41 16R11A04D8 YANAKANDLA MANASA
42 16R11A04D9 RONDLA SOWMYA
43 16R11A04E0 VALLETI CHANDANA
44 16R11A04E1 ASHISH B CHAKRAVARTHI KATTA
45 16R11A04E2 KONDURI HIMASRI
46 16R11A04E3 A V S RAGHUVEER
47 16R11A04E4 MULEM PRANEETHA
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH

Class / Section: ECE-D
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 16R11A04E5 ANDABATLA DHEERAJ

2 16R11A04E6 ANNAM BHAVANA
3 16R11A04E7 APPIKATLA DIVYA SRI
4 16R11A04E8 ASHADAPU PAVAN
5 16R11A04E9 B DIVYA RANI
6 16R11A04F0 B V KAUSHIK
7 16R11A04F1 BAJJURI SMRUTHI
8 16R11A04F2 C VPSPS RAVI SHASHANK
9 16R11A04F3 CHAKKA MOUNIKA
10 16R11A04F4 CHIRRA SRUTHI
11 16R11A04F5 D CHAKSHU SAI KUMAR
12 16R11A04F6 DENDE RAGHU VARAN

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 132

 13 16R11A04F7 GOGULA PRUTHVI REDDY
14 16R11A04F8 JAJAM SRI SAI MANASA
15 16R11A04F9 K MADHUSUDHAN REDDY
16 16R11A04G0 K RAMYA SREE
17 16R11A04G1 KANDAVALLY SHASHI KUMAR
18 16R11A04G2 KOTHA NAVYA REDDY
19 16R11A04G3 NAVEEN KUMAR YADAV
20 16R11A04G4 KUNDENA SHASHANK
21 16R11A04G5 KUPPIREDDY VARUN REDDY
22 16R11A04G6 M PRAVALLIKA
23 16R11A04G7 G S SRAVANI
24 16R11A04G8 MATHERA SWARNA LATHA
25 16R11A04G9 NALLABELLI SAHITHI
26 16R11A04H0 NANDURI SAI SWETHA
27 16R11A04H1 POORNIMA SHASTRY
28 16R11A04H2 PRODUTURI BHAGYA RAJ
29 16R11A04H3 S PRANAY
30 16R11A04H4 SAIRI MANASA
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

31 16R11A04H5 SANKURI NAG NISHITHA

32 16R11A04H6 SHAIK NAZIMA BEGUM
33 16R11A04H7 SINGI REDDY REVANTH REDDY
34 16R11A04H8 SOMMARAPU SAIKUMAR
35 16R11A04H9 SUDAM NAGESH
36 16R11A04J0 T SAI HRUSHIKESH REDDY
37 16R11A04J1 U NARASIMHA
38 16R11A04J2 V AKHILA
39 16R11A04J3 V PRITHVI
40 16R11A04J4 VADDI VENKATA BHIMA SHANKAR RAO
41 16R11A04J5 VADICHERLA RAVITEJA
42 16R11A04J6 VENKATAPURAM AVINASH
43 16R11A04J7 VIKURTHI SANDYA RANI
44 16R11A04J8 YAGATI VAMSI

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 133

 45 16R11A04J9 VANCHA PRUTHVIKA
46 16R11A04K0 DARSHANI PARALIKAR
47 16R11A04K1 SHAIK SHABNAM
48 16R11A04K2 YENUGULA YOCHANA
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH

Class / Section: ECE-E
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

1 16R11A04K3 ANUGU MANIKANTA REDDY

2 16R11A04K4 BEEREDDY BALA SNEHITH REDDY
3 16R11A04K5 BOJJA VARSHA
4 16R11A04K6 CHIPPA AKANKSHA
5 16R11A04K7 CHITTALA DIVYA SREE
6 16R11A04K8 DASARI VINAY REDDY
7 16R11A04K9 DEVERSHETTY PRIYANKA
8 16R11A04L0 DHEERAVATH DASHARATHA
9 16R11A04L1 E ARUN REDDY
10 16R11A04L2 GADDAM SUMANJALI
11 16R11A04L3 GURUMANCHI SAI KALYAN
12 16R11A04L4 INDOORI LAKSHMI KANTH
13 16R11A04L5 JATIN EKBOTE
14 16R11A04L6 JILLABOINA PRAVEEN
15 16R11A04L7 K ANIRUDH
16 16R11A04L8 K AVINASH MANOHAR
17 16R11A04L9 KANAPARTHI HARIDRASHWA
18 16R11A04M0 KETHOJI SAMRITA
19 16R11A04M1 KODIMALA PRADEEP REDDY
20 16R11A04M2 KOTHAPETA VUMMARASETTY MADHULIKA
21 16R11A04M3 M V NARESH
22 16R11A04M4 B ANJANEYULU
23 16R11A04M5 BOBBA SUMANTH REDDY
24 16R11A04M6 CHAKATI PRAVEEN KUMAR
25 16R11A04M7 MADDERLA SAI PRAKASH
26 16R11A04M8 MADDI HARSHA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 134

 27 16R11A04M9 MADHAVARAM YESHAWANTH
28 16R11A04N0 MALOTH SAGAR
29 16R11A04N1 MANTRALA A VENKATA SRI HARSHA
30 16R11A04N2 MARPADGA SHRAVYA
31 16R11A04N3 MEDABALIMI CHANDRA SHEKHAR
32 16R11A04N4 MOHAMMED FAZIL
33 16R11A04N5 P SRIKAR REDDY

S.No Roll Number

Name of the Student

34 16R11A04N6 P V S DATTA ANIRUDH

35 16R11A04N7 POTHULA ARAVIND KUMAR
36 16R11A04N8 PRANEET KUMAR JAIN
37 16R11A04N9 RASHMI TADAS
38 16R11A04P0 SALAGRAMA VISHNU TEJA
39 16R11A04P1 TALLURI VENKAT KUMAR SWAMY
40 16R11A04P2 TUMATI SONIYA
41 16R11A04P3 VALLE BHUVANA KRUTHI
42 16R11A04P4 KOMMA ARTHI
43 16R11A04P5 GUNTUR PRITEESH SAI
44 16R11A04P6 KONDURU DISHHIRAA
45 16R11A04P7 VATTEM LALITA YAMINI
46 16R11A04P8 RAYALA NAVYA
47 16R11A04P9 TAMADA SRIDEVI

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301
B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH
Class / Section: EEE-A
PERIODS

S.No Roll Number

Name of the Student

1 16R11A0201 AELA DATHATHREYA

2 16R11A0202 AKULA VAISHNAVI
3 16R11A0203 ALUMALA NIKITHA
4 16R11A0204 AMMURAJI ARUN KUMAR
5 16R11A0205 ASHOK RAMYA
6 16R11A0206 BALIPURAM SAI YASHWANTH

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 135

 7 16R11A0207 BATHINA MADHURI
8 16R11A0208 BODA PAVAN KALYAN
9 16R11A0209 BODDULA KRISHNA TEJA
10 16R11A0210 BOGOJU SRI VAISHNAVI
11 16R11A0211 BONALA NIHARIKA
12 16R11A0212 BORKUT PREMSAGAR
13 16R11A0213 BOYANNAGARI RAKESH
14 16R11A0214 CHATLA VIJAY
15 16R11A0215 DAKAREDDY BHARATH REDDY
16 16R11A0216 DUBBASI SHIRISHA
17 16R11A0217 DUDEKULA PEERAVALI
18 16R11A0218 EPPLAPALLY DEEPTHI
19 16R11A0219 G SREENIDHI
20 16R11A0220 GOURIBATLA SRIVIDYA
21 16R11A0221 GUDISEVA PRANOY KRISHNA
22 16R11A0222 GUNDELLI SRINIVAS YADAV
23 16R11A0223 K DINESH KUMAR
24 16R11A0224 K G SHRAVAN
25 16R11A0225 K S MAHA LAKSHMI
26 16R11A0226 K SAI DEEPAK
27 16R11A0227 KANIGANTI PRAVALIKA
28 16R11A0228 KARAM LAXMI PRASANNA
29 16R11A0229 KARRA SATISH
30 16R11A0230 KONDA RAGHU
31 16R11A0231 KUNTA SAHITHI
32 16R11A0232 KYASARAM VARSHIKA
33
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

34 16R11A0234 LAVUDI SURESH

35 16R11A0235 M BHARATH KUMAR
36 16R11A0236 MADA KAVYA
37 16R11A0237 MAHANTI RISHIKESH
38 16R11A0238 NAKEERTHA SWAPNA
39 16R11A0239 NATHI SAIKIRAN
40 16R11A0240 P NAVEEN KUMAR
41 16R11A0241 P SIVA SAI VASUDEV

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 136

 42 16R11A0242 PALLOLU SHIVA SAI RAM REDDY
43 16R11A0243 PANDALA PREETHI
44 16R11A0244 PANTANGI VASU DEVA CHARY
45 16R11A0245 PAPPULA SHANTHI RAJ
46 16R11A0246 PINIKASI JAGADEESH
47 16R11A0247 POOJA CHOUDHARY
48 16R11A0248 RISHAB JAIN
49 16R11A0249 SEETHAKA YASASWINI
50 16R11A0250 SIRIPOJU SAITEJA
51 16R11A0251 THOTA SANJANA
52 16R11A0252 TONDAPU NIHARIKA
53 16R11A0253 Y AVINASH REDDY
54 16R11A0254 VORUGANTI VISHAL KUMAR
55 16R11A0255 MUTHYALA SREYA
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M). R.R.Dist, T.S.- 501 301

B.TECH I YEAR 2016-17 BATCH

Class / Section: EEE-B
PERIODS

S.No Roll Number

Name of the Student

1 16R11A0256 A MOUNIKA NETHA

2 16R11A0257 AFFREN NOOR PATEL
3 16R11A0258 ANISH NAGARA
4 16R11A0259 B KAVYA REDDY
5 16R11A0260 BETHALA MAVEEN KUMAR
6 16R11A0261 BUDDHI POOJITA
7 16R11A0262 BURA VAMSHIKRISHNA
8 16R11A0263 C NIKHIL CHANDRA
9 16R11A0264 CH VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY
10 16R11A0265 CHANCHALA VAISHNAVI
11 16R11A0266 CHIVUKULA RAVI SHANKAR
12 16R11A0267 CHOWDABOHINA SANDEEP
13 16R11A0268 D JATHIN KUMAR
14 16R11A0269 D VAISHALI
15 16R11A0270 DESHAM MANISH GOUD
16 16R11A0271 DUMPA MAHESH

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 137

 17 16R11A0272 G AJAY RAJ
18 16R11A0273 SUGALI MANOHAR NAIK
19 16R11A0274 GADE HARATHI
20 16R11A0275 GAMPALA SAITEJESH
21 16R11A0276 GANNAVARAPU SHAILENDRA
22 16R11A0277 H PRASHANTH REDDY
23 16R11A0278 JAYAVARAM NITHISH
24 16R11A0279 JYOTHI DIVYA
25 16R11A0280 K SHIVA KUMAR
26 16R11A0281 KALE SRI HARSHA
27 16R11A0282 KOSURI SAI SREE POOJA
28 16R11A0283 KUMBAM SAHANA
29 16R11A0284 M EMMANUEL JESSE
30 16R11A0285 MAHANKALI NIKHILINDU KASYAP
31 16R11A0286 MANDA SHASHANK
32 16R11A0287 MITTASAI SHARATH GOUD
33 16R11A0288 MORUSU AKSHITHA
PERIODS
S.No Roll Number
Name of the Student

34 16R11A0289 MUNUGANTI RAHUL

35 16R11A0290 NALLAMASA PRAGATHI
36 16R11A0291 NANDIKONDA HARSHITHA REDDY
37 16R11A0292 P LAKSHMI VAISHNAVI
38 16R11A0293 POTHUKUCHY SURYA TEJA
39 16R11A0294 R MATHANGI
40 16R11A0295 RAJOJU VINAY KUMAR
41 16R11A0296 S YASASVINI NAVYA
42 16R11A0297 SANGA SHREYA
43 16R11A0298 SEETHA RACHANA
44 16R11A0299 SHINDE SHRAVAN KUMAR
45 16R11A02A0 SINGAPAKA SWAPNA
46 16R11A02A1 TALLA SIRI
47 16R11A02A2 THAMMANAGARI NAGARAJU
48 16R11A02A3 THEETLA RUSHMITHA
49 16R11A02A4 UPPULA RUSHIDHAR
50 16R11A02A5 V G SHARASCHANDRA
51 16R11A02A6 VASALAMARRY SATISHCHANDRA

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 138

 52 16R11A02A7 VELIGATLA SAI PREETHI
53 16R11A02A8 VENKATAPURAM SNEHALATHA
54 16R11A02A9 YARRA BALA NAGA KAVYUSHA
55 16R11A02B0 ANUMULA SAICHANDU
56 16R11A02B1 M GOWTHAM REDDY

26. GROUP-WISE STUDENTS LIST FOR DISCUSSION TOPICS

Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology Page 139